水稻栽培系统对三化螟种群系统的影响

<正> 三化螟Scirpophaga incertulas(Walker)是水稻的重要害虫。在农业生态系统中,很多因子都影响着它的种群数量,其中包括水稻栽培、农药应用、天敌、温度、降雨量、光周期等,而影响较大,易于人为控制的因素则是水稻栽培实践,即水稻栽培系统。广东的水稻栽培制度从50年代后期的单季稻改为早、晚造双季稻后,加上广泛地施用农药,三化螟的发生为害都得到了合理的治理。但是,从生物进化的潜进     

转 Bt 基因水稻对三化螟自然种群的影响

为了了解水稻重要害虫三化螟 Scirpophaga incertulas（Walker）对转 Bt 基因水稻产生抗性的潜在风险,本文利用自然种群生命表,研究了第 3 代三化螟在转Bt基因杂交稻汕优 63 及非转 Bt 基因杂交稻汕优 63 上的种群参数。结果表明：在 Bt 稻上1～2 龄幼虫的存活率为 4.03%,极显著低于非转基因 SY63（55.76%）;Bt 稻上幼虫为害率为1.75%,极显著低 于非转基因 SY63（5.98%）;Bt 稻上存活的幼虫发育历期明显长于非转 Bt SY63。     

三化螟数量与入侵时间对水稻受害的影响

基于三化螟为害水稻的特性,建立非线性的为害函数,然后引入一个反映水稻对螟害敏感性程度的加权因子,研究三化螟数量和入侵时间对水稻受害的影响。     

土壤水分和种植密度对春小麦叶片气孔的影响

 在不同土壤水分条件下,研究了不同种植密度（１、10、100、1 000、10 000株·m－2）的春小麦 (Triticum aestivum L.) 叶片气孔密度以及气孔分布的变化。结果表明：不同水分和种植密度不仅影响了叶片的气孔密度,而且也影响了其分布。随着种植密度的升高,气孔密度增大,在1 000株·m-2时气孔密度达最大值;当种植密度从1 000株·m-2上升到10 000株·m-2时,气孔密度下降;叶基部气孔数占全部气孔数的比例最大,叶尖最小,但随着种植密度的增大,气孔在叶片上的分布趋向均匀。干旱条件下随种植密度的升高气孔密度及分布的变化趋势与正常水分条件下的一致,但趋势更为明显。说明种植密度增大导致的气孔密度和分布的变化很可能是通过影响水分的供应而造成的。     

不同水稻生育期对稻粉虱种群动态的影响

本主要研究了不同水稻生育期对稻粉虱Aleurocybotus indicus种群动态的影响。研究结果表明,水稻分蘖期至拔节期最容易受稻粉虱为害,卵孵化率为88．1％,拟蛹的羽化率为82．9％,孵化率和羽化率均高于水稻其它生育期。     

三化螟种群的内稳定性及其生态机制

从三化螟世代转换及其与水稻生长发育进程的相互作用体系, 分析了三化螟种群的内稳定性及其生态机制。结果表明, 在各类稻作区, 不同年份之间, 历代成虫数量发生型显著不同, 但其发生期具有共同的特征: 2代蛾的发生期（≥27天）比1代蛾大幅度扩展, 且相对稳定。发蛾期扩展的机制在于: 同期初孵幼虫在寄主水稻中异步化发育, 极端发育进度相差达3龄期; 在9.92、镇稻2号等10个不同品系的寄主水稻中, 异步化程度存在显著差异。基于异步化发育, 三化螟种群的时间生态位增加22.0%～75.0%, 二维生态位扩展15.1%～59.3%, 并使同一种群中极端早发类与迟发类的后代可交配, 以此保持种群遗传性的相对稳定。针对三化螟种群内稳定性形成的机制与条件, 提出了种群的数量与结构控制相结合的系统控害策略与技术。     

烟秆还田对水稻稻飞虱及其捕食性天敌田间种群动态的影响

烟秆还田是烟稻轮作种植系统中一种常用的农业措施之一。2015-2016年在广东南雄市烟稻轮作地区研究了不同烟秆还田方式、还田量以及耕作方式等对晚造水稻稻飞虱及其重要捕食性天敌田间种群动态的影响。结果表明,烟秆浅层还田处理水稻上稻飞虱数量低于深还田处理,但差异不显著;在水稻种植中后期,显著低于不还田处理;不同还田方式间对捕食性天敌田间种群影响差异不显著。烟秆不同还田量对稻飞虱及其捕食性天敌数量影响研究结果表明烟秆还田处理的田间稻飞虱数量要显著低于不还田对照处理,2015年和2016年,2.5倍烟秆还田处理的稻飞虱平均数量与对照相比分别减少52.9%和61.1%。1/2倍和1倍烟秆还田量处理与2.5倍还田量相比,差异虽不显著,但烟秆还田量大的处理其褐飞虱数量要低;捕食性天敌数量与还田量之间无显著相关性。浅耕和深耕条件下烟秆还田对稻飞虱及其捕食性天敌田间种群数量的影响都不显著。本研究结果将为烟秆综合利用和水稻害虫绿色防控提供科学依据。     

密度和种植方式对夏玉米酶活性和产量的影响

在豫北灌区的生产条件下,以郑单958和浚单20为试验材料,研究了不同密度和种植方式对夏玉米碳氮关键酶的影响。结果表明:生育后期夏玉米叶片硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和籽粒蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,叶片NR和GS活性峰值出现在吐丝期,籽粒SPS和SS活性峰值出现在灌浆后15d。基因型、密度和种植方式对夏玉米生育后期叶片NR、GS和籽粒SPS、SS活性均有显著影响,而3因素间总体上没有显著的互作效应。郑单958生育后期叶片NR、GS和籽粒SPS、SS活性均显著高于浚单20,分别提高5.02%、7.40%、6.25%和4.43%。在6.75—9.00万株hm2的范围内,随着密度的增大,夏玉米生育后期叶片NR、GS和籽粒SPS、SS活性显著降低。与60cm等行距种植方式相比,80cm-40cm宽窄行种植方式下夏玉米生育后期叶片NR、GS和籽粒SPS、SS活性均显著提高,分别提高6.23%、9.25%、6.87%和2.84%。在采用宽窄行种植、密度为8.25万株hm2时,产量最高。     

Genetic Variation in Indian Populations of Scirpophaga incertulas as Revealed by RAPD-PCR Analysis

Scirpophaga incertulas, commonly referred to as yellow stem borer, is a predominant pest of rice causing serious losses in its yield. Genetic variation among populations of Scirpophaga incertulas collected from 28 hotspot locations in India was examined using the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR). In all, 32 primers were used and 354 amplification products were observed. No RAPD-PCR bands diagnostic to the pest population from any specific region were identified. Cluster analysis using UPGMA showed that, with the exception of the pest population from Pattambi, all the populations cluster as one group with GD values in the range of 6–22%, suggesting that gene flow between populations is independent of geographic distance and appears to be unrestricted. The relatively high GD value of 48% exhibited by the pest population from Pattambi was the only exception.     

Varietal resistance, population dynamics and timing insecticidal application with peak oviposition by Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on rice

The flight activity of yellow stem borer Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) peaked in the months of April-May, May-June, August-September and October. The number of egg masses and the number of adults attracted to light sources were the indicators of S. incertulas flight activity. The rice varieties TKM6, IR22, IR60, IR66 and IR74 were infested at 7, 10, 12 and 16 wk after planting with 5, 10, 20 and 40 neonates of S. incertulas. All varieties except IR66 were susceptible to dead heart damage by S. incertulas. When the rice varieties TKM6, BPIRi2, BPIRi4, IR22, IR36, IR60, IR66 and IR74 were treated with carbofuran insecticide at the time of peak oviposition by S. incertulas in the field, the dead heart damage on all the varieties was significantly reduced in comparison with the untreated plots. Indiscriminate routine insecticidal treatments (fixed schedule) can be replaced by a treat-when-necessary schedule based on the population dynamics of S. incertulas.     

再生稻与三化螟越冬幼虫的关系的研究

在华南,秋季水稻收获后,留在田间的一些稻桩,既含有再生稻株,亦藏蛰伏的三化螟幼虫,当再生稻桩率为14％～19％时,其中藏有的三化螟幼虫占该虫总数的47％～65％。由于三化螟得到再生稻株的保护,在整个越冬期间藏于再生株内的蝗虫死亡率偏低,至多为非再生株同时的50％,再生株百株活虫数为26～42头,而非再生株内仅为1～7头。     

人工神经网络在三化螟预测中的应用

本应用神经网络对闽北四代三化螟的发生情况进行了预测,三化螟的预报可视作高维空间的非线性分类问题。利用BP网络的反向传播算法．我们对三化螟种群发生趋势进行预测,并获得了满意的结果。     

数学分析方法在水稻螟虫测报上的应用研究

本利用福建省将乐县1963-1994年测报积累的观察赍料和气象资料,建立了越冬代二化螟、三化螟蛾高峰逐步回归顶测模型．Fuzzy分析预报模型,四代三化螟发生期发生量璜测模型。     

植物乙醇提取物对三化螟控制作用研究

研究了30种植物乙醇提取物对三化螟Scirpophaga incertulas(Walker)的产卵驱避效果,并用产卵驱避率及干扰作用控制指数(IIPC)对这些效果进行评价.结果表明,处理后48 h,10种植物乙醇提取物对三化螟产卵有显著的驱避作用,其中海芋Alocasia macrorrhiza产卵驱避率最高,达到82.79%,蜜柚Citrus grandis、三叶鬼针草Bidenspilosa、马蔸铃Aristolo chiachampionii、白蝴蝶Syngonium podophyllum 4种植物的产卵驱避率为75%以上,llPC低于0.13.非选择性的试验结果同样表明海芋和屿蔸铃的乙醇提取物对三化螟具有明显的产卵驱避作用.测定结果还表明,海芋乙醇提取物处理后三化螟初孵幼虫的钻人时间是对照的2.60倍,马蔸铃是对照的1.07倍;海芋乙醇提取物处理后三化螟的钻蛀率为40%,马蔸铃乙醇提取物则为58%,两者都明显低于对照钻蛀率98.33%.此外,海芋乙醇提取物对二化螟幼虫存活率的影响不明显,但是马蔸铃乙醇提取物对幼虫存活率的影响与对照相比差异显著.     

Enhanced resistance to two stem borers in an aromatic rice containing a synthetic cryIA(b) gene

Rice cultivars of isozyme group V include high-quality, aromatic rices that are difficult to improve by traditional methods because of the loss of quality characters upon sexual hybridization. Their low-tillering plant type predisposes them to economic loss from attack by stem borers, a group of insects to which they are susceptible. We report here the enhancement of stem borer resistance in cv. Tarom Molaii through transformation by microprojectile bombardment. Embryogenic calli derived from mature seeds were bombarded with gold particles coated with plasmid pCIB4421, carrying a synthetic truncated toxin gene based on the cryIA(b) gene from Bacillus thuringiensis, and plasmid pHygII, carrying the hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt) selectable marker gene. Inclusion of 50 mg/l hygromycin B in culture media from bombardment through to rooting of plantlets eliminated escapes. The procedure generated three independent hpt transformants of which two also contained the cryIA(b) gene. One such line (No. 827) produced truncated (67 kDa) CryIA(b) protein equivalent to about 0.1% of total soluble protein. The cryIA(b) gene was controlled by the promoter of the maize C₄ PEP carboxylase gene and was expressed in leaf blades but was not expressed to a detectable level in dehulled mature grain. Line 827 contained about 3 copies of the cryIA(b) gene which segregated as a single dominant Mendelian locus in the second (T₁) and third (T₂) generations and co-segregated with enhanced resistance to first-instar larvae of striped stem borer (Chilo suppressalis) and yellow stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas). T₂ line 827-6 homozygous for the cryIA(b) gene showed no dead hearts or whiteheads after infestation with stem borers, whereas T₂ line 827-25 lacking the gene averaged 7 dead hearts per plant and 2.25 whiteheads per plant. These results establish that transformation of high-quality rices of group V is a feasible alternative to sexual hybridization.