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1.
Kim Valenta Travis S. Steffens Radoniaina R. Rafaliarison Colin A. Chapman Shawn M. Lehman 《Biotropica》2015,47(4):435-440
Rapid deforestation has fragmented habitat across the landscape of Madagascar. To determine the effect of fragmentation on seed banks and the potential for forest regeneration, we sampled seed viability, density and diversity in 40 plots of 1 m2 in three habitat types: forest fragments, the near edge of continuous forest, and deforested savanna in a highly fragmented dry deciduous forest landscape in northwestern Madagascar. While seed species diversity was not different between forest fragments and continuous forest edge, the number of animal‐dispersed seeds was significantly higher in forest fragments than in continuous forest edge, and this pattern was driven by a single, small‐seeded species. In the savanna, seeds were absent from all but three of the 40 plots, indicating that regeneration potential is low in these areas. Several pre‐ and post‐dispersal biotic and abiotic factors, including variation in the seed predator communities and edge effects could explain these findings. Understanding the extent to which seed dispersal and seed banks influence the regeneration potential of fragmented landscapes is critical as these fragments are the potential sources of forest expansion and re‐connectivity. 相似文献
2.
利用体视显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察了荒漠植物多裂骆驼蓬粘液质种皮吸水前后的形态变化,通过种子吸水 脱水、粘土、漂浮和萌发实验研究了种皮纹饰和粘液特征在种子扩散和萌发中的适应意义,以期为研究该物种在荒漠环境中的适应策略提供理论依据。结果表明：（1）多裂骆驼蓬种皮纹饰由表皮细胞外切向壁的附属物向外突起形成,呈多面体网纹状;种皮纹饰上覆盖1层粘液薄膜,将多面体网眼围成封闭的腔,种子吸水后粘液薄膜变成凝胶状,腔内有气泡产生;粘液薄膜经过反复吸水 脱水后逐渐溶解消失。（2）种皮网眼状腔室结构和粘液薄膜可使种皮纹饰内储存空气,以增强种子的漂浮能力,有助于种子扩散;种皮纹饰和粘液还增强了种子的粘土能力,使种子锚定在土壤表面,避免种子裸露和活力丧失;此外,种皮纹饰及粘液的快速吸水和保水能力能防止种子失水,有效维持该物种在荒漠环境中的土壤种子库。（3）种皮纹饰和粘液虽可抑制种子萌发,但能促进幼根的伸长生长,对增强幼苗的建植能力有一定积极作用。 相似文献
3.
Effects of macaque ingestion were examined on both seed destruction during passage through the gut and germination enhancement after defecation, using typically endozoochorous fruits of Eurya emarginata. Mechanical and chemical actions associated with the ingestion were also examined. A fruit-feeding experiment found that 4.4% of ingested seeds could pass intact through the gut of Japanese macaques. No significant difference was detected between the seed passage percentages of six Eurya emarginata trees despite individual variation in seed weight and hardness, implying that mastication is a major factor in the severe seed mortality during the gut passage. Seeds in intact fruits showed lower germination percentage and longer germination delay than seeds with the flesh removed artificially. In contrast, no enhancement in germination was observed after passage through the gut. A series of seed treatment experiments indicated that seed abrasion did not affect germination percentage, though acid and heat-exposure enhanced the germination. The two factors, severe seed destruction and germination enhancement by flesh removal, opposed each other. With the survival proportion of uningested seeds taken as 1.0, the survival proportion of ingested seeds was estimated as 0.49 with the 95% confidence interval of 0.14–1.46, which indicated no significant difference between the proportions of ingested- and uningested-seeds. 相似文献
4.
食果动物与依赖其传播种子的植物间在进化过程中形成互惠关系,生境破碎化往往干扰种子传播过程,继而破坏这种关系.生境破碎化通常降低食果动物的多样性,但亦有相反的情况出现.食果动物对生境破碎化的适应能力不同,泛性森林动物和广食性动物具有较强的适应性.生境破碎化对依赖动物传播的植物影响有差异,多数植物受到负面影响,但也有一些植物不受影响,甚至受益.动物在破碎生境中对种子传播的有效性是种子搬运量、传播距离、种子萌发及种群建立等环节的综合效果.破碎化生境中种子的搬运量与动物的觅食行为和食物选择有关;种子传播距离受食物资源可获得性的改变和生境斑块异质性的影响;种子萌发和更新种群建立成功与否决定于是否存在有效的种子传播者.生境破碎化如何影响种子传播以及动植物相互关系,尤其是异质斑块的空间分布如何影响食果动物的传播有效性、破碎化生境下动植物互惠共生关系如何建立,生境破碎化导致的植物入侵对本地植物种子传播的影响是未来需要深入研究的问题. 相似文献
5.
We studied the phylogeography of alder buckthorn (Frangula alnus), a bird-dispersed shrub or small tree distributed over most of Europe and West Asia and present in three of the four main refugia of West Palaearctic temperate woody plants: the Iberian Peninsula, the Balkans and Anatolia. A total of 78 populations from 21 countries were analysed for chloroplast DNA variation using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), and 21 different haplotypes were distinguished. We found a very strong overall population differentiation (GST = 0.81) and phylogeographical structure, and a sharp contrast between the haplotype-rich refugia and the almost completely uniform area of postglacial colonization. The haplotype network comprises three lineages made up of haplotypes from the Iberian Peninsula, Anatolia with the Caucasus, and temperate Europe. The Iberian and the Anatolian branches represent parts of a major lineage that spans over the whole northern Mediterranean Basin and some neighbouring areas and probably dates back to the Tertiary. Many haplotypes of this lineage are distributed locally and most populations are fixed for a single haplotype; these populations have apparently been very stable since their establishment, experiencing negligible gene flow and few mutations. The temperate European lineage consists of one very widespread and abundant plus six locally distributed haplotypes. Four of them are located in Southeast Europe, the putative refugium of all extant temperate European populations. Contrary to populations from Iberia and Anatolia, F. alnus populations from the southeastern European refugium have most genetic variation within populations. Bird-mediated seed dispersal has apparently allowed not only a very rapid postglacial expansion of F. alnus but also subsequent regular seed exchanges between populations of the largely continuous species range in temperate Europe. In contrast, the disjunct F. alnus populations persisting in Mediterranean mountain ranges seem to have experienced little gene flow and have therefore accumulated a high degree of differentiation, even at short distances. Populations from the southern parts of the glacial refugia have contributed little to the postglacial recolonization of Europe, but their long-term historical continuity has allowed them to maintain a unique store of genetic variation. 相似文献
6.
Tansley Review No. 110. 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
S UMMARY 367
I. I NTRODUCTION 367
II. N UMBER 368
III. S IZE 379
IV. A IR SPACE IN THE SEEDS 381
V. F LOATATION AND DISPERSAL 383
1. Air 383
(a) Physical considerations 383
(b) Dispersal 387
(c) Birds 415
2. Water 416
(a) Physical considerations 416
(b) Dispersal 416
VI. C ONCLUSIONS 417
Acknowledgements 417
References 418
Orchid seeds are very small, extremely light and produced in great numbers. Most range in length from c . 0.05 to 6.0 mm, with the difference between the longest and shortest known seeds in the family being 120-fold. The 'widest' seed at 0.9 mm is 90-fold wider than the 'thinnest' one, which measures 0.01 mm (because orchid seeds are tubular or balloon-like, 'wide' and 'thin' actually refer to diameter). Known seed weights extend from 0.31 lg to 24 μg (a 78-fold difference). Recorded numbers of seeds per fruit are as high as 4000000 and as low as 20–50 (80000–200000-fold difference). Testae are usually transparent, with outer cell walls that may be smooth or reticulated. Ultrasonic treatments enhance germination, which suggests that the testae can be restrictive. Embryos are even smaller: their volume is substantially smaller than that of the testa. As a result, orchid seeds have large internal air spaces that render them balloon-like. They can float in the air for long periods, a property that facilitates long-distance dispersal. The difficult-to-wet outer surfaces of the testa and large internal air spaces enable the seeds to float on water for prolonged periods. This facilitates distribution through tree effluates and/or small run-off rivulets that may follow rains. Due to their size and characteristics, orchid seeds may also be transported in and on land animals and birds (in fur, feathers or hair, mud on feet, and perhaps also following ingestion). 相似文献
I. I NTRODUCTION 367
II. N UMBER 368
III. S IZE 379
IV. A IR SPACE IN THE SEEDS 381
V. F LOATATION AND DISPERSAL 383
1. Air 383
(a) Physical considerations 383
(b) Dispersal 387
(c) Birds 415
2. Water 416
(a) Physical considerations 416
(b) Dispersal 416
VI. C ONCLUSIONS 417
Acknowledgements 417
References 418
Orchid seeds are very small, extremely light and produced in great numbers. Most range in length from c . 0.05 to 6.0 mm, with the difference between the longest and shortest known seeds in the family being 120-fold. The 'widest' seed at 0.9 mm is 90-fold wider than the 'thinnest' one, which measures 0.01 mm (because orchid seeds are tubular or balloon-like, 'wide' and 'thin' actually refer to diameter). Known seed weights extend from 0.31 lg to 24 μg (a 78-fold difference). Recorded numbers of seeds per fruit are as high as 4000000 and as low as 20–50 (80000–200000-fold difference). Testae are usually transparent, with outer cell walls that may be smooth or reticulated. Ultrasonic treatments enhance germination, which suggests that the testae can be restrictive. Embryos are even smaller: their volume is substantially smaller than that of the testa. As a result, orchid seeds have large internal air spaces that render them balloon-like. They can float in the air for long periods, a property that facilitates long-distance dispersal. The difficult-to-wet outer surfaces of the testa and large internal air spaces enable the seeds to float on water for prolonged periods. This facilitates distribution through tree effluates and/or small run-off rivulets that may follow rains. Due to their size and characteristics, orchid seeds may also be transported in and on land animals and birds (in fur, feathers or hair, mud on feet, and perhaps also following ingestion). 相似文献
7.
生境片段化伴随的面积效应和边缘效应, 可改变分散贮食动物的竞争强度、觅食行为以及隐蔽条件, 影响种子捕食和扩散模式。阐明生境片段化对多物种种子捕食和扩散的影响, 对理解片段化生境中的植物更新和生物多样性维持十分重要。该研究在浙江省千岛湖地区的岛屿和大陆上开展了针对6种壳斗科植物的种子捕食和扩散实验, 分析了物种、分散贮食动物相对多度、种子产量、岛屿大小和边缘效应如何共同影响种子命运和种子扩散距离。主要结果: (1)种子命运和扩散距离在物种间存在显著差异; (2)大陆比岛屿有更长的种子留存时间, 小岛种子留存时间最短, 岛屿内部比岛屿边缘有更长的种子留存时间; (3)物种和岛屿大小对种子原地取食率存在交互作用, 白栎(Quercus fabri)种子在大岛上有更高的原地取食率; (4)种子在小岛上有最高的扩散率, 分散贮食动物相对多度对种子扩散后贮藏率有负效应。表明在千岛湖地区, 生境片段化改变了种子捕食和扩散模式, 且面积效应对不同物种的种子捕食和扩散模式产生了不同作用, 从而影响森林群落更新和生物多样性维持。 相似文献
8.
Tommaso La Mantia Juliane Rühl Bruno Massa Sergio Pipitone Gabriella Lo Verde Rafael S. Bueno 《Restoration Ecology》2019,27(6):1393-1400
Natural regeneration of vegetation is a frequent outcome of land abandonment, although the rate and diversity of such regeneration may be severely restricted by seed dispersal limitation, among other factors. In spite of this, studies aiming to quantify seed rain and test methods to enhance it, such as artificial perches, are still underrepresented in the Mediterranean. In our study, we quantified seed rain density and richness and tested the effects of artificial perches on such rain over a distance gradient on seven Mediterranean island old fields. In each of the seven sites, we positioned three sampling stations, each consisting of 1 seed trap under an artificial perch and 1 as a control on the ground, distributed at 30, 60, and 90 m from natural vegetation remnant. All traps received seeds, suggesting no overall dispersal limitation. Of the 11 seed species found, 10 were fleshy‐fruited and dispersed by vertebrates. Seed traps under perches received significantly higher seed rain of fleshy‐fruited species dispersed by birds, while ground traps received significantly more seeds of the species also dispersed by mammals, especially Rubus ulmifolius. The distance from the seed source was nonsignificant in all cases. Our study demonstrates the key role of vertebrate‐mediated seed dispersal services to overcome dispersal limitation in old fields, as well as the effective contribution of even small artificial perches in contrasting such limitation. The lack of differences over the distance gradient reveal that the upper spatial limit of dispersal limitation was not achieved. 相似文献
9.
成熟种子被动物采食和排泄后,沉积在粪便中的有活力的种子称为粪种子库。种子经动物消化道携带而实现传播的过程称为消化道传播,粪种子库是种子消化道传播的必经阶段和关键节点。粪种子库和种子消化道传播一直以来都是生态学家关注的热点。介绍了粪种子库的形成原因和理论基础,指出粪种子库是动-植物互作的结果;讨论了影响粪种子库结构和组成的因素,包括种子形态、动物种类和外界环境对粪种子库生态功能的调控作用;阐述了粪种子库的生态意义,主要表现为种子远距离传播、粪便物质返还以及促进植物群落更新和发展;最后指出将来关于粪种子库的研究需要重点关注的几个方面问题,以期为合理、全面认识粪种子库提供理论参考,并为深刻理解动-植物互作机制提供科学依据。 相似文献
10.
Verônica B. Magalhães Nádia B. Espírito Santo Luis F. P. Salles Hélio Soares Jr Paulo S. Oliveira 《Ecological Entomology》2018,43(5):665-674
1. Most woody plant species in tropical habitats are primarily vertebrate‐dispersed, but interactions between ants and fallen seeds and fruits are frequent. This study assesses the species‐specific services provided by ants to fallen arillate seeds of Siparuna guianensis, a primarily bird‐dispersed tree in cerrado savanna. The questions of which species interact with fallen seeds, their relative contribution (versus vertebrates) to seed removal, and the potential effects on seedling establishment are investigated. 2. Seeds are removed in similar quantities in caged and control treatments, suggesting that ants are the main dispersers on the ground. Five ant species attended seeds. Pheidole megacephala (≈0.4 cm) cooperatively transported seeds, whereas the smaller Pheidole sp. removed the seed aril on spot. Large (> 1.0 cm) Odontomachus chelifer, Pachycondyla striata, and Ectatomma edentatum individually carried seeds up to 4 m. Bits of aril are fed to larvae and intact seeds are discarded near the nest entrance. 3. Overall, greater numbers of seedlings were recorded near ant nests than in control plots without nests. This effect, however, was only detected near P. megacephala and P. striata nests, where soil penetrability was greater compared with controls. Soil nutrients did not differ between paired plots. 4. This study confirms the prevalence of ant–seed interactions in cerrado and shows that ant‐derived benefits are species‐specific. Ant services range from seed cleaning on the spot to seed displacement promoting non‐random spatial seedling recruitment. Although seed dispersal distances by ants are likely to be shorter than those by birds, our study of S. guianensis shows that fine‐scale ant‐induced seed movements may ultimately enhance plant regeneration in cerrado. 相似文献
11.
鸟类传播种子对于植物种群自然更新及群落演替具有重要的生态意义,鸟类栖息的树木具有富集种子雨功能,在山体滑坡区及废弃矿区等干扰生境中人工设置鸟类栖木,可以增加鸟类传播的种子雨输入,丰富土壤种子库,尤其食果鸟类可以传播那些处于群落演替中期至后期的乔、灌木树种,能够促进受干扰地区森林植被的演替进程.5·12汶川大地震对地震灾区造成了大面积的山体滑坡和严重的植被破坏,在地震灾区森林植被的生态恢复工作中,一些地区可以采用人工设置鸟类栖木方法,充分利用山体滑坡区周围残余森林的丰富种子源及众多食果鸟类,促进灾区森林植被的自然恢复. 相似文献
12.
Pre-dispersal seed predation by granivorous birds has potential to limit fruit removal and subsequent seed dispersal by legitimate avian seed dispersers in bird-dispersed plants, especially when the birds form flocks. We monitored pre-dispersal seed predation by the Japanese grosbeak, Eophona personata, of two bird-dispersed hackberry species (Cannabaceae), Celtis biondii (four trees) and Celtis sinensis (10 trees), for 3 years (2005, 2007 and 2008) in a fragmented forest in temperate Japan. Throughout the 3 years, predation was more intense on C. biondii, which, as a consequence, lost a larger part of its fruit crop. Grosbeaks preferred C. biondii seeds that had a comparatively lower energy content and lower hardness than C. sinensis, suggesting an association between seed hardness and selective foraging by grosbeaks. In C. biondii, intensive predation markedly reduced fruit duration and strongly limited fruit removal by seed dispersers, especially in 2007 and 2008. In C. sinensis, seed dispersers consumed fruits throughout the fruiting seasons in all 3 years. In C. biondii, variation in the timing of grosbeak migration among years was associated with annual variation in this bird's effects on fruit removal. Our results demonstrate that seed predation by flocks of granivorous birds can dramatically disrupt seed dispersal in fleshy-fruited plants and suggest the importance of understanding their flocking behaviour. 相似文献
13.
《Current biology : CB》2022,32(15):3429-3435.e5
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14.
Andreu Castillo‐Escriv Germn M. Lpez‐Iborra Jordi Cortina Jaume Tormo 《Restoration Ecology》2019,27(1):102-108
Desertification is a major environmental problem in arid and semiarid regions. Tree plantation has been commonly employed to foster the recovery of degraded areas. However, this technique is costly, and their outcomes are often uncertain. Therefore, we evaluated an alternative method for the restoration of degraded semiarid steppes that involved the construction of branch piles to attract frugivores as potential seed‐dispersing birds, promoting seed rain, and fostering the formation of woody patches. We measured the success of branch piles in terms of the number of bird visits and seed input compared to naturally occurring shrub patches. Generally, frugivorous birds visited branch piles less frequently than shrub patches. Yet, branch piles accumulated seeds of patch‐forming shrub species. Seed rain was higher under patches of the dominant shrub Rhamnus lycioides than under branch piles. In contrast, woody patches and branch piles did not differ in seed input of the less abundant Pistacia lentiscus shrub. Our study demonstrates that branch piles are used by frugivorous birds and accumulate seeds of patch‐forming shrubs. Branch piles may be a suitable method to promote the expansion of bird‐dispersed plant species and restore semiarid wooded steppes. However, their efficiency largely depends on pile persistence and economic cost. 相似文献
15.
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17.
Water-borne seed transport and seed deposition during flooding in a small river-valley in Northern Germany 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Water-borne seed transport and seed deposition during flooding were studied in the Upper Eider river (N-Germany) by direct sampling of the rivers seed content with aquatic seed traps and by analysing the number of deposited seeds on sedimentation mats which were exposed near the river on the soil surface during a flooding period of approx. three weeks.The number of seeds which were transported at the surface of the river Eider was continuously analysed by four aquatic seed traps for a period of 20 weeks (July–December 2000). To test the capture rate of these traps, a recapture experiment with colour marked seeds of Helianthus annuus L. was carried out. During the investigation period approx. 9000 seeds of 76 species were captured by the four aquatic seed traps. The number of trapped seeds varied both spatially (across the river profile) and temporally. Considering this variation and the capture rate of the traps, the water-borne seed transport was estimated to be 3139 seeds per week and meter of the river profile.The seed deposition during a flood in early spring 2002 was analysed by using 20 sedimentation mats. To distinguish effects of seed dispersal into patches from outside from seed rearrangement within patches, the water-borne seed transport was excluded from one half of the mats by fencing them with a woven fabric which was permeable for water but not for floating seeds. Outside of the exclosures 152 viable seeds of 26 species were deposited on the sedimentation mats while only one single seedling was found on mats from which water-borne seed transport was excluded.The results demonstrate that hydrochorous dispersal processes might play an important role in connecting otherwise fragmented populations in periodically flooded habitats along rivers. 相似文献
18.
Alessio Mortelliti Ilona P. Grentzmann Shawn Fraver Allison M. Brehm Samantha Calkins Nicholas Fisichelli 《Oikos》2019,128(12):1726-1738
Climate change is resulting in shifts in species’ ranges as species inhabit new climatically suitable areas. A key factor affecting range‐shifts is the interaction with predators. Small mammals, being primary seed predators and dispersers in forest ecosystems, may play a major role in determining which plant species will successfully expand and the rate at which range‐shifts will occur. Plants dispersing seeds beyond the species’ current range limits will encounter seed predators to which these seeds are novel; however, empirical studies of seed predator–novel seed interactions are lacking. The aims of our study were to: 1) quantify seed selection by small mammals presented with ‘novel’ seeds; 2) quantify the post‐selection fate of ‘novel’ seeds; and 3) identify seed traits that affect seed selection and post‐selection seed fate. We designed a field experiment exposing small mammal communities to novel seeds produced by plants expected to shift their ranges in response to climate change. We matched novel seeds with reference ‘familiar’ seeds and studied key steps defining interactions between small mammals and novel seeds. We found that the probability of selection of a novel seed varied among species and was, at times, higher than the selection probability of familiar seeds. Key traits that affected seed selection and the distance a seed was dispersed for caching were shell hardness and seed mass. We also found that 33% of dispersed seeds were cached in optimal germination sites (e.g. within fallen logs and buried under the leaf litter mat). Through seed emergence trials we found that emergence was higher for larger seeds, suggesting that the role of small mammals may be modulated by emergence rates. Our results suggest that the interaction between small mammals and novel seeds may have cascading effects on climate‐induced plant range shifts and community composition. 相似文献
19.
Conserving and restoring biodiversity are compelling challenges in the face of deforestation and fragmentation of tropical forests. Establishing restoration plantings that act as stepping‐stone corridors for animals and develop into forest islets is one way we can reconnect forest fragments split by active agricultural landscapes. However, this strategy's success is contingent on dispersal agents attracted from the forests that vary greatly in their dispersal services, diet, and mobility. Dispersal agents capable of traversing the agricultural matrix that also provide high‐quality and high‐quantity seed dispersal are often a small subset of the present fauna. They also tend to be large‐bodied birds with broad diets (e.g. toucans). This subset of dispersal agents (here termed “effective restoration agents”) plays a key role in driving succession in restoration plantings. Their absence or low numbers can compromise the strategy of using plantings to enhance connectivity in landscapes fragmented by crops, orchards, or extensive pastures. In this event, additional intervention may be required to attract other dispersal agents that would otherwise not disperse seeds at or play a significant role in restoration plantings. 相似文献
20.
以科尔沁沙化草地的裸斑为研究对象,布设种子捕捉器监测生长季传播到裸斑的种子数量、物种组成,并人工播种监测裸斑中出苗情况,研究可获得种子数量和出苗对裸斑植被恢复的制约.结果表明:沙生植物3种,种子数为71 ～623粒·m-2,非沙生植物9种,种子数为73 ～410粒·m-2;裸斑中沙生植物的出苗数(9.3 ～22.3株·m-2)高于非沙生植物(0 ～3.4株·m-2);沙生植物在裸斑的出苗率最高为沙蓬(12.2％ ～34.1％),其次是乌丹蒿(4.5％ ～10.3％),小叶锦鸡儿(0～0.5％),非沙生植物狗尾草出苗率为0～6％,蒲公英为0 ～0.4％,其余植物种出苗率为0;沙生植物裸斑出苗数(9.3 ～22.3株·m-2)高于植被区(7.7株·m-2),而非沙生植物在裸斑的出苗数(0～3.4株·m-2)低于植被区(4.5株·m-2).可见,裸斑植被恢复中,沙生植物的可获得种子量制约高于出苗制约;非沙生植物的可获得种子量制约与出苗制约相当. 相似文献