生产氨基酸的基因工程菌研究进展

随着抗癌药物制剂、氨基酸输液制剂及甜味二肽生产的飞速发展,对原料氨基酸的需求量日益增长。传统的发酵工业越来越不能满足需求,势必被以基因工程为基础的新兴发酵工业所代替。通过建立大肠杆菌及棒状杆菌的高效载体受体系统,运用ＤＮＡ重组、定向突变等手段,对代谢途径及关键酶进行了深入系统的研究,为代谢工程注入了新的活力,为获得高产、优质且易于自动化生产的菌株打下了基础     

氨基酸发酵生产及其产生菌研究进展

<正> 氨基酸是构成蛋白质的基本单位,为生命体所必需。氨基酸的生产主要通过发酵途径来进行。因此高产菌株的选育是氨基酸发酵生产的基础,也是氨基酸工业化生产的重要环节。为保证人类对氨基酸的需求及其在食品、工业、农业和畜牧业上得到广泛应用,就必须加强对氨基酸的生产及其开发利用、以及高效优质生产菌的选育等方面的基础和应用基础的研究,这是氨基酸工业化生产所不可缺少的。     

发酵工业菌种的迭代创制

生物发酵是以微生物菌种为生物催化剂,以淀粉糖、生物质等可再生资源为原料发酵生产各种食品、化学品、燃料、材料等物质的生产过程,具有绿色、低碳和可持续等特征。我国拥有全球规模最大的生物发酵产业,尤其氨基酸、维生素等传统发酵产品占全球市场份额的60%–80%。发展生物发酵产业对于我国实现“碳中和、碳达峰”的战略目标和生物经济发展具有重要的意义。微生物工业菌种是生物发酵产业的核心,直接影响原料路线、产品种类和生产成本。创新发酵工业菌种,提升其原料转化利用效率,提高产物生产水平,拓展产品种类,是生物发酵产业高质量发展的关键。近年来,合成生物学、系统生物学等学科的发展,进一步加深了研究者对微生物底盘细胞生理代谢机制的理解,加速了基因编辑等菌种设计创制使能技术的发展,为发酵工业菌种改造提升提供了新动能。本文选取了具有代表性的大宗氨基酸、B族维生素、柠檬酸、燃料乙醇等发酵产业,从其工业微生物底盘的基础研究和技术开发角度,综述发酵工业菌种改造提升的最新进展,并展望人工智能、自动化与生命科学交叉融合将对工业菌种迭代产生的重要影响。     

氨基酸技术发展及新产品开发

<正>氨基酸及其衍生物具有非常重要的生理功能。氨基酸工业是发酵工业的支柱产业之一,其产品有着广泛的应用和巨大的市场。近些年,氨基酸工业的发展日新月异,各种氨基酸生产的新菌种、新工艺和新技术层出不穷,这为氨基酸工业的进一步发展提供了巨大的动力。主要介绍氨基酸代谢工程的技术发展和氨基酸深层次加工及新产品开发进展。     

纪念我国发酵法生产味精四十周年--回忆617短杆菌谷氨酸发酵的研究

综观我国当代发酵法生产氨基酸、核苷酸、有机酸、酶制剂、抗生素等研制过程,基本上是跟踪国外先进技术并加以仿制,本文中L-谷氨酸发酵的研制可以说是一个典型范例。从某种意义上来说,如今我国氨基酸和有机酸发酵之发达,莫不始于L-谷氨酸发酵的成功。然而反思我国的发酵工业,虽然L-谷氨酸、柠檬酸、啤酒的产量堪称世界第一,但充其量中国只能称之为发酵工业大国。因此,今后如果不进行自主科技创新,中国的发酵工业就不可能成为真正意义上科技领先的强国。     

氨基酸生产的代谢工程研究进展与发展趋势

氨基酸发酵是我国发酵工业的支柱产业,近年来,随着代谢工程的快速发展,氨基酸的代谢工程育种蓬勃发展。传统的正向代谢工程、基于组学分析与计算机模拟的反向代谢工程以及借鉴自然进化的进化代谢工程,都有越来越多的应用。在氨基酸的工业生产中涌现出了一系列具有高效生产、抗逆性强等优良性状的菌株。日益剧烈的市场竞争对菌株的选育提出了新的要求,如开发高附加值氨基酸品种、菌株代谢的动态调控、适应新工艺的要求等。文中介绍了氨基酸生产相关的代谢工程研究进展以及未来的发展趋势。     

氨基酸发酵工业的发展近况

一、概述 氨基酸广泛应用于食品、医药、饲料等部门。自1957年日本首创用微生物发酵法工业生产L-谷氨酸以来,各种氨基酸发酵的研究开发蓬勃发展起来,现在大部分氨基酸均可用微生物方法生产了,氨基酸工业已成为新兴的工业部门。据估计1985年世界市场的销售额已超过     

回归创业宗旨谋求发展 降低人工成本的方案也即将出台

以氨基酸发酵．抗体技术等生物科技为核心而发展壮大起来的协和发酵工业株式会社,围绕“以技术革新回报社会”这一创业宗旨进行了企业重组,以谋求今后的发展并进一步深化投资和提高生产效率。[编者按]     

利用多菌种混合发酵降解饼粕中粗蛋白的实验研究

对凝结芽孢杆菌、圆孢芽孢杆菌、短小芽孢杆菌和球形芽孢杆菌在菜籽饼粕中混合发酵降低其大分子粗蛋白含量提高游离氨基酸含量的发酵工艺进行了研究。结果表明其最佳发酵工艺条件：4种菌种接种量比例为(1：1：3：1),含水量60％,接种量15％,发酵25d,粗蛋白降解率达41．98％,游离氨基酸含量提高10．18倍。为工业上生产菌肥提供了理论基础。     

发酵微生物学

发酵微生物学是工业微生物学的主要部分,根据工业对微生物的利用。可概括分为菌体用作食物和饲料,酿造饮料及副食品:发酵产物——酒精、有机酸、丙酮、丁醇等作为化工原料:生物合成的特殊产品——甾体激素、氨基酸、抗菌素、维生素及酶制剂等作为医药。在发酵过程中的副产物,如产生的二氧化碳和氢气以及发酵残渣,也能被充分利用。     

氨基酸生产和海洋生物的氨基酸资源开发

氨基酸在医药、食品、饲料等领域有着极为重要和广泛的用途,世界上氨基酸总需求量以５～１０％递增,市场竞争十分激烈。生物资源提取、化学合成、生物合成和综合法是生产氨基酸的４种技术,目前的发展趋势为生物合成和综合法,特别是将现代生物工程技术应用于氨基酸生产。另外,氨基酸生产领域另一个新的倾向是海洋生物氨基酸资源的开发和应用,尤其是海洋生物所产生的特殊氨基酸、肽及其衍生物的开发,同时,综合利用海产品加工后的废弃物来生产氨基酸也受到重视。     

Fatty acid production from amino acids and alpha-keto acids by Brevibacterium linens BL2

Low concentrations of branched-chain fatty acids, such as isobutyric and isovaleric acids, develop during the ripening of hard cheeses and contribute to the beneficial flavor profile. Catabolism of amino acids, such as branched-chain amino acids, by bacteria via aminotransferase reactions and alpha-keto acids is one mechanism to generate these flavorful compounds; however, metabolism of alpha-keto acids to flavor-associated compounds is controversial. The objective of this study was to determine the ability of Brevibacterium linens BL2 to produce fatty acids from amino acids and alpha-keto acids and determine the occurrence of the likely genes in the draft genome sequence. BL2 catabolized amino acids to fatty acids only under carbohydrate starvation conditions. The primary fatty acid end products from leucine were isovaleric acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid. In contrast, logarithmic-phase cells of BL2 produced fatty acids from alpha-keto acids only. BL2 also converted alpha-keto acids to branched-chain fatty acids after carbohydrate starvation was achieved. At least 100 genes are potentially involved in five different metabolic pathways. The genome of B. linens ATCC 9174 contained these genes for production and degradation of fatty acids. These data indicate that brevibacteria have the ability to produce fatty acids from amino and alpha-keto acids and that carbon metabolism is important in regulating this event.     

含硫氨基酸衍生物的研究进展

含硫氨基酸衍生物主要由三个常见的含硫氨基酸———蛋氨酸 ,半胱氨酸 ,胱氨酸衍生转化而来 ,可以在体内参与转甲基 ,转硫基等生化过程 ,同时也具有抗氧化 ,清除自由基等功能 ,在医药和食品中具有重要的应用价值。含硫氨基酸衍生物产品众多 ,其中最具代表性的是N 乙酰 L 半胱氨酸 ,谷胱甘肽 ,腺苷蛋氨酸。本文就这三个衍生物的研究进展作一简要综述。     

柑桔隔年结果的生理机制研究进展

柑桔隔年结果是世界上柑桔业的一大问题,严重影响了果实的产量和经济效益。该文对柑桔种类和品种、碳水化合物和氨基酸等代谢产物、核酸和核苷酸、矿质营养、激素、蛋白质及酶等影响柑桔成花和隔年结果的相关因素进行了评述,为今后的研究和生产提供参考依据。     

The effect of amino acid supplementation in an industrial Chinese Hamster Ovary process

The main goal in biosimilar development is to increase Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) viability and productivity while maintaining product quality. Despite media and feed optimization during process development, depletion of amino acids still occurs. The aim of the work was to optimize an existing industrial fed batch process by preventing shortage of amino acids and to gather knowledge about CHO metabolism. Several process outputs were evaluated such as cell metabolism, cell viability, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) production, and product quality. First step was to develop and supplement an enriched feed containing depleted amino acids. Abundance of serine and glucose increased lactate production resulting in low viability and low productivity. In the next step, we developed an amino acid feed without serine to avoid the metabolic boost. Supplemented amino acids improved cell viability by 9%; however, mAb production did not increase significantly. In the final step, we limited glucose concentration (<5.55 mmol/L) in the cell culture to avoid the metabolic boost while supplementing an amino acid feed including serine. Data analysis showed that we were able to (a) replace depleted amino acids and avoid metabolic boost, (b) increase viability by 12%, (c) enhance mAb production by 0.5 g/L (total by approximately 10 g), and (d) extend the overall process time of an already developed bioprocess.     

Fatty Acid Production from Amino Acids and α-Keto Acids by Brevibacterium linens BL2

Low concentrations of branched-chain fatty acids, such as isobutyric and isovaleric acids, develop during the ripening of hard cheeses and contribute to the beneficial flavor profile. Catabolism of amino acids, such as branched-chain amino acids, by bacteria via aminotransferase reactions and α-keto acids is one mechanism to generate these flavorful compounds; however, metabolism of α-keto acids to flavor-associated compounds is controversial. The objective of this study was to determine the ability of Brevibacterium linens BL2 to produce fatty acids from amino acids and α-keto acids and determine the occurrence of the likely genes in the draft genome sequence. BL2 catabolized amino acids to fatty acids only under carbohydrate starvation conditions. The primary fatty acid end products from leucine were isovaleric acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid. In contrast, logarithmic-phase cells of BL2 produced fatty acids from α-keto acids only. BL2 also converted α-keto acids to branched-chain fatty acids after carbohydrate starvation was achieved. At least 100 genes are potentially involved in five different metabolic pathways. The genome of B. linens ATCC 9174 contained these genes for production and degradation of fatty acids. These data indicate that brevibacteria have the ability to produce fatty acids from amino and α-keto acids and that carbon metabolism is important in regulating this event.     

Small bugs, big business: the economic power of the microbe

The versatility of microbial biosynthesis is enormous. The most industrially important primary metabolites are the amino acids, nucleotides, vitamins, solvents, and organic acids. Millions of tons of amino acids are produced each year with a total multibillion dollar market. Many synthetic vitamin production processes are being replaced by microbial fermentations. In addition to the multiple reaction sequences of fermentations, microorganisms are extremely useful in carrying out biotransformation processes. These are becoming essential to the fine chemical industry in the production of single-isomer intermediates. Microbially produced secondary metabolites are extremely important to our health and nutrition. As a group, they have tremendous economic importance. The antibiotic market amounts to almost 30 billion dollars and includes about 160 antibiotics and derivatives such as the beta-lactam peptide antibiotics, the macrolide polyketide erythromycin, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides and others. Other important pharmaceutical products produced by microrganisms are hypocholesterolemic agents, enzyme inhibitors, immunosuppressants and antitumor compounds, some having markets of over 1 billion dollars per year. Agriculturally important secondary metabolites include coccidiostats, animal growth promotants, antihelmintics and biopesticides. The modern biotechnology industry has made a major impact in the business world, biopharmaceuticals (recombinant protein drugs, vaccines and monoclonal antibodies) having a market of 15 billion dollars. Recombinant DNA technology has also produced a revolution in agriculture and has markedly increased markets for microbial enzymes. Molecular manipulations have been added to mutational techniques as means of increasing titers and yields of microbial procresses and in discovery of new drugs. Today, microbiology is a major participant in global industry. The best is yet to come as microbes move into the environmental and energy sectors.