侵染香蕉的黄瓜花叶病毒株系的血清学特征

香蕉花叶病三类不同症状,即断续条纹类（BS）、连续条纹类（CS）和斑驳类（MM）在田间广泛存在,经过血清学、生物学、核酸斑点杂交和反转录聚合酶链反应,已确定它们都由黄瓜花叶病毒（Cucumberm。。i。virus,CMV）所弓愧f’］。这三类症状分离物在鉴别寄主、粒子形态、粒子电泳相对迁移率以及在西葫芦（CI;curbitafor）和烟草（Nicotianatabacumcv．HV38）上增殖和运转动力学的特征也表现不同［’］。这些不同可能揭示了香蕉三类分离物分属不同的株系。血清学是鉴定和研究CMV株系间亲缘关系的重要依据。大量文献【’,‘1报道…     

香蕉束顶病毒研究进展

香蕉束顶病毒（Bananabunchytopvirus,BBTV）引起的香蕉束顶病（Ban。bu。bytoPdisease）是香蕉一种严重的病毒病害。迄今此病已普遍分布在世界许多产区,诸如：亚洲、非洲、澳大利亚、南太平洋一些岛屿以及美国的夏威夷等地区［‘－’l。在我国广东、广西、福建、云南等省的部分产区的发病率约占5—25％左右,严重地块已发展到毁灭性程度卜］。1987年Dale曾对世界香蕉种植的地理分布和BBTV的流行范围之间的关系、病株症状、病毒病原学、流行病学、病毒诊断方法以及病害的控制作过全面的综述【门。然而由于BBTV存在于寄主植物的韧皮…     

马铃薯杂种F1无性株系的ISSR鉴定

为给马铃薯新品种选育提供可靠材料,采用ISSR分子标记对2个马铃薯杂交组合‘J07-4’ב陇薯6号’和‘J07-6’ב陇薯6号’杂交种F₁无性繁殖株系的真实性进行了鉴定。结果从152个ISSR引物中筛选出适于‘J07-4’ב陇薯6号’杂种F₁ 5个无性株系鉴定的3个ISSR引物AF18550、AW75511和AW20617及‘J07 6’ב陇薯6号’杂种F₁ 7个无性株系鉴定的2个ISSR引物AW20607和AF18549;以子代中含有父本特征带为主要依据,鉴定出杂种F₁共12个无性繁殖株系均为真实的杂交种,并建立了杂种F₁不同无性株系间的ISSR指纹图。表明ISSR分子标记技术用于马铃薯杂种F₁无性株系鉴定是可行的。     

猪瘟病毒的分子生物学研究进展

猪瘟病毒（Oassicalswinefevervirus,CSFV;或称Hogcholeravirus,HCV）,属黄病毒科（Flaviviridae）瘟病毒属（Peshvirus）［’1。CSFV与同属的牛病毒性腹泻病毒（Bovineviraldiavims,BVDV）及羊边界病病毒（Botherdiseasevirus,BDV）在结构上有很高的相似性,在血清学上有交叉反应l‘］。感染猪可引起高热、皮肤变色、大量内出血等及神经系统症状［’］,死亡率很高。猪瘟病毒是世界上损害养猪业的重要病原之一l‘］。猪瘟病毒是有囊膜,直径40～60urn的正链RNA病毒［‘·’］．在蔗糖中浮力密度为l．12g／ml,沉降系数S…     

菠菜中不同等电点的乙醇酸氧化酶全酶分子量的测定

乙醇酸氧化酶（EC1．1．3．15,简称GO）被认为是一个由相同亚基和黄素腺瞟吟单核着酸（FMN）组成的寡聚酶“－‘’,它在不同的生理状态下具有不同的聚合态’‘,’］。所以,GO全酶Mr差异很大,甚至有时不同或同一植物有多种并存：如豌豆为100000”’;菠菜为270000、140000和70000［”‘j;黄瓜为180000和700000［‘j;南瓜为280000～320000［sj;／J’麦、大麦、菠菜、豌豆、烟草等C3植物为160000～180000;而C4植物玉米、甘蔗为290000～310000‘’‘。但GO由相同亚基所组成的观点却难于解释其等电点（PI）也存在较大的差异：如…     

海南番茄蕨叶型CMV分子检测及其序列分析

为了鉴定引起海南定安县番茄叶片呈蕨叶型或变窄成线条状,叶片表面凹凸不平、生长不规则等症状的病原物,对该病样的叶片提取总RNA,反转录成第一链c DNA,然后根据CMV RNA1保守序列设计2对特异引物,再利用常规PCR方法鉴定其病原是否为CMV。利用两对特异引物进行PCR方法扩增后,分别获得大小约为500 bp和700 bp的目的 DNA条带,经序列相似性比对,发现海南定安县番茄的病原物为CMV。构建系统进化树和同源性分析,进一步确定了引起番茄叶片蕨叶和生长不规则的CMV为重花叶株系(包括蕨叶症状),属CMV IB亚组。本研究鉴定了CMV是引起番茄叶片蕨叶和生长不规则等症状的重要病原物,通过序列比较和同源分析确定了该病原物为CMV的重花叶株系(包括蕨叶症状)。     

泰安枣疯病植原体的分子鉴定

【目的】对3个枣疯病病原物泰安株系进行分子鉴定。【方法】采用植原体通用引物对R16F2n/R16R2,通过直接PCR技术,扩增枣疯病植原体16S rDNA基因,通过16S rDNA基因序列分析和在线模拟16S rDNA-RFLP分析,并将其16S rDNA基因序列提交到GenBank数据库。【结果】3个枣疯病病原物16S rDNA基因片段与16SrⅤ-B亚组中枣疯病植原体(AB052876和AF279272)、樱桃致死黄化植原体(AY197659)及杏卷叶植原体(FJ572660)的同源性高达99.5%99.7%,分别命名为枣疯病植原体泰安圆铃1号株系(Jujube witches’-broom phytoplasma strain Yuanling1,JWB-Yuanling1,TA)、枣疯病植原体泰安鲁北冬枣株系(Jujube witches’-broom phytoplasma strain Lubeidongzao,JWB-Lubeidongzao,TA)和枣疯病植原体泰安大白铃株系(Jujube witches’-broom phyto-plasma strain Dabailing,JWB-Dabailing,TA),基因登录号分别为:HM989946、HM989947和HM989948。【结论】3个枣疯病植原体泰安株系均归属于16SrⅤ-B亚组。     

青海糯性春小麦综合标记辅助育种研究

选用全糯小麦品种‘糯麦1号’与青海主要栽培品种‘阿勃’杂交,综合利用改良碘染色法、SDS-PAGE法和Waxy基因的分子标记等,对杂交后代进行了鉴定筛选。最终从F2代鉴定出了5粒全糯种子,从F3代鉴定出8株Wx-B1亚基缺失的植株。对全糯株系F3代的农艺性状进行评价,5个全糯株系的综合农艺性状都优于‘糯麦1号’,与‘阿勃’较接近。测定全糯株系和Wx-B1亚基缺失植株F4代种子的直链淀粉含量,5个全糯株系F4代种子的直链淀粉含量接近于0,8个Wx-B1亚基缺失植株F4代种子的直链淀粉含量在总体上比‘阿勃’的直链淀粉含量低。研究表明,采用综合标记辅助选择可快速而准确地获得适合在青海栽培的全糯和部分糯性小麦。     

寄主选择性植物病原真菌的毒素化学

Wheeler和Luke把那些在病害中起重要病因作用的毒素称为致病毒素（path。toxin）‘”,那么由真菌产生的致病毒素则称为真菌毒素（MyC0t0Xin）。长期以来,人们一直对那些重要的植物病原真菌毒素进行分离、提纯和化学结构鉴定,发现它们大多数为低分子量的次生代谢产物m．自从＊all欢。从梨上的菊池键格抱（Alternariakikl,chiana）中发现第一个寄生选择性真菌毒素阳StSCICChVCt0Xill）以来l’］,现已报道有9个属的对种植物病原真菌可以产生寄主选择性毒素14－’］其中已有15种明确了其化学结构,（见表1）。实践证明来源于某一病原…     

根瘤菌质粒的生物学特性

早期的研究发现,根瘤菌诱导根瘤的行为极不稳定,用已知能消去质粒的化学药剂处理根瘤菌,使根瘤菌丧失了原有的结瘤能力,推测与根瘤菌结瘤性状有关的基因可能定位在质粒上【‘］。随着根瘤菌质粒研究方法的改进［‘’‘］．人们从根瘤菌中发现了大于150kb的大质粒,从首猪根瘤菌（Anizobiumllleliloti）中检测到大约1500kb左右的质粒【‘］,从山羊豆根瘤菌U矾bO伙O＿galngae）检测到大于1700kb的巨大质粒,在同一菌株中检测到的不同质粒数多达10个［‘］。近二十多年来,根瘤菌研究逐步发展,如探究根瘤菌结瘤的分子信号识别机理,鉴…     

Isolation of viral coat protein mutants with altered assembly and aggregation properties

A method was developed to screen bacteria for synthesis of mutant proteins with altered assembly and solubility properties using bacteriophage MS2 coat protein as a model self-associating protein. Colonies expressing coat protein from a plasmid were covered with an agarose overlay under conditions that caused the lysis of some of the cells in each colony. The proteins thus liberated diffused through the overlay at rates depending on their molecular sizes. After transfer of the proteins to a nitrocellulose membrane, probing with coat protein-specific antiserum revealed spots whose sizes and intensities were related to the aggregation state of coat protein. The method was employed in the isolation of assembly defective mutants and to find soluble variants of an aggregation-prone coat protein mutant.     

Global Analysis of Rice Tungro Spherical Virus Coat Proteins Reveals New Roles in Evolutionary Consequences

Rice tungro disease is caused by a combination of two viruses: Rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) and Rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV). RTSV has a capsid comprising three coat proteins (CP) species. Three CP genes of RTSV-AP isolate were sequenced and compared with 9 other isolates reported worldwide for their phylogenetic survey of recombination events which revealed that in general Indian isolates are forming one separate cluster while those of Philippines and Malaysia forming a different cluster. A significant proportion of recombination sites were found in the CP1 gene, followed by CP2 and CP3 suggesting that it is a major phenomenon in the evolution of various isolates of RTSV. Some interesting domains and motifs such as; 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate synthase in CP1, Type 1 glutamine amidotransferase domain and RNA binding motifs in CP2, domains of receptor proteins in CP3, and glycosylation motif in CP2 and CP3 were also obtained in RTSV coat protein. In addition, simple modular architecture research tool (SMART) analysis of coat proteins of RTSV predicted the coat protein domain of calicivirus suggesting evolutionary linkages between plant and animal viruses. This study provides an opportunity to establish the molecular evolution and sequence-function relationship of RTSV.     

Transmission electron microscopy studies of Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis

A trypsin-sensitive 200-kDa protein has been reported to be exclusively associated with haemagglutinating isolates of Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis. Transmission electron microscopy studies revealed that haemagglutination by M. catarrhalis to both human and rabbit erythrocytes was mediated by a trypsin-sensitive outer fibrillar coat. This fibrillar layer was absent on non-haemagglutinating isolates examined. Immuno-electron microscopy, using a polyclonal antiserum containing antibodies to the 200-kDa protein as a probe, showed that the 200-kDa protein is present on the outer fibrillar layer of the bacterium. These findings suggest that the haemagglutinin of M. catarrhalis is a 200-kDa protein present on the outer fibrillar coat.     

Manufacturing of highly functional and specific T cells for adoptive immunotherapy against virus from granulocyte colony-stimulating factor–mobilized donors

Background aimsCytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation remains an important risk after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, which can be effectively controlled through adoptive transfer of donor-derived CMV-specific T cells (CMV-T). CMV-T are usually obtained from donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected before G-CSF mobilization. Despite previous studies that showed impaired T-cell function after granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) mobilization, recent publications suggest that G-CSF-primed PBMCs retain anti-viral function and are a suitable starting material for CMV-T manufacturing. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of generating CMV-T from G-CSF–mobilized donors by use of the activation marker CD137 in comparison with conventional non-primed PBMCs.MethodsCMV-T were isolated from G-CSF–mobilized and non-mobilized donor PBMCs on the basis of CMVpp65 activation-induced CD137 expression and expanded during 3 weeks. Functional assays were performed to assess antigen-specific activation, cytokine release, cytotoxic activity and proliferation after anti-genic re-stimulation.ResultsWe successfully manufactured highly specific, functional and cytotoxic CMV-T from G-CSF–mobilized donor PBMCs. Their anti-viral function was equivalent to non-mobilized CMV-T, and memory phenotype would suggest their long-term maintenance after adoptive transfer.ConclusionsWe confirm that the use of an aliquot from G-CSF–mobilized donor samples is suitable for the manufacturing of CMV cellular therapies and thereby abrogates the need for successive donations and ensures the availability for patients with unrelated donors.     

Determination of the complete amino acid sequence for the coat protein of brome mosaic virus by time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Evidence for mutations associated with change of propagation host

Time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) has been applied to determine the complete coat protein amino acid sequences of a number of distinct brome mosaic virus (BMV) isolates. Ionization was carried out by both electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). After determining overall coat protein masses, the proteins were digested with trypsin or Lys-C proteinases, and the digestion products were analyzed in a MALDI QqTOF mass spectrometer. The N terminus of the coat protein was found to be acetylated in each BMV isolate analyzed. In one isolate (BMV-Valverde), the amino acid sequence was identical to that predicted from the cDNA sequence of the "type" isolate, but deviations from the predicted amino acid sequence were observed for all the other isolates analyzed. When isolates were propagated in different host taxa, modified coat protein sequences were observed in some cases, along with the original sequence. Sequencing by TOFMS may therefore provide a basis for monitoring the effects of host passaging on a virus at the molecular level. Such TOFMS-based analyses assess the complete profiles of coat protein sequences actually present in infected tissues. They are therefore not subject to the selection biases inherent in deducing such sequences from reverse-transcribed viral RNA and cloning the resulting cDNA.     

Detection of Double-Stranded RNA (DSRNA) in Crude Extracts of Virus-Infected Plants by Indirect ELISA

An antiserum against polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (In-Cn) was used to detect double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) by indirect ELISA (ELISA-I). DsRNA from cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and plum pox virus (PPV)-infected plants was detected using different types of extracts. The pH of the extraction buffer was very important in dsRNA detection, the highest optical density values being obtained at pH 6 or in aqueous extracts. Extracts heated at 80°C for 2 min showed increased optical density values compared with unheated extracts. DsRNA from Nicotiana benthamiana plants infected with each of six PPV isolates was readily detected by ELISA-I 50 days after inoculation. ELISA values then obtained with the In-Cn antiserum were generally higher than those obtained by double antibody sandwich ELISA using an antiserum to virus coat protein. Purified dsRNA from the same infected plants showed no visible band, but it produced a fluorescent background when analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.     

Streptococcus iniae: serological differences,presence of capsule and resistance to immune serum killing

The biochemical profiles, presence of capsule, outer membrane protein profiles and serological interactions of isolates of Streptococcus iniae obtained from different geographical and fish host origins were examined. The isolates had very similar biochemical profiles using API 20 Strep but varied as to whether they were arginine dihydrolase-negative, -positive or -intermediate (AD-ve, AD+ve, AD+/-ve, respectively). Representatives of each AD type were compared in subsequent experiments. All types possessed a polysaccharide capsule. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis of outer membrane proteins or whole cells revealed no difference in banding patterns between isolates. All isolates were resistant to trout normal and specific immune serum and grew well in the presence of added fresh normal serum. Serological analyses of the isolates revealed antigenic differences. Trout antiserum against the AD+ve isolate did not agglutinate the AD-ve or AD+/-ve isolates, while antisera against the latter 2 types showed low agglutinating activity with all 3 isolates. When whole live cells of AD-ve and AD+ve isolates were dot-blotted, antiserum to the AD+ve isolate did not stain the AD-ve isolate, but antiserum to the AD-ve isolate stained both AD types. However, if the cells were pre-treated with Proteinase K (to remove surface-exposed protein antigens), the AD+ve isolate was stained only by its homologous antiserum. These results suggest that while certain protein antigens of the different AD type strains are immunologically cross-reactive, the capsular antigens appear to be AD type-specific. Furthermore, the results suggest that the cross-reactive antigens on the AD-ve isolate are effectively hidden by the strain-specific capsule, while they are partially exposed on the AD+ve isolate.     

Biological, Serological and Coat Protein Properties of a Strain of Turnip Mosaic Virus Causing a Mosaic Disease of Brassica campestris and B. juncea in India

Biological, serological and coat protein properties of a potyvirus (Poty-Rape) causing a mosaic disease of Brassica campestris and B. juncea in India were investigated. The virus readily infected 4 of the 5 plant species in the family Brassicaceae in which it induced severe systemic mosaic symptoms; it also induced chlorotic and necrotic local lesions in Chenopodium amaranticolor , but failed to infect 4 other species of Chenopodiaceae or 20 species of Amaranthaceae, Apiaceae, Canabinaceae, Compositae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Leguminosae and Solanaceae. The virus was transmitted in a non-persistant manner by Myzus persicae, Brevicoryne brassicae and Aphis gossypii. The Average size, of the virus particles in a purified preparation was 740 nm × 12 nm. SDS-PAGE analysis of the viral coat protein showed two major bands of approximately 37 kDa and 31 kDa, a pattern very similar to that of a reference isolate of turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) from the U.S. In Western-blot immunoassay, an antiserum to TuMV reacted with both the coat protein bands of the Poty-Rape islate and the reference TuMV, but not with the coat proteins of four other potyviruses. The high performance liquid chromatographic profile of tryptic peptides from the coat protein of Poty-Rape was found to be very similar to that of the reference TuMV, but differed substantially from those of four other potyviruses. The Poty-Rape isolate is considered to be a distinct strain of, TuMV.     

Bacillus subtilis builds structurally and functionally different spores in response to the temperature of growth

Bacterial spores are commonly isolated from a variety of different environments, including extreme habitats. Although it is well established that such ubiquitous distribution reflects the spore resistance properties, it is not clear whether the growing conditions affect the spore structure and function. We used Bacillus subtilis spores of similar age but produced at 25, 37, or 42°C to compare their surface structures and functional properties. Spores produced at the 25°C were more hydrophobic while those produced at 42°C contained more dipicolinic acid, and were more resistant to heat or lysozyme treatments. Electron microscopy analysis showed that while 25°C spores had a coat with a compact outer coat, not tightly attached to the inner coat, 42°C spores had a granular, not compact outer coat, reminiscent of the coat produced at 37°C by mutant spores lacking the protein CotG. Indeed, CotH and a series of CotH-dependent coat proteins including CotG were more abundantly extracted from the coat of 25 or 37°C than 42°C spores. Our data indicated that CotH is a heat-labile protein with a major regulatory role on coat formation when sporulation occurs at low temperatures, suggesting that B. subtilis builds structurally and functionally different spores in response to the external conditions.     

Serological Detection of Grapevine leafroll virus 2 Using an Antiserum Developed against the Recombinant Coat Protein†

Grapevine leafroll associated virus 2 (GLRaV 2) is one of the important components in the leafroll disease complex. The coat protein gene of GLRaV 2 was cloned into a protein expression vector pMAL‐c2x and the recombinant protein, consisting of the maltose binding protein (MBP) and GLRaV 2 coat protein (CP), was expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant MBP‐CP was used to raise a high quality antiserum. When used in Western blot analysis, the anti‐MBP‐CP antiserum produced specific reaction to the recombinant protein as well as to the viral coat protein of GLRaV 2. In Immunosorbent electron microscopy study, the anti‐MBP‐CP antibodies strongly decorated the GLRaV 2 virions. Using the newly developed antiserum, an indirect plate‐trapped antigen enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay method was developed and successfully implemented for virus detection. A field survey was conducted to evaluate the virus infection status by GLRaV 2 and GLRaV 3 using antibodies developed against their respective recombinant coat proteins.