小鼠不同泌乳期乳腺脂肪合成相关基因的mRNA表达

为了研究小鼠不同泌乳期乳脂肪合成相关基因的表达规律, 文章采用荧光定量PCR检测了小鼠乳腺中与脂肪合成和分泌相关20个基因的mRNA相对表达丰度和表达差异。结果表明, 在乳腺中脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACACA)、硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶(SCD)、黄嘌呤脱氢酶(XDH)、嗜乳脂蛋白(BTN)、脂肪酸分化蛋白(ADFP)基因都具有高mRNA表达丰度 (表达丰度>5%), 脂肪酸转运体(CD36)、脂肪酸合成酶(FASN)、1-酰基甘油磷酸酰基转移酶(AGPAT6)和甘油酰基转移酶(DGAT)基因具有中等mRNA表达丰度(5%>表达丰度>1%), 与妊娠期乳腺基因的mRNA表达相比, 在泌乳期这些基因的mRNA表达均有显著上调(P<0.05), 并且ACACA、SCD、FASN、AGPAT6和DGAT等脂肪合成酶基因的表达在泌乳中期(12 d)最高, 而在泌乳初期(6 d)和泌乳末期(18 d)较低, 呈现低-高-低的表达模式。转录因子固醇调节元件结合蛋白(SREBF)基因在泌乳开始时mRNA表达增加, 在泌乳中期(12 d)表达有10倍上调, 其变化规律与脂肪合成酶基因的表达模式相同, 说明SREBF基因在小鼠乳腺脂肪合成酶基因的表达调控中发挥重要调节作用。     

糖调节蛋白78抗四氯化碳诱导的人HepG2细胞脂肪合成

为研究糖调节蛋白78（glucose regulated protein 78, GRP78）对肝细胞脂肪变性的影响,采用四氯化碳（carbon tetrachloride, CCl₄）刺激人肝癌HepG₂细胞,油红O染色证实,CCl₄作用HepG₂细胞后,细胞浆中脂肪颗粒明显增加,同时固醇调节元件结合蛋白1(sterol regulatory element binding protein 1, SREBP-1)蛋白水平和3羟3甲基戊二酸单酰CoA还原酶（HMGCoA还原酶）mRNA水平分别为对照组的1.55倍和1.70倍.构建人GRP78启动子荧光素酶报告基因载体pGL3/hGRP78P转染人肝癌HepG₂细胞后,结果发现,CCl₄促进GRP78基因转录,转录活性为诱导前的1.92倍. 构建人GRP78 RNAi沉默质粒pSuper/GRP78转染人肝癌HepG₂细胞后,该质粒能特异性沉默内源性GRP78;内源性GRP78沉默后的人肝癌HepG₂细胞经CCl₄诱导, HMGCoA还原酶mRNA和SREBP-1蛋白的表达较对照组进一步升高,分别为对照组的1.48倍和2.38倍;人肝癌HepG₂细胞GRP78的体外过表达能降低CCl₄介导的HMGCoA还原酶mRNA和SREBP-1蛋白诱导表达,分别为对照组的78.5％和51.5％;油红O染色进一步证实,GRP78过表达可明显减少脂肪颗粒在HepG2细胞浆中的集聚.综上表明,GRP78可抑制CCl₄的SREBP-1和HMGCoA还原酶的诱导表达以及HepG₂细胞脂肪变性,提示GRP78的表达增加在肝细胞脂肪变性损伤过程中具有潜在的保护作用.     

牛磺酸对HepG2细胞甘油三酯合成的影响研究

本文探讨牛磺酸对HepG2细胞甘油三酯合成的影响,为牛磺酸预防/改善机体高脂状态的深入研究提供参考。在DMEM培养基中添加0.05 mmol/L油酸建立高甘油三酯细胞模型,分别以终浓度为1、5、10、20 mmol/L的牛磺酸处理细胞24、48、72 h,测定细胞内甘油三酯水平;并检测5 mmol/L牛磺酸作用24 h后细胞内固醇调节元件结合蛋白1c(SREBP-1c)及脂肪合成相关酶乙酰辅酶A合成酶(AceCS)、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC)、脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)、长链酰基辅酶A合成酶1(ACSL1)的蛋白表达水平。1 mmol/L牛磺酸作用72 h,5和10 mmol/L牛磺酸作用24、48、72 h,20 mmol/L牛磺酸作用24和48 h均可使高脂HepG2细胞内甘油三酯水平显著下降(P<0.05);5 mmol/L牛磺酸作用24 h,高脂HepG2细胞的SREBP-1c、FAS、ACC、AceCS1、ACSL1表达明显减少(P<0.05),磷酸化ACC表达显著增加(P<0.05)。结论:牛磺酸通过调控SREBP-1c及其下游靶基因而抑制高脂HepG2细胞脂...     

SREBP介导的胆固醇生物合成反馈调节

胆固醇浓度的相对恒定对机体健康具有十分重要的意义,其主要通过反馈凋节来实现.胆固醇浓度高,它及其代谢产物氧固醇可通过和Scap或Insig的结合,抑制固醇凋节元件结合蛋白（SREBP）的活化,从而使胆固醇合成相关酶类生成减少;胆固醇浓度低,则SREBP裂解激活蛋白（SCAP）的抑制作用解除,SREBP可有效地从内质网运输到高尔基体实现剪切,使胆固醇合成增加.SREBP介导的胆固醇生物合成反馈调节,一方面有利于对机体胆固醇浓度的调控,另一方面也深化了对细胞囊泡运输的理解.     

固醇调节元件结合蛋白的研究

细胞膜中的胆固醇浓度保持动态平衡有赖于固醇调节元件结构蛋白（SREBPs)。SREBPs是DNA结合蛋白,当细胞内固醇减少时,SREBPs裂解激活蛋白（SCAP）能感受到,SCAP与SREBPs形成复合物,护送SREBPs从内质网到高尔基体,再经过两个顺序性的蛋白裂解,SREBPs的N端结构域从膜上释放出发,含有bHLH-Zip的该结构域进入到细胞核,与固醇调节元件相结合,进而激活编码胆固醇生物合成的酶和LDL受体基因的转录;当胞内固醇超载时,SCAP不再护送SREBPs到高尔基体进行蛋白裂解,核内SREBPs的N端结构域也发生降解,胆固醇合成停止。若此信号传导中任一环节有误,会导致体内固醇代谢紊乱,引起高脂血症。     

HCV NS5A通过抑制p-AMPK并上调固醇调节元件结合蛋白2及HMG-CoA还原酶促进小鼠肝细胞胆固醇合成北大核心CSCD

已有研究证明,丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)非结构蛋白5A(NS5A)可诱导肝细胞脂肪变性。本文报告,HCV NS5A刺激肝细胞胆固醇合成,引起脂代谢失调,促进肝脂肪变性。首先,我们构建了由小鼠甲胎蛋白增强子和小鼠白蛋白启动子驱动的NS5A及NS5A domainⅠ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ的慢病毒表达载体,包装成病毒颗粒后通过尾静脉注射感染小鼠。小鼠血清总胆固醇测定及肝组织切片苏木精-伊红染色揭示,与模拟注射对照及增强绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)慢病毒颗粒处理小鼠比较,NS5A慢病毒颗粒处理小鼠血清总胆固醇水平明显升高;肝细胞内脂滴明显增多。免疫组化和RTq PCR分析显示,胆固醇合成的关键调节酶HMG-CoA还原酶(HMGCR)在NS5A慢病毒处理的小鼠肝内表达显著升高。蛋白质印迹结果证明,与模拟注射及EGFP慢病毒颗粒处理的小鼠比较,NS5A慢病毒颗粒处理的小鼠肝细胞磷酸化的腺苷一磷酸活化蛋白激酶(p-AMPK)水平明显降低,而固醇调节元件结合蛋白2(SREBP-2)及其靶基因HMGCR的水平显著升高。进一步研究发现,NS5A domainⅡ慢病毒颗粒处理的小鼠肝细胞p-AMPK、SREBP-2和HMGCR表达水平与全长NS5A慢病毒处理的小鼠相似。上述结果提示,HCV NS5A蛋白可通过抑制AMPK磷酸化激活,上调SREBP-2而促进胆固醇合成的限速酶HMGCR的表达,从而促进小鼠肝细胞胆固醇合成。上述结果还提示,NS5A domainⅡ可能是全长NS5A蛋白调节HMGCR基因表达的有效片段。总之,本研究证明,HCV NS5A可引起胆固醇代谢紊乱,这可能是慢性HCV感染引起肝脂肪变性的机制之一。很遗憾,在本研究中,尚未测定SREBP-1的靶基因乙酰CoA羧化酶(脂肪酸合成的限速酶)的表达,相关实验正在进行中。     

固醇调节元件结合蛋白与炎症的关系研究进展

固醇调节元件结合蛋白(SREBPs)是重要的核转录因子,其主要作用是通过激活胆固醇、脂肪酸和甘油三脂(TG)合成及摄取的相关基因,维持体内脂质代谢的平衡.近年来有研究表明,SREBPs与炎症关系紧密,一方面,SREBPs可以促进炎症的发生和发展,另一方面,炎症可以影响SREBPs的表达,造成脂质代谢紊乱.深入研究SREBPs与炎症的关系,有助于为炎症与脂质代谢紊乱所致相关疾病的防治提供新的方向.     

组织因子基因的顺式调节元件

人组织因子基因位于１ｐ２１－２２,启动子区有２个ＡＰ－１位点、１个ｋＢ样位点,５个Ｓｐ１位点及３个Ｅｇｒ－１位点。其中ＴＥ的基础表达与５个Ｓｐ１位点均有关;血清反应元件与近端３个Ｓｐ１位点和３个Ｅｇｒ－１位点有关;     

SREBP-1基因过表达促进人肾小管上皮细胞甘油三酯形成

目的 SREBP-1重组质粒转染人肾小管上皮细胞(HKC)检测SREBP-1基因表达和细胞内脂滴的关系。方法体外培养人肾小管上皮细胞并随机分为空白对照组、pcDNA3.1空质粒对照组和pcDNA3.1-SC1重组质粒转染组,采用阳离子脂质体法将SREBP-1特异性质粒pcDNA3.1-SC1及pcDNA3.1空质粒转染到细胞内并培养48小时,半定量RT-PCR和Westernblot分析目标基因表达丰度的变化,并采用油红O染色检测细胞内脂滴。结果 pcDNA3.1-SC1重组质粒转染的细胞内SREBP-1mRNA表达呈现明显升高,扩增条带积分光密度值分别是空白对照组和阴性对照组的6.158倍和4.194倍,SREBP-1蛋白也出现明显上调,条带积分光密度值为3.092±0.254。空白对照组和pcDNA3.1阴性对照组细胞内均未见有红染脂滴颗粒,而pcDNA3.1-SC1重组质粒转染组中出现了清晰的红染颗粒。结论 SREBP-1表达可增加人肾小管上皮细胞脂肪合成证实HKC细胞中SREBP-1表达和脂滴形成之间存在有直接关系。     

奶牛乳腺脂肪酸合成相关基因研究进展

数量和种类繁多的脂肪酸构成了牛奶中不同分子量和饱和度的甘油三酯,也是乳脂的主要成分.链长不同的脂肪酸来源也不尽相同,几乎所有的短链和中链脂肪酸都由乳腺内源合成,长链脂肪酸主要是由血液中转运而来,奶牛乳腺在转运和合成脂肪酸过程中起着重要作用.近年来,研究人员将传统营养与分子生物学研究相结合,发现了大量与乳脂合成相关基因,并揭示了其功能和相互之间的作用.就奶牛乳腺的脂肪酸摄取和转运,脂肪酸的内源合成,乳腺重要酶类,脂肪酸酯化和相关基因网络调控几方面对脂肪酸合成相关基因进行归类,对其研究进展进行介绍.     

Microarray analysis of gene expression profiles in the bovine mammary gland during lactation

Mammary glands undergo functional and metabolic changes during virgin, lactation and dry periods. A total of 122 genes were identified as differentially expressed, including 79 up-regulated and 43 down-regulated genes during lactation compared with virgin and dry periods. Gene ontology analysis showed the functional classification of the up-regulated genes in lactation, including transport, biosynthetic process, signal transduction, catalytic activity, immune system process, cell death, and positive regulation of the developmental process. Microarray data clarified molecular events in bovine mammary gland lactation.     

Gene expression profiling in porcine mammary gland during lactation and identification of breed-and developmental-stage-specific genes

A total of 28941 ESTs were sequenced from five 5′-directed non-normalized cDNA libraries, which were assembled into 2212 contigs and 5642 singlets using CAP3. These sequences were annotated and clustered into 6857 unique genes, 2072 of which having no functional annotations were considered as novel genes. These genes were further classified into Gene Ontology categories. By comparing the expression profiles, we identified some breed-and developmental-stage-specific gene groups. These genes may be relative to reproductive performance or play important roles in milk synthesis, secretion and mammary involution. The unknown EST sequences and expression profiles at different developmental stages and breeds are very important resources for further research.     

Gene expression profiling in porcine mammary gland during lactation and identification of breed-and developmental-stage-specific genes

The mammary gland provides an excellent system to study questions pertaining to organogenesis, cell differentiation and oncogenesis. Intensive efforts have been made to understand the development of the mammary gland, particularly in terms of lactogenesis…     

Effects of branched-chain volatile fatty acids on lactation performance and mRNA expression of genes related to fatty acid synthesis in mammary gland of dairy cows

Branched-chain volatile fatty acids (BCVFA) supplements could promote lactation performance and milk quality by improving ruminal fermentation and milk fatty acid synthesis. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of BCVFA supplementation on milk performance, ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility and mRNA expression of genes related to fatty acid synthesis in mammary gland of dairy cows. A total of 36 multiparous Chinese Holstein cows averaging 606±4.7 kg of BW, 65±5.2 day in milk (DIM) with daily milk production of 30.6±0.72 kg were assigned to one of four groups blocked by lactation number, milk yield and DIM. The treatments were control, low-BCVFA (LBCVFA), medium-BCVFA (MBCVFA) and high-BCVFA (HBCVFA) with 0, 30, 60 and 90 g BCVFA per cow per day, respectively. Experimental periods were 105 days with 15 days of adaptation and 90 days of data collection. Dry matter (DM) intake tended to increase, but BW changes were similar among treatments. Yields of actual milk, 4% fat corrected milk, milk fat and true protein linearly increased, but feed conversion ratio (FCR) linearly decreased with increasing BCVFA supplementation. Milk fat content linearly increased, but true protein content tended to increase. Contents of C4:0, C6:0, C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, C14:0 and C15:0 fatty acids in milk fat linearly increased, whereas other fatty acids were not affected with increasing BCVFA supplementation. Ruminal pH, ammonia N concentration and propionate molar proportion linearly decreased, but total VFA production and molar proportions of acetate and butyrate linearly increased with increasing BCVFA supplementation. Consequently, acetate to propionate ratios linearly increased. Digestibilities of DM, organic matter, CP, NDF and ADF also linearly increased. In addition, mRNA expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, sterol regulatory element-binding factor 1 and fatty acid-binding protein 3 linearly increased, mRNA expressions of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase-α, fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase quadratically increased. However, lipoprotein lipase mRNA expression was not affected by treatments. The results indicated that lactation performance and milk fat synthesis increased with BCVFA supplementation by improving ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility and mRNA expressions of genes related to milk fat synthesis.     

Leptin mRNA expression in the rat mammary gland at different activation stages

Leptin is expressed in various tissues, suggesting that this protein is effective not only at the central nervous system level, but also peripherically. Recent studies have shown leptin production by other tissues, including the placenta, stomach, and mammary tissues, but there is no information available concerning expression levels of leptin in the rat mammary gland at different activation stages. We used semi-quantitative RT-PCR to investigate leptin mRNA expression levels in the rat mammary gland at different activity stages. Rat mammary gland samples were collected from virgin females and on days 6, 12, 18 of pregnancy and of lactation (six rats per group). The expression levels of leptin mRNA were measured by semi-quantitative RT-PCR, with β-actin as an internal control. Leptin mRNA was highly expressed in virgin rat mammary glands (leptin(IOD)/β-actin(IOD) = 1.60). It decreased gradually during pregnancy, being lowest at 18 days of pregnancy, when the levels were significantly lower than in virgin mammary tissue. Leptin mRNA increased slightly during lactation, but the difference was not significant. By day 18 of lactation, expression levels of leptin mRNA reached the same values as in virgin mammary tissue (leptin(IOD)/β-actin(IOD) = 1.65). Based on these results, we suggest that leptin has an important regulation role in rat mammary gland activation.     

Inappropriate P-cadherin expression in the mouse mammary epithelium is compatible with normal mammary gland function

Cadherins comprise a family of cell-cell adhesion proteins critical to the architecture and function of tissues. Expression of family members E-, N-, and P-cadherin is regulated in a spatial and temporal fashion in the developing and adult organism. Using in vivo and in vitro experimental systems, perturbation of cadherin expression by genetic deletion, overexpression, mutant dominant-negative constructs, and, to a lesser degree, expression of an inappropriate cadherin have all been shown to alter embryogenesis, tissue architecture, and cell behavior. Here we studied how expression of an inappropriate cadherin affects the adult mouse mammary gland. Human P-cadherin was expressed in mammary epithelial cells under control of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter, and the effect on mammary gland behavior was studied. Typically, E-cadherin is expressed by mammary epithelial cells, whereas P-cadherin is found in myoepithelial cells and cap cells of the ductal terminal end bud. However, breast cancers frequently express P-cadherin, even though they are thought to arise from epithelial cells, and it is a marker of poor prognosis. We developed two independent transgenic mouse lines that exhibited high levels of P-cadherin protein expression in the mammary epithelium. P-cadherin was detected in most, but not all, luminal epithelial cells, and was appropriately localized to cell-cell borders. It was detected in the mammary glands of virgin, pregnant, lactating, post-lactation, and aged parous female mice. Despite the robust and widespread expression of an inappropriate cadherin, no effect was observed on mammary gland morphogenesis, architecture, lactation, or involution in transgenic mice compared to wild-type mice. No mammary tumors formed spontaneously in either wild-type or transgenic mice. Moreover, mammary tumors induced by the neu oncogene, which was introduced by a breeding strategy, showed no differences between mice with or without hP-cadherin. Surprisingly, however, none of the tumors expressed hP-cadherin protein. Together, our studies show no apparent effect on adult mammary gland or tumor behavior by inappropriate expression of P-cadherin in normal mammary epithelial cells.