Hippo信号通路相关分子参与免疫细胞功能调控的研究进展

Hippo信号通路是最早在果蝇(Drosophila)中发现的,在进化上高度保守,具有调控细胞增殖与凋亡作用的一条关键信号转导通路。在哺乳动物中,Hippo信号通路在调控细胞增殖、细胞死亡、细胞分化和肿瘤生成等生物学过程中有着十分重要的作用。近年来,Hippo信号通路在免疫系统以及多种功能性免疫细胞中发挥的重要作用逐渐成为该领域的研究热点,特别是Hippo信号通路各成员在免疫细胞应对病毒、细菌入侵或肿瘤发生以及维持自身稳态过程中发挥着重要的作用。因此,深入了解Hippo信号通路各成员对多种功能性免疫细胞的调控机制,有助于绘制新的免疫系统调控网络,阐明各类免疫系统相关疾病的发病机制,期望为诊断、治疗和预防相关疾病提供新的治疗策略或靶点。     

Hippo信号通路在果蝇遗传学研究中的发现与扩展

Hippo信号通路的发现是利用果蝇遗传学研究重大生物学问题的又一里程碑式的贡献。大量研究表明,Hippo信号通路像早期发现的其他信号通路一样,也在众多的生理与病理过程中扮演着关键角色,如控制器官尺寸和癌症发生。迄今为止,Hippo信号通路的研究过程主要经历了3个阶段：第一,Hippo信号通路的遗传学发现及其核心因子的筛选与鉴定;第二,Hippo信号通路的调控机制研究;第三,Hippo信号通路的多样性生理学功能。现阶段正是研究Hippo信号通路的上游调控和各种功能的阶段,如细胞骨架、机械张力、营养的调控,功能涉及细胞增殖调控、干细胞生物学和免疫等方面。本文按时间顺序综述了在果蝇遗传学研究中Hippo信号通路的发现与扩展过程,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

Hippo信号通路调控免疫细胞的功能

Hippo信号通路最初是在果蝇(Drosophila)中被发现的,是在进化上高度保守并能调控器官大小的信号转导通路。在哺乳动物多种组织器官中,Hippo信号通路的关键激酶MST1和MST2(果蝇Hippo激酶的同源分子)通过抑制下游的转录共激活分子YAP(果蝇中为Yorki)的活性来实现对细胞增殖和凋亡的调控。在这些组织器官中条件性敲除Mst1和Mst2或过表达Yap大都会造成细胞过度增殖或肿瘤的发生。近年来,随着研究的不断深入,Hippo信号通路不依赖于YAP的非经典功能也逐渐被发现。其中,Hippo信号通路多个成员在免疫系统中的调控功能逐渐成为该领域的研究热点,特别是在免疫细胞发育分化、机体自身免疫性疾病及应对病毒和细菌入侵等过程中所发挥的调控作用。本文重点阐述了Hippo信号通路在T淋巴细胞中发育、分化、活化和迁移等方面及在部分天然免疫细胞抗感染过程中的功能和调控。     

Hippo信号调控果蝇中肠稳态维持的机制研究

Hippo信号通路是近年来发现在进化上高度保守的肿瘤抑制信号通路,能通过协调细胞增殖与凋亡来控制组织、器官发育的大小,并在干细胞的自我更新及组织稳态维持中发挥着极其重要的作用。Hippo信号通路关键成员的活性异常可以导致包括癌症在内的多种疾病的发生。因此,Hippo信号通路成员的蛋白稳定性调控是Hippo信号通路研究的重点之一。果蝇中的研究表明,Hippo信号通路上游成员Pez的蛋白稳定性受NEDD4(neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated protein 4)家族泛素连接酶Su(dx)及Kibra的共同调节,进一步的研究揭示了该调控过程的具体分子机制。该调控在维持果蝇中肠干细胞(intestinal stem cell,ISC)稳态平衡中发挥了重要作用。在哺乳动物细胞中的研究则提示该调控机制存在进化上的保守性。这些研究成果不仅加深了我们对Hippo信号通路调控果蝇肠稳态功能的认识,还为我们研究相关肿瘤发生发展的机制和发掘潜在的肿瘤治疗靶点提供了新的思路。     

Hippo信号通路生物学作用研究进展

Hippo信号通路是20世纪末在黑腹果蝇中进行基因筛选时发现的,该通路受各种生化、物理和结构信号的影响,调控细胞生长、分化,组织和器官发育以及内环境稳态等基本生物学过程。研究表明Hippo信号通路失调会引起一系列疾病的发生。本文阐述了目前Hippo信号通路在胚胎发育、器官和组织稳态调节、肿瘤的发生发展和细胞自噬等一系列生物学过程以及靶向治疗中的研究进展,其中Hippo信号通路通过细胞自噬来维持机体细胞内环境稳态成为新的研究热点。对该通路的功能和调控机制的深入研究也为组织器官修复再生医学及癌症治疗提供参考。     

Hippo信号通路调控天然免疫的研究进展

Hippo信号通路在细胞的增殖、分化以及凋亡等方面扮演着重要的角色.同时Hippo信号通路又是响应多种环境条件的效应器,如葡萄糖饥饿、细胞密度、病原体感染以及热激等.近年来的研究发现, Hippo信号通路在天然免疫中具有重要的作用.更为重要的是, Hippo信号通路在调控天然免疫过程中,存在核心蛋白相互不依赖的特征, YAP(yes-associated protein)对天然免疫的调节往往独立于上游激酶的调控.同时,在不同的组织和物种中YAP的抵抗病原体的作用也存在差异.本文从Hippo信号通路的演化、调控关系以及Hippo信号通路在抗病毒和抗细菌中的作用,阐述了Hippo信号通路与天然免疫的关系.     

Hippo信号通路在肠道稳态、再生及癌变过程中的作用及机制

肠道是人体最重要的消化器官之一,急慢性肠炎、肠道肿瘤等肠道疾病严重威胁着人类的健康,因此对肠道生理及病理机制的研究具有重要的科学意义及临床价值。Hippo信号通路在细胞增殖与分化、组织损伤再生、肿瘤发生和发展过程中起重要作用,参与肠道中众多生理及病理进程的调控。本文结合近年来肠道相关Hippo信号通路的研究进展,对该领域的前沿信息进行概括总结,重点阐述了Hippo信号在肠稳态、再生与癌变过程中的作用,并在此基础上展望了肠道中Hippo信号通路研究的前景及潜在的临床价值。     

Hippo信号通路:器官大小与组织稳态调控器

<正>复杂机体如何控制器官大小是发育生物学最基本问题之一,其调控机制的解析也是生命科学领域长期存在的一大难题。Hippo信号通路是21世纪初利用果蝇遗传学研究发现并命名的,它可以通过调控细胞增殖、凋亡和干细胞的自我更新与分化,在器官大小决定、组织稳态维持与重塑等生命活动过程中发挥关键作用。由于Hippo信号通路在物种间高度保守,它的发现为人们研究生物个体器官发育大小及再生的调控机制提供了可能,这是利用果蝇     

Hippo信号通路与海洋无脊椎动物天然免疫

Hippo信号通路是一条在进化上保守的丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶级联信号通路，主要参与调控器官大小、组织再生、胚胎发育和肿瘤发生。在果蝇中，经典的Hippo信号通路主要由Hippo(Hpo)、Salvador(Sav)、Warts(Wts)、MOB as tumor suppressor (Mats)、Yorkie(Yki)和Scalloped(Sd)组成。其不仅可通过Fat(Ft)和Crumbs(Crb)等上游分子进行调控，而且还能与NF-κB途径、IFN途径、ROS途径、cGAS-STING信号通路以及Wnt信号通路发生交联，共同调控天然免疫过程。海洋无脊椎动物缺乏获得性免疫，主要依靠天然免疫抵御病原体的侵害。Hippo信号通路作为与生长发育和天然免疫密切相关的信号通路，对海洋无脊椎动物的研究中有着重要的意义。目前，对于海洋无脊椎动物Hippo信号通路所知甚少，关于其在天然免疫中的研究更是寥寥无几。开展Hippo信号通路在海洋无脊椎动物天然免疫过程中功能机制的研究，将为深入了解海洋无脊椎动物的天然免疫调控提供一种新思路。本文通过对Hippo信号通路的组成、调控机制以及其在海洋无脊椎动物天然...     

Hippo信号通路在乳腺癌中的调控机制及作用

Hippo信号通路是调控器官大小和肿瘤发生发展的关键通路,近年来受到广泛的关注。TAZ/YAP作为哺乳动物中Hippo信号通路两个核心下游效应分子,通过Hippo信号通路依赖性和非依赖性的机制受到细胞内外信号的严密调控。除了参与正常乳腺组织发育,Hippo信号通路还在人乳腺癌细胞的增殖、分化、凋亡、迁移、侵袭、上皮-间质转化和干性维持等多个过程中起着关键性作用。本文总结了Hippo信号通路的调控机制和调节信号,阐述了Hippo信号通路异常在乳腺癌发生发展中的作用,并讨论了其在乳腺癌中作为治疗靶点的临床策略。     

Mst1 and Mst2 kinases: regulations and diseases

The Hippo signaling pathway has emerged as a critical regulator for organ size control. The serine/threonine protein kinases Mst1 and Mst2, mammalian homologs of the Hippo kinase from Drosophila, play the central roles in the Hippo pathway controlling the cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis during development. Mst1/2 can be activated by cellular stressors and the activation of Mst1/2 might enforce a feedback stimulation system to regulate oxidant levels through several mechanisms, in which regulation of cellular redox state might represent a tumor suppressor function of Mst1/2. As in Drosophila, murine Mst1/Mst2, in a redundant manner, negatively regulate the Yorkie ortholog YAP in multiple organs, although considerable diversification in the pathway composition and regulation is observed in some of them. Generally, loss of both Mst1 and Mst2 results in hyperproliferation and tumorigenesis that can be largely negated by the reduction or elimination of YAP. The Hippo pathway integrates with other signaling pathways e.g. Wnt and Notch pathways and coordinates with them to impact on the tumor pathogenesis and development. Furthermore, Mst1/2 kinases also act as an important regulator in immune cell activation, adhesion, migration, growth, and apoptosis. This review will focus on the recent updates on those aspects for the roles of Mst1/2 kinases.     

Upregulation of Glypicans in Hippo mutants alters the coordinated activity of morphogens

The function of the conserved Drosophila Hippo signaling pathway has been shown to be required to limit cell proliferation. Several studies have identified different target genes of this pathway that could modulate this function. However, the ectopic expression of these genes cannot account for all of the hyperplasic and pattern defects displayed by Hippo signaling mutants. We have recently identified two new targets of the Hippo pathway, the heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) encoded by division abnormally delayed (dally) and dally-like protein (dlp). The function of these glypicans is required to modulate the activity of different signaling pathways triggered by diffusable ligands. Thus, our results link the function of the Hippo pathway with the control of the activity of several signaling pathways required for the definition of the size and pattern of an organ.     

Regulation of Hippo signaling by metabolic pathways in cancer

Hippo signaling is known to maintain balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis via tight regulation of factors, such as metabolic cues, cell-cell contact, and mechanical cues. Cells directly recognize glucose, lipids, and other metabolic cues and integrate multiple signaling pathways, including Hippo signaling, to adjust their proliferation and apoptosis depending on nutrient conditions. Therefore, the dysregulation of the Hippo signaling pathway can promote tumor initiation and progression. Alteration in metabolic cues is considered a major factor affecting the risk of cancer formation and progression. It has recently been shown that the dysregulation of the Hippo signaling pathway, through diverse routes activated by metabolic cues, can lead to cancer with a poor prognosis. In addition, unique crosstalk between metabolic pathways and Hippo signaling pathways can inhibit the effect of anticancer drugs and promote drug resistance. In this review, we describe an integrated perspective of the relationship between the Hippo signaling pathway and metabolic signals in the context of cancer. We also characterize the mechanisms involved in changes in metabolism that are linked to the Hippo signaling pathway in the cancer microenvironment and propose several novel targets for anticancer drug treatment.     

SHANK2 is a frequently amplified oncogene with evolutionarily conserved roles in regulating Hippo signaling

Dysfunction of the Hippo pathway enables cells to evade contact inhibition and provides advantages for cancerous overgrowth.However,for a significant portion of human cancer,how Hippo signaling is perturbed remains unknown.To answer this question,we performed a genome-wide screening for genes that affect the Hippo pathway in Drosophila and cross-referenced the hit genes with human cancer genome.In our screen,Prosap was identified as a novel regulator of the Hippo pathway that potently affects tissue growth.Interestingly,a mammalian homolog of Prosap,SHANK2,is the most frequently amplified gene on 11 q13,a major tumor amplicon in human cancer.Gene amplification profile in this 11q13 amplicon clearly indicates selective pressure for SHANK2 amplification.More importantly,across the human cancer genome,SHANK2 is the most frequently amplified gene that is not located within the Myc amplicon.Further studies in multiple human cell lines confirmed that SHANK2 overexpression causes deregulation of Hippo signaling through competitive binding for a LATS1 activator,and as a potential oncogene,SHANK2 promotes cellular transformation and tumor formation in vivo.In cancer cell lines with deregulated Hippo pathway,depletion of SHANK2 restores Hippo signaling and ceases cellular proliferation.Taken together,these results suggest that SHANK2 is an evolutionarily conserved Hippo pathway regulator,commonly amplified in human cancer and potently promotes cancer.Our study for the first time illustrated oncogenic function of SHANK2,one of the most frequently amplified gene in human cancer.Furthermore,given that in normal adult tissues,SHANK2 s expression is largely restricted to the nervous system,SHANK2 may represent an interesting target for anticancer therapy.