Rumen Ciliate Protozoa of the Blue Duiker (Cephalophus monticola), with Observations on Morphological Variation Lines Within the Species Entodinium dubardi

ABSTRACT. Protozoal concentrations were determined in rumen and cecal contents of 20 blue duikers ( Cephalophus monticola ). Ten animals of each sex were fed either a high concentrate or high roughage diet. Rumen protozoa were present in 19 of the 20 animals and concentrations ranged from 4.5 to 33.7 × 10⁶ per g of rumen contents. At the higher concentrations, protozoal cells equaled between 30–40% of the total rumen contents volume. No protozoa were found in cecal contents. Weight of rumen contents was higher in females than in males ( P < 0.01), and rumen protozoa concentrations were higher in males ( P < 0.05) and in those animals fed the high concentrate diet ( P < 0.05). All the protozoa were identified as belonging to a single species, Entodinium dubardi . However, an average of about 30% of the E. dubardi cells varied from the typical morphology of this species. These cells appeared to be on variation lines leading toward 7–10 other non-caudate species of Entodinium . The present data were used to evaluate and discuss the concept of variation lines within E. dubardi .     

松树受害后一些化学物质含量的变化及其对马尾松毛虫种群参数的影响

通过探讨松树受害后松针的一些化学物质变化与马尾松毛虫Dendrolimus punctatus 种群参数的相互作用关系。结果表明：松针被马尾松毛虫为害后,针叶的氨基酸含量减少、单宁和总酚含量增加;马尾松毛虫取食被害松针后,体内的2种解毒酶(过氧化氢酶、羧酸酯酶)活性增加,其种群参数表现出发育历期延长、体重减轻、死亡率增加、生殖力下降的变 化。     

马尾松松针中化学成分的分离与鉴定

利用Diaion HP-20、Toyopearl HW-40及硅胶柱色谱进行分离纯化,研究松科(Pinaceae)植物马尾松(Pinus,massoniana Lamb．)松针的化学成分。从马尾松松针水煎液的正丁醇部位分离得到了4个化合物,根据理化性质和光谱数据分别鉴定为：(7S,8R)-4,9′-二羟基-3,3′-二甲氧基-7,8-二氢苯并呋喃-1′-丙基新木脂素-9-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(1),对羟基苯基-2-丁酮(2),香草酸(3),氢醌(4)。这4个化合物均为首次从本植物中分离得到。     

不同林相的松针对马尾松毛虫生长发育的影响

为探讨混交林中松树对害虫的生态调控作用机制,研究了不同林分类型下马尾松林和湿地松林对马尾松毛虫生长发育的影响。结果表明,取食马尾松针叶的马尾松毛虫与取食湿地松针叶的相比,其发育历期缩短,死亡率降低,幼虫及蛹（雌、雄）重增加,化蛹率、羽化率和产卵量均提高;且其幼虫的代谢量（取食量与排泄量）更大,对食物的利用与消耗的各项指标均高。取食不同林分类型下的同一种松树（马尾松或湿地松）针叶的马尾松毛虫,以取食纯林松针的幼虫生长发育更快,死亡率更低,化蛹率、羽化率和产卵量更高,对食物的利用、转化和消耗率更强。混交林中的松针不利于马尾松毛虫的生长发育和种群增长。     

An improved method for high-quality RNA isolation from needles of adult maritime pine trees

When conventional RNA isolation methods optimized for pine seedlings are applied to needles of adult pine trees, poor-quality RNA results. Here we describe a modified procedure to isolate high-quality RNA from needles of 30-year-old maritime pines, exhibiting high levels of phenolics, polysaccharides, and RNases. Major changes are the inclusion of proteinase K in the extraction medium followed by incubation at 42°C. Integrity and purity were evaluated by using denaturing gel electrophoresis and spectrophotometry (A₂₆₀/A₂₃₀ and A₂₆₀/A₂₈₀). The total RNA could be successfully used for poly(A)⁺-RNA isolation and cDNA library construction.     

五针松胚乳ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立

采用改良的CTAB法提取5种五针松胚乳DNA,经检测,该方法提取的DNA纯度和含量较高,单粒种子胚乳DNA得率基本满足大量PCR扩增的需要。建立了稳定的、可重复的五针松ISSR-PCR最佳反应体系及PCR扩增程序,筛选出了扩增条带清晰、多态性丰富的16个ISSR引物,为今后利用五针松种子胚乳开展遗传图谱构建等分子生物学研究提供一个标准化程序。     

X-ray microanalytical studies of mineral localization in the needles of white pine (Pinus strobus L.)

Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) shoots from mature trees were collected from two sites of contrasting soil pH: the Glendon campus of York University in Toronto, Ontario (pH 6.7 at 40 cm); and Muskoka near Huntsville, Ontario (pH 4.2 at 40 cm). Needles of ages 1-3 years were removed from the shoots, and the percentage of ash and silica was determined for all ages. Other needles were frozen in liquid nitrogen and kept in a cryo-biological storage system before x-ray microanalysis. Percentages of ash and silica were higher in the needles from Muskoka. Ash and silica increased with needle age for trees from the Muskoka site, but less so at the Toronto site. Of the 13 elements (Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn) detected by microanalysis, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn were detected in small amounts in the epidermis, endodermis and transfusion tissue (the layer of tracheids and parenchyma immediately surrounding the vascular bundles), and K, P, S and Cl were almost ubiquitous in distribution. Sodium was occasionally detected in the transfusion tissue, and magnesium was concentrated in the endodermal cells. The epidermal walls, transfusion tissue and endodermis were major sites of calcium localization. Silicon was concentrated in the extreme tips of the needles in all tissues, but particularly in the transfusion tissue, and more so in the Muskoka samples. Microanalysis revealed a higher Al content in the Muskoka needles, that Al was concentrated in the needle tips and that the transfusion tissues were major sites of accumulation.     

Interactions between needles of Pinus resinosa and ectomycorrhizal fungi

Relatively little is known about the factors controlling ectomycorrhizal fungal communities. One possible factor is forest litter chemistry. In a series of experiments we demonstrated that the growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi able to colonize red pine ( Pinus resinosa Ait.) are differentially affected by red pine needles and needle chemical components. For example, water extracts of pine needles stimulated the growth of Suillus intermedius (Smith & Thiers) Smith & Thiers and inhibited the growth of Amanita rubescens Pers. Catechin and epicatechin gallate, components of the water extract, acted similarly to the extract. The volatile compounds α- and β-pinene also had differential effects on the growth of the various species of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Our results suggest that forest litter chemistry has the potential differentially to affect the growth of ectomycorrhizal fungal species and so could affect the structure of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities.     

Glycosides from Pinus contorta needles

The β-d-glucopyranosides of zingerone, rheosmin acetoxydihydro-p-coumaryl alcohol, chavicol, benzoic acid and 2(or 4)-hydroxy-4(or 2)- methoxyprop-1-ene were isolated from the water soluble fraction of Pinus contorta needles, in addition to a dilignol-l-rhannopyranoside.     

Analysis of 3-indole carboxylic acid in Pinus sylvestris needles

3-Indole carboxylic acid (ICA) has been characterized as an endogenous constituent of Pinus sylvestris needles. Quantitative estimates of 3-indole acetic acid (IAA) and ICA, corrected for both sample losses and the conversion of IAA to ICA occurring during purification, indicate that Pinus needles contain 24.5 ± 6.5 ng IAA/g and 2.3 ± 0.4 ng ICA/g.     

Hiding Without Cover? Defining Elk Security in a Beetle-Killed Forest

Recent mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae; pine beetle) outbreaks in the western United States have affected nearly 18 million ha of pine (Pinus spp.) forest and are unprecedented in spatial extent, severity, and duration, yet little is known about wildlife responses to large-scale insect outbreaks. Elk (Cervus canadensis) are important wildlife whose dominant management paradigm on public lands has focused on providing security habitat to increase survival during hunting seasons and to maintain elk presence on public lands to promote hunter opportunity. To assess the effect of pine beetles and associated changes in forest structure on elk security, we used a time series to characterize canopy cover pre- and post-pine beetle outbreak, characterized relative canopy cover among the dominant forest types in the study area post-pine beetle outbreak, and used global positioning system location data from male and female elk to define habitat relationships and security during the archery and rifle hunting seasons. Our study area was within the Elkhorn Mountains of southwest Montana, USA, 2015–2017, which experienced 80% mortality of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forests during a pine beetle outbreak that peaked in 2008. We observed an 8.5% reduction in canopy cover within pine beetle-infested lodgepole pine forests, yet canopy cover remained relatively high among other forest types post-outbreak. The top-ranked habitat security models contained positive relationships with canopy cover, distance to motorized routes, terrain ruggedness, and slope with few notable differences among sexes and seasons. Across sexes and seasons, 75% and 50% of elk use was within areas with average canopy cover values ≥31 ± 6.65 (SD)% and ≥53 ± 5.7% that were an average of ≥2,072 ± 187.93 m and ≥3,496 ± 157.32 m from a motorized route, respectively. Therefore, we recommend fall elk security be defined as areas that meet these criteria for minimum canopy cover and distance from motorized routes in the Elkhorn Mountains and in other landscapes with similar forest characteristics and hunting pressures. Although we observed expected reductions in canopy cover within pine beetle-infested forests, defoliation alone did not appear to negatively affect elk security or reduce canopy cover below our management recommendations. Nonetheless, because of the prevalence of standing dead trees in our study area, we recommend future work that investigates the relationships with pine beetle-infested areas post-blowdown because changes in ground structure and costs of locomotion may affect elk habitat and security. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Wildlife Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The Wildlife Society.     

Rumen Ciliate Protozoa in Ohio White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)

ABSTRACT. Rumen contents were obtained from 23 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), located in the eastern portion of central Ohio. Samples were taken during late fall and winter over a 4-yr period, 1986–1990. Protozoan numbers ranged from 0.002 to 7.25 × 10⁶ per ml of rumen contents, with a mean of 2.96 × 10⁶. Six deer had protozoan concentrations higher than any values previously reported in ruminants. In all 23 animals, Entodinium dubardi was the only ciliate protozoan species present.     

Resin acids of Pinus resinosa needles

The principal resin acids in the needles of Pinus resinosa are the labdane diterpenes, the new 8,13-epoxy-14-labden-19-oic acid (epimanoyl oxide acid), 8,13β-epoxy-14-labden-19-oic acid (manoyl oxide acid), 8(17),E-12,14-labdatrien-19-oic acid (communic acid) and 15-oxo-8(17)-labden-19-oic acid (imbricataloic acid). A survey of needles from representative populations of P. resinosa showed a limited variability in resin acid composition consistent with the uniformity of other traits. The composition of needle resin acids for putative P. nigra x resinosa hybrids strongly suggests the improbability of P. resinosa as the pollen parent.     

雪松松针多糖超声波酶法提取及其抗氧化性

为优化雪松松针多糖超声波酶法的提取工艺,并研究多糖结构及其抗氧化性。通过响应面法分析确定最佳提取参数为:3. 0 g松针粉末,液料比20∶1(m L∶g),提取温度80℃,超声功率560 W,超声时间47 min,纤维素酶用量12 FPU/g原料,提取两次,多糖得率高达10. 39%。采用高效液相色谱、红外光谱和核磁共振光谱等对松针多糖进行了结构表征,松针多糖以β-糖苷键为主要连接方式,并由葡萄糖、果糖、阿拉伯糖和半乳糖等单糖组成。体外抗氧化性研究结果表明:松针粗多糖对羟基自由基(·OH)和1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基(DPPH·)的清除能力远高于纯化多糖,呈现出良好的量效关系,粗多糖对·OH和DPPH·的半抑制浓度IC50分别为0. 47 g/L和0. 076 g/L。     

(—)-Massoniresinol,a lignan from Pinus massoniana

A new lignan, named (—)-massoniresinol, has been isolated from Pinus massoniana needles. Its structure has been proved to be (2R,3S,4R)-3,4-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-3-tetrahydrofuranmethanol by ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, mass and CD spectroscopy.     

瘤胃微生物在有机废物处理中的应用研究

综述了瘤胃微生物在处理农业残余废物、城市有机垃圾和一些有毒物质方面的研究情况,并对影响其降解的环境条件、工艺条件和反应促进因素做了介绍,认为结合现代厌氧消化技术和瘤胃发酵技术,瘤胃微生物可以在有机废物处理中发挥较大作用.