Three new species of Eupenicillium from soil

Three new species ofEupenicillium are described from soils from the western United States. They areE. idahoense sp. nov.,E. tularense sp. nov., andE. lasseni sp. nov. The conidial stages are new species ofPenicillium.

---

Zusammenfassung Drei neue Arten vonEupenicillium vom Erdboden der westlichen Vereinigten Staaten sind beschrieben worden. Diese sind:E. idahoense, sp. nov.,E. tularense, sp. nov. undE. lasseni sp. nov. Die Konidialformen sind neue Arten vonPenicillium.

     

A new species from tropical soils,Eupenicillium tropicum

Forty-three strains of Eupenicillium tropicum sp. nov. were isolated from soils collected in India, Costa Rica and Galapagos, Ecuador. The species is characterized by biverticillate penicilli, slightly rough, subglobose to ovate conidia, brownish cleistothecia that become brown-gray with age, and ascospores with two equatorial flanges and slightly roughened valves. All strains produced a large number of indole alkaloids, and many types of unknown secondary metabolites with characteristic chromophores were produced by a majority of strains. Eupenicillium tropicum is morphologically most similar to E. shearii, but based on ITS-LSU sequences, is most closely related to Penicillium citrinum, P. sartoryi and P. westlingii. Eupenicillium shearii strains consistently produce paxillin, paspalinine and shearinins, while the latter three penicillia all produce citrinin consistently.     

A new species of Penstemon (Scrophulariaceae) from Wyoming

A new species from Wyoming,Penstemon gibbensii, is described and contrasted to related species.     

A new species of cymopterus (Umbelliferae) from northwestern Wyoming

Cymopterus evertii, from Park and Hot Springs counties, Wyoming, is described as new. It appears to be a derivative taxon from what has been calledC. bipinnatus. Data are presented justifying the relegation of the latter name to synonymy underC. nivalis. A key is provided for distinguishingC. evertii from its presumed closest relatives.     

Phagocytosis by somatic cells from dry cow secretion

Independently of medium in which the process occurred, serum or PBS, phagocytosis and killing of Staphylococcus aureus by somatic cells from dry cow secretion were significantly higher at the early dry period than at the steady state period. Total bacterial survival was highly correlated with phagocytosis and with intracellular survival. Correlations between phagocytosis and intracellular survival were much lower. Percentage of S. aureus phagocytosed after incubation in bovine blood serum showed highly significant variation among samples of cells isolated from secretion of different cows at the early dry period and significant variation among samples of cells isolated from different cows at the steady state period.     

Eupenicillium saturniforme, a New Species Discovered from Northeast China

A new Eupenicillium species, E. saturniforme was isolated from soil in Jilin Province, northeast China. Morphologically, it resembled E. shearii and E. tropicum, but is distinguished from them by slowly maturing cleistothecia, lenticular ascospores with nearly smooth-walled convex surfaces, strictly velutinous colony texture with abundant conidiogenesis, robust biverticillate penicilli, apically vesiculate metulae and rough-walled stipes and conidia. The partial β-tubulin gene sequence of the new species (EU644080) showed relationship with Penicillium glabrum in the BLAST search in GenBank. Further analyses of partial calmodulin and ribosomal DNA internally transcribed spacer 1-5.8S-internally transcribed spacer 2 (rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) sequence data confirmed that E. saturniforme fell in the clade with P. glabrum, P. lividum, P. purpurascens, P. spinulosum and P. thomii of Subgenus Aspergilloides. However, E. saturniforme is a distinctive species lacking close relatives among described species of penicillia. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Matelea sartago-diaboli, a new species of Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae from the inter-Andean dry valleys of Bolivia

Summary   Matelea sartago-diaboli is described from the Río Grande inter-Andean dry valley system of central Bolivia, and compared with the recently described Argentinian endemic M. calchaquina. The new species is illustrated, and its conservation status discussed.     

Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium in cow manure and cow manure slurry

An exponential linear destruction was observed for Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium in cattle manure and manure slurry stored at 4, 20 or 37 degrees C. The resulting decimal reduction times ranged from 6 days to 3 weeks in manure and from 2 days to 5 weeks in manure slurry. The main effects of time as well as temperature were pronounced with the most rapid destruction at 37 degrees C. The ammonia concentration in manure increased slightly during storage but did not exceed 0.1%. pH values in the deeper layers of manure remained constant except at 37 degrees C when the pH increased by 1 unit in 60 days. In the surface layers of manure, pH increased by 1.5-2 units, the oxidation-reduction potential of the manure declined rapidly to values below -200 mV. These changes do not seem to be reflected in changing rates of bacterial destruction. The observed order of destruction makes it possible to predict storage conditions (temperature and time) that will lead to a predetermined level of reduction of the two pathogens.     

Optimization of biogas production from co-digestion of whey and cow manure

Anaerobic co-digestion is effective and environmentally attractive technology for energy recovery from organic waste. Organic, agricultural and industrial wastes are good substrates for anaerobic co-digestion because they contain high levels of easily biodegradable materials. In this paper enhancement of biogas production from codigestion of whey and cow manure was investigated in a series of batch experiments. The influence of whey ratio on specific biogas production in a mixture with cow manure was analyzed at 35 and 55°C, for different initial pH values and for different concentrations of supplemental bicarbonate in experiments carried out over 12 days. Good biogas production (6.6 dm³/dm³), methane content (79.4%) in a biogas mixture and removal efficiencies for total solids (16%) were achieved at optimum process conditions (temperature of 55°C, 10% v/v of whey and 5 g/dm³ NaHCO₃ in the initial mixture). In order to validate optimized conditions for co-digestion of whey and cow manure in the one-stage batch process, the experiments were performed within 45 days. The high biogas production (21.8 dm³/dm³), a good methane content (78.7%) in a biogas mixture as well as maximum removal efficiencies for total solids (32.3%), and chemical oxygen demand (56.3%), respectively indicate that whey could be efficiently degraded to biogas in a onestage batch process when co-digested with cow manure.     

Differences in cell wall polysaccharides of several species of Eupenicillium

Abstract A β-(1–5)-galactofuran was isolated and characterized from fraction F1S (alkali- and water-soluble) of the cell wall of most of the species of Eupenicillium . In E. cryptum, E. euglaucum and E. nepalense the galactan contained galactofuranose with different linkages in addition to β-(1–5). Fraction F1I (alkali-soluble, water-insoluble) was an α-glucan in certain species while in other it was a =gb-glucan. Xylose was detected in some species in F1I or in F3 (alkali-soluble at 70°C). The most abundant fraction (F4), resistant to the alkali treatment, was a β-glucan-chitin complex. Excepting this component, the β-(1–5)-galactofuran was the polysaccharide which appeared more frequently in the cell wall of species of Eupencillium and it may have chemotaxonomic relevance.     

Aerobic heterotrophic bacteria and petroleum-utilizing bacteria from cow dung and poultry manure

In this study, enumeration and identification of total aerobic heterotrophic bacteria and petroleum-utilizing bacteria as well as the degradative potential of petroleum-utilizing bacterial isolates were carried out. The average counts of total aerobic heterotrophic bacteria in cow dung and poultry manure were 74.25 × 10⁵ c.f.u. g⁻¹ and 138.75 × 10⁵ c.f.u. g⁻¹ respectively. Acinetobacter sp, Bacillus sp, Pseudomonas sp, and Serratia spp. occurred as aerobic heterotrophs in both cow dung and poultry manure. However, Alcaligenes spp. occurred only in cow dung while, Flavobacterium sp, Klebsiella sp, Micrococcus sp, and Nocardia spp. occurred only in poultry manure as aerobic heterotrophs. The average counts of petroleum-utilizing bacteria in cow dung and poultry manure were 9.25 × 10⁵ c.f.u. g⁻¹ and 17.25 × 10⁵ c.f.u. g⁻¹ respectively. Pseudomonas spp. occurred as petroleum utilizer in both cow dung and poultry manure. However, Bacillus spp. occurred only in cow dung while Acinetobacter spp. and Micrococcus spp. occurred only in poultry manure as petroleum utilizers. Relative abundance of petroleum utilizers in total aerobic heterotrophs ranged from 6.38% to 20.00% for cow dung and from 9.38% to 17.29% for poultry manure. Introduction of pure cultures of petroleum-utilizing bacteria from cow dung and poultry manure into sterile oil-polluted soil revealed oil degradation in one week period.     

Evolutionary relationships of a new genus and three new species of Omomyid primates (Willwood Formation, Lower Eocene, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming)

Studies of new finds of omomyid primates from the lower Eocene Willwood Formation of northwest Wyoming reveal the presence of a new genus and two new species of anaptomorphines and a new species of omomyine. All were apparently short-lived immigrants into the Bighorn Basin. The new genus and speciesTatmanius szalayi is typified by a diminutive single-rooted p3 and a bilobed-rooted p4 with a crown smaller than ml. These traits were probably derived fromPseudotetonius and parallel similar conditions inTrogolemur andNannopithex. The new speciesArapahovius advena is the first occurrence ofArapahovius outside the Washakie Basin, where it appears to have also been a vagrant species.Steinius annectens, sp. nov., is larger than the olderSteinius vespertinus and strengthens the alliance between this genus and BridgerianOmomys carteri, although which species ofSteinius is closer toOmomys is not yet clear. The available evidence suggests a derivation ofOmomys (Omomyini) fromSteinius and all Washakiini from the anaptomorphineTeilhardina, which would indicate that Omomyinae were at least diphyletic. Preliminary evidence suggests that the geographic distributions of at least some Willwood omomyids correlate with paleosol distributions.     

Aspergillus taichungensis,a new species from Taiwan

Aspergillus taichungensis isolated from a soil sample collected in Taiwan is described as a new species. The new species is characterized by its restricted growth on Czapek's and malt extract agars and its white to light yellow colonies, radiate conidial heads, smooth and often diminutive conidiophores, hemispherical to elongate vesicles with biseriate aspergilla (conidiogenous cells), globose, micro-verrucose conidia and dark brown sclerotia. The species somewhat resemblesA. versicolor, A. terreus andA. flavipes, but differs in cultural and morphological details, and is considered to represent an interface species in the subgenusNidulantes.     

Talaromyces euchlorocarpius, a new species from soil

A new species ofTalaromyces, characterized by development of unusual deep green ascomata on common media, is described and given the nameTalaromyces euchlorocarpius. This species, isolated from soil, also produces ellipsoidal, spinose ascospores, typically biverticillate penicilli, large ellipsoidal, smooth-walled conidia, and is assigned to the seriesLutei of the sectionTalaromyces.