Description ofAvesicladiella gen. nov. (hyphomycetes) for two undescribed leaf litter microfungi

The new hyphomycete genusAvesicladiella with two species,A. britannica sp. nov., type species, andA. microsperma sp. nov., is described and illustrated. Both species are leaf litter microfungi. The genus closely resemblesVesicladiella, Circinotrichum, Gyrothrix, Ceratocladium andVermiculariopsiella, several hyphomycete genera with comparable characters such as superficial hyphal networks; production of setae; absence of conidiophores; lageniform or ampulliform conidiogenous cells; and hyaline aseptate conidia produced in clusters around the apices of conidiogenous cells. The new genus differs from these by its hyaline, septate setae, typical ‘phialidic’ conidiogenous cells, and hyaline, aseptate cylindrical conidia.     

New species of Dictyochaetopsis and Paraceratocladium from Brazil

Two new conidial fungi, Dictyochaetopsis brasiliensis and Paraceratocladium bacilliformis, both isolated from plant debris collected in Brazil, are described and illustrated. Dictyochaetopsis brasiliensis differs from the previously described species of the genus mainly by small, fusiform conidia with a very thin apical setula, absence of setae, and lateral, discrete conidiogenous cells with usually numerous sympodial proliferations. Paraceratocladium bacilliformis is characterized by small, bacilliform and aseptate conidia.     

CODONMYCES AND LICHENOSTELLA,TWO NEW GENERA OF LICHENICOLOUS CONIDIAL FUNGI

The new generic names Codonmyces and Lichenostella are introduced for two new species of conidial fungi. Lichenostella hypotrachynae gen. et sp. nov. is a commensal of Hypotrachyna species, and is mainly characterized by forming black sporodochia with setae and, particularly, by its star-like conidia. Codonmyces lecanorae gen. et. sp. nov. occurs on Lecanora valesiaca and differs from the genus Xanthoriicola by its 1-septate conidia and campanulate conidiogenous cells with several conspicuous, flared annellations. Comments on the ecology ofL. valesiaca , and its associated lichens and lichenicolous fungi are also given.     

Porobeltraniella gen. nov. to accommodate two species of Beltraniella

The genus Beltraniella Subramanian is characterized by setiform conidiophores with radially lobed basal cells, separating cells and lageniform conidia with the distal free end truncate, proximal end rostrate, with a subhyaline transverse band at equatorial zone. Beltraniella porosa and Beltraniella patilii are two species that show characteristics distinct from Beltraniella: They have sterile lateral setae arising at the conidiogenous apparatus and several equatorial pores in place of the continuous band. A new genus, Porobeltraniella, is described to accommodate them.     

New species of Oukuriella (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Costa Rica

The males of three new species of Oukuriella Epler are described from Costa Rica. The genus had been previously recorded only from South America. Oukuriella annamae sp. nov. has genitalia similar to O. albistyla Epler, but differs in having transverse bands on abdominal segments In, IV, VI and VII, a lower AR, no humeral setae and fewer dorsocentral setae. Oukuriella costaricense sp. nov. differs from other described species in the genus by its brown abdomen, unnotched posterior margin of tergite IX and distinctive superior volsella, with its sharply bent, thin upper arm directed medially, and digitus small and directed caudad. Oukuriella rushi sp. nov. has apices of femora tipped with brown, a brown abdomen and distinctive superior volsella, with upper arm shorter and broader, and digitus longer then O. costaricense. The female of Oukuriella costaricense is also described. This is the first female described for the genus. Based on male and female genitalia, Oukuriella is closely related to Epedilum Townes and Zavreliella Kieffer. A key is provided to separate the males of the six described species.     

Reflections on the genus Vanakripa, and a description of V. ellipsoidea sp. nov

The genus Vanakripa (hyphomycetes) is reviewed based on the examination of type specimens, and V. ellipsoidea sp. nov. is described on submerged wood from Hong Kong. Vanakripa is characterized by punctiform sporodochial colonies, micronematous conidiogenous cells and pigmented conidia with vermiform separating cells. Vanakripa is compared with similar genera, and a synopsis of its morphological characters is provided.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Subsessila turbinata</Emphasis> gen. et. sp. nov. (Beltraniaceae), a <Emphasis Type="Italic">Beltrania</Emphasis>-like fungus from Thailand

A new monotypic Beltrania-like genus, Subsessila, with its type species S. turbinata, is described, illustrated and compared with similar genera. The new genus is introduced in the family Beltraniaceae based on phylogenetic analysis and morphological characters. Subsessila can be easily distinguished from other Beltrania-like genera by dark setae arising from radially lobed basal cells, mostly lacking macronematous conidiophores. Conidiogenous cells are ampulliform or doliiform and produce turbinate to clavate conidia with rostrate proximal end and rounded distal end. Evidence for establishment of the new genus is provided based on morphological comparison and DNA sequence data analyses.     

Mariambera,a new genus of Orthocladiinae from Brazil (Insecta: Diptera,Chironomidae)

The genus Mariambera is erected based on the males of M. amazonica n. sp. from Amazonas and M. mariae n. sp. from Minas Gerais. The new genus is easily recognized by the distinctive anal point which has a rounded dorsal lobe with microtrichia and a triangular ventral lobe with very strong, marginal setae, in combination with bare eyes and wing membrane, squama with setae, antenna without strong apical seta, and apparently few, short, very weak, hair-like acrostichals in anterior 1/3 of scutum.     

Position and definition of the genus Paegniodes Eaton, 1881 based on redescription on the type species Paegniodes cupulatus (Eaton, 1871) (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae)

The genus Paegniodes Eaton, 1881 and its type species P. cupulatus (Eaton, 1871) have never been described in detail completely. In this article, all stages are described and photographed. Compared to other heptageniid genera, the adults of P. cupulatus have a more colourful body, smaller hindwings but larger titillators. The nymphs of this species have no setae or tubercles on the body and no emarginations on the head capsule. They have smaller lamellae of the first gills, a wider labrum with a median notch, mandibles without setae on outer margins, maxillae with a row of setae and scattered setae on the ventral surface, cerci with mesal setae, and a median filament with setae on both sides. Both imaginal and nymphal stages of the genus have unique characters, so the taxon Paegniodes is recognized at the rank of genus here. It appears closely related to Rhithrogena Eaton, 1881.     

Apomorphic and plesiomorphic ITS-1 rDNA patterns in morphologically similar snails (Stylommatophora: Vallonia), with estimates of divergence time

Morphological classification of snail shells is sometimes arbitrary and misleading in correct species delimitation. This topic is investigated in four nominal species of the minute gastropods of the genus Vallonia ( V. pulchella , V. excentrica , V. costata and V. enniensis ). First, individuals are classified according to their shell morphology. Second, variation in ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 DNA (ITS-1 rDNA) is analysed. Using a cladistic approach, the nucleotide positions of the ITS-1 are elucidated on apomorphic and plesiomorphic character states (outgroup= Acanthinula aculeata ; Valloniidae). The molecular data yield evidence that the morphospecies V. excentrica is a paraphyletic group, comprising just a loose arrangement of individuals with similar shells. Data on fossil shells and putative divergence time are also elucidated. In the monograph on Vallonia it has been suggested that the split between the branch of V. costata and the branch of V. pulchella , V. excentrica and V. enniensis could have been in the upper Cretaceous. Based on the ITS-1 sequence alignment and the number of variable nucleotide positions, it is suggested that the last common ancestor of both branches lived at some time during the Miocene or even the Pliocene. Therefore, the fossil stem lines of Vallonia should be newly interpreted.     

Metarhiziopsis microspora gen. et sp. nov. associated with the elongate hemlock scale

A sporodochial fungus collected from the elongate hemlock scale, Fiorinia externa (Ferris) in Coventry, Connecticut, is described. This fungus has characteristics of both Metarhizium and Myrothecium but develops setae surrounding white to buff sporodochia and dry conidia in chains, a combination of characters found in neither genus. Phylogenetic analyses of the complete small subunit ribosomal DNA (ssu), partial ef1-alpha, and complete 5.8S ribosomal DNA and internal transcribed spacers (ITS) 1 and 2 shows that the fungus is allied with a subclade within Cordyceps including the species C. agriota, which places this fungus in the Hypocreales, Clavicipitaceae sensu lato or the newly erected Ophioclavicipitaceae. Morphological observation and molecular analysis indicate that this fungus is sufficiently different from Metarhizium and Myrothecium to warrant the erection of a new anamorphic genus. Therefore Metarhiziopsis microspora gen. et sp. nov. is proposed.     

On the genus Eumyllocerus Sharp （Coleoptera： Curculionidae： Entiminae） with description of two new species from China

Two new species of the genus Eumyllocerus Sharp, 1896, of the subfamily Entiminae Schoenherr, 1823, are described from China. Eumyllocerus longisetus sp. n. may be distinguished from other species of the genus by its long bristle-like, erect setae on the intervals, each of which is longer than the width of the second interval, the setae arrangedin double rows, and its shell-like, shiny, dense, metallic green scales. Eumyllocerus rotundicorpus sp. n. may be distinguished from any other Eumyllocerus species by its oval and inflated elytral shape, short stout metepisternum, small humeri, elytral setae shorter than 0.5 times the width of the second interval, the setae arranged in double rows, and its golden copper and pearl gray scales. The taxonomy of the genus is discussed. The two new species are described and habitus photographs and figures of diagnostic characters are provided. The type specimens of the new species are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (holotype and paratypes) and the Korean Entomological Institute, Korea University, Seoul, Korea (paratypes).     

Cryptophiale sphaerospora sp. nov. occurring onJanetia synnematosa

Cryptophiale sphaerospora sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on a single collection attached to a synnematous fungus,Janetia synnematosa, from a dead bamboo culm. It differs from other species ofCryptophiala in having spherical to subspherical conidia and a cerebroid layer of phialides. The overall morohology of this species is smaller than that of previously described species.     

球孢白僵菌在红火蚁体表侵染的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜观察了球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana Bb04菌株分生孢子对红火蚁Beauveria bassiana 工蚁体壁的侵染过程。结果表明: 分生孢子多分布在红火蚁工蚁节间膜、胸部的褶皱、气门、体壁的凹陷部位、刚毛窝附近, 以及着生较密刚毛的足上。萌发的分生孢子在节间膜以及体表缝隙、刚毛窝及刚毛稀少的凹陷部位、胸部褶皱和足胫节处入侵。分生孢子在附着12 h后开始萌发, 接种后18 h附着在节间膜处的孢子首先侵入成功, 接种后24 h刚毛窝附近孢子萌发入侵, 接种后60 h胸、腹和足等部位的孢子均成功穿透侵入表皮。分生孢子可以直接以芽管侵入表皮, 也可以产生附着胞再侵入。     

中国短痣蚜科新属新种记述（同翅目：蚜总科）

本文记述了短痣蚜科１新属——环短痣蚜属ＫｒｉｋｏａｎｏｅｃｉａＺｈａｎｇｅｔＱｉａｏ,ｇｅｎ．ｎ．及１新种——环短痣蚜ＫｒｉｋｏａｎｏｅｃｉａｃｉｒｃｕｌａＱｉａｏｅｔＺｈａｎｇ,ｓｐ．ｎ．,并探讨了该属的分类地位。模式标本存于中国科学院动物研究所昆虫标本馆内。环短痣蚜ＫｒｉｋｏａｎｏｅｃｉａＺｈａｎｇｅｔＱｉａｏ,新属模式种：环短痣蚜ＫｒｉｋｏａｎｏｅｃｉａｃｉｒｃｕｌａＱｉａｏｅｔＺｈａｎｇ,ｓｐ．ｎ．根据环短痣蚜新属腹部有缘瘤,有翅蚜前翅中脉分岔一次等特征,该新属应归于短痣蚜亚科内,与伪短痣蚜属ＡｉｃｅｏｎａＴａｋａｈａｓｈｉ,１９２１明显不同,而与短痣蚜属ＡｎｏｅｃｉａＫｏｃｈ,１７７５有较近的亲缘关系,不同则在于：新属次生感觉圈环形（后者卵圆形或椭圆形）;原生感觉圈有睫（无睫）;体背毛少（体背毛多）;体背无大型褐色斑纹（有）;前翅翅痣狭长,近长平行四边形（近三角形或椭圆形）。就次生感觉圈的形状,原生感觉圈有无睫,跗节Ｉ毛数的进化方向（Ｓｈａｐｏｓｈｎｉｋｏｖ,１９８１）,认为新属较短痣蚜属更为进化。分布：甘肃岷县（西寨２３００ｍ）。正模：有翅孤雌蚜Ｎｏ．８７３３－２－１－１,甘肃岷县（西寨２３００     

Contribution to the Knowledge of the Pre-imaginal Stages of Neotropical Hydrobiosidae (Trichoptera): Metachorema griseum Schmid

Mature larvae and pupae of Metachorema griseum Schmid are described for the first time. The known distribution of the genus includes the province of Neuquén in Argentina and central and southern Chile. The distinctive characters of the larvae of this genus are: (1) prothoracic sternite consisting of a wide subrectangular central sclerite and a pair of elongated lateral sclerites, (2) anterior femora with a narrow basodistal process, (3) anterior tibia and tarsus fused and (4) anal prolegs with a short lateral sclerite with basal spine and claws simple with ventral spine and two ventral setae.     

A new species of Acontiophorus Brady, 1880 (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida) from Ushuaia,Argentina

A new species of Acontiophorus belonging to the family Asterocheridae was found in Ushuaia, Patagonia, southern Argentina. The new species is distinctive in having 9-segmented antennule, five setae on terminal endopodal segment of leg 1, seven elements on terminal segment of leg 1 and leg 4 exopods, and characteristic setation on maxillule lobes. This combination of characteristic features does not occur in any other species of the genus. The genus Acontiophorus is recorded for the first time from the South Atlantic.     

Glaciella,a new genus of freshwater Canthocamptidae (Copepoda,Harpacticoida) from a glacier in Nepal,Himalayas

A new genus and new species of Canthocamptidae: Glaciella yalensis (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) from the surface of Yale Glacier, Nepal is described. This new species was collected from cryconite-pit on the surface of the glacier and is closely related to genus Maraenobiotus, but easily distinguishable from its species in the following: 1) segments and setae on endopodites of legs 2–4 in the male differing shape, 2) exopodites of male legs 3–4 with modified setae, 3) caudal seta in female absent. Body color of this copepod is red in live specimens.Contributions No. 86 Itako Hydrobiological Station, Ibaraki University.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Foxtosognus rarus</Emphasis> gen. n., sp. n.—A new genus and species of copepods (Copepoda: Calanoida) from the abyssopelagic zone of the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench

A female of Foxtosognus rarus gen. n., sp. n., a new genus and species of copepods, is described from the abyss of the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench. The new genus is placed in the family Arctokonstantinidae, whose diagnosis is emended and supplemented with the following characters: mandibular basis with one to two setae; mandibular endopod one without setae; maxillular distal basal endite plus endopod with two to four setae or without setae. The features that distinguish Foxtosognusgen. n. from other representatives of this family are as follows: mandibular palp with a long endopod segment one, endopod segment two with seven setae, and exopod segment five with two setae; maxillula with distal basal endite lacking setae and separated from endopod bearing three setae; maxillular precoxal arthrite with seven to eight setae and exopod with four setae; maxilliped syncoxa without setae on precoxal endites and endopod of three segments. The genera Sognocalanus and Foxtonia earlier included in the Spinocalanidae are herein transferred to the Arctokonstantinidae.