吐鲁番沙漠植物园及其周围地区鼠类群落结构调查

2005年4月15日~2005年6月3日对中国科学院吐鲁番沙漠植物园及其周围地区的鼠类群落进行了调查,采用样线铗捕法,共捕获鼠类373只,隶属于3科3属4种。用种类(S)、多样性指数(H′)、均匀性指数(E)、优势度(D)等4个指标对灌木林、园林、沙地、废弃耕地、农田等5种不同生境类型的鼠类群落进行统计分析和对比。结果发现,不同生境类型的鼠类群落在群落组成、多样性、均匀性和优势度等方面存在着明显的差异;废弃耕地多样性和均匀性最高而优势度最低;园林多样性最低,农田均匀性最低,灌木林优势度最高。红尾沙鼠(Meriones libycus)和子午沙鼠(M.meridianus)分别占以上5种类型鼠类群落总生物量的59.5%和37.5%,可以确定为吐鲁番沙漠植物园及其周围地区鼠类群落的优势种。     

黄泥河林区鼠类群落演替的研究

本文研究了吉林省黄泥河林区5个次生植被类型的鼠类群落结构和生物量的变化。原始针阔混交林采伐后,大林姬鼠数量减少,棕背(鼠平)数量增加,黑线姬鼠侵入。形成次生阔叶林和人工落叶松林后,鼠类群落仍为原始针阔混交林中的大林姬鼠+棕背(鼠平)群落类型。人工红松林的形成使棕背(鼠平)数最明显减少,成为大林姬鼠群落。森林开垦成农田,相应形成黑线姬鼠+大林姬鼠群落。草甸发展成草甸森林,鼠类群落由东方田鼠+棕背(鼠平)演变成棕背(鼠平)群落。并分析了环境因素对鼠类演替的影响。     

安西荒漠鼠类群落结构与环境因子的无偏对应分析

本文通过对安西荒漠鼠类群落结构与环境因子的无偏对应分析,得出决定鼠类群落结构的环境主导因子因季节不同而所有同;春季是地下水位、海拔高度、平均奖降水量和平均气温;夏季是植被覆盖度、植物平均高度、土壤含水率和土壤坚实度;秋季是土壤含水率。综合主导因子。其中水是决定荒漠地区鼠类群结构的最重要因子。     

甘肃河西走廓不同生境中鼠类群落结构初步研究

本文对河西走廓不同生境中鼠类群落的物种组成和多样性进行了初步研究,在6种生境中进行了定量调查和采集,共获13种标本,隶于6（亚）科9属,其中古北界种类占优势。多样性分析结果表明：6种生境的物种丰富度指数RMargaler在.6139-1.9689之间。Shannon-Wiener指数（H')为1.0695-1.5607,Pielou旨数（J')和Simpson指数（D）分别为0.7242-0.9735和0．2768－0．4683,不同生境的丰富种数量（N1)变化趋势与H'相似,而非常丰富种数量（N2）的变化趋势为：半莫荒灌丛生境＞山地草原生境＞戈壁荒漠生境＞农田生境＞森林生境＞山地半荒漠灌丛生境。降水对不同生境类型中鼠类群落物种组成和多样性起直接的限制作用,同时海拔和人类干扰也是影响的因素。     

化学灭鼠对长江流域农区鼠类群落结构的影响

长江流域农业生态系统内,农田的主要害鼠为褐家鼠、黑线姬鼠、黄胸鼠、小家鼠、东方田鼠等,各地的鼠种组成有所不同,优势鼠种也因地而异。农房区的害鼠主要有褐家鼠、小家鼠、黄胸鼠3种,优势鼠种各地亦有区别。但经化学灭鼠后的残留鼠种却有一共同的特点：灭鼠活动对褐家鼠种群的打击最大,灭后褐家鼠种群密度下降幅度最大;相对而言,小型鼠黑线姬鼠（农田区）与小家鼠（农舍区）及栖息在房屋上层的黄胸鼠,常成为灭鼠活动后的主要残留鼠种。化学灭鼠后鼠类群落结构比灭前都要发生较大的变化,这种差别中维持3a左右,但经过3-4a左右的恢复后,灭鼠区的鼠类群落组成与相似环境内自然演变区的已达基本一致。可见,化学灭鼠活动可以在短时间内对害鼠群落结构造成重大的影响,从长期看,害鼠群落的演变有着自身的规律,灭鼠后一定时期,鼠类群落结构将恢复到环境所决定的水平,灭鼠区的长期演替结构仍与相似环境内未灭鼠区的一样。     

内蒙古锡林河流域不同生境中鼠类群落结构及现存量研究

本文研究了锡林河流域草原生态系统不同植被群落和生境中鼠类的生物量和营养物质现存量。结果表明,不同的生境中存在不同的鼠类群落结构。生活在最适栖息地的鼠类具有较高的生物量和营养水平。鼠类营养物质现存量反映出栖息地植物可利用物质的潜在基础。 该研究初步提供草原生态系统潜在营养物质的基础资料和格局。     

黄泥河林区鼠类群落划分的研究

1988年6—7月,作者在吉林省黄泥河林区对森林鼠类群落划分进行了研究。将林区划分2个栖息地类型,依据物种组成相似系数及递归群划分法,划分出5个鼠类群落:即大林姬鼠+棕背(鼠平)群落;大林姬鼠群落;黑线姬鼠+大林姬鼠群落;东方田鼠+黑线姬鼠群落和棕背(鼠平)群落,并进行了讨论。     

洞庭湖区鼠类群落的物种多样性分析

通过对洞庭湖区黑线姬鼠褐家鼠主害区桃源的害鼠群落调查,揭示了平原农田生态类型区、丘陵农林复合生态类型区和山区林农复合生态类型区及其不同生境的鼠类群落的物种多样性。在人类干扰程度最高的平原生态类型区,鼠类群落的优势种突出,优势集中性指数最高,丘陵生态区次之,而具有大片森林、受干扰较低的山区林农复合生态区,优势集中性指数最低。物种多样性Shannon—Weiner指数和均匀性指数亦显示同样的规律：适度干扰的山区复合生态区的多样性指数最高,均匀性最好,丘陵生态区居中,平原生态区最低。不论何种生态类型区,农田生境鼠类群落的优势种都较突出,优势集中性指数也较高,群落多样性和均匀性较低;林地生境的优势集中性有较大下降,山区林地内的鼠种比丘陵区要多,优势集中性指数也较低,多样性指数和均匀度都有提高。林缘农田在同一生态类型不同生境内优势集中性最低、多样性指数和均匀性最高。比较不同生境鼠类群落的相似性,最不相似的群落是农田与受人类干扰较小的森林。这些现象说明人类的社会生产活动使害鼠群落的物种多样性降低、优势度下降、优势种突出、均匀性降低,形成了只利于少数几个种群栖息和生产发展的环境,最终导致少数种群的暴发,形成危害。但适度干扰能提高物种多样性。     

闽东山区鼠类群落的空间配置和结构的研究

1984年3月-1985年1月对闽东山区鼠类群落的调查结果表明,根据鼠种类和数量组成,该区可划分为针毛鼠+社鼠;黑线姬鼠+黄毛鼠、黄毛鼠+黑线姬鼠;褐家鼠+小家鼠+黄胸鼠等4个鼠类群落。不同鼠类群落的组成和数量有不同的季节变化。本文比较了不同鼠类群落的多样性指数、均匀性指数和相对生物量。     

洞庭丘岗平原区农村鼠类群落演替的观察

本文描述和分析了洞庭丘岗平原区鼠类群落的演替趋势及演替原因。80年代以前,该地房舍区鼠类群落组成以黄胸鼠及小家鼠为主,种群数量均较低。80年代初期,种植业、饲养业大发展,农户贮粮及防鼠设施未跟上,致使褐家鼠数量激增。80年代中后期,贮粮和住房条件改善,并经常使用敌鼠钠盐灭鼠,褐家鼠的种群数量下降,室内鼠类组成正向以小家鼠为主的方向演替。80年代初期农田区褐家鼠的比例亦上升,中期回归到以黑线姬鼠为主的状态。预测今后小家鼠和黑线姬鼠的比例将进一步上升,成为今后主要防治对象。     

甘肃荒漠蜥蜴群落结构的研究

甘肃民勤地区荒漠晰蝎群落多样性与植物种数、植物多样性呈不显著负相关,与植物高度呈不显著正相关(P>0.1),与土壤含水量和pH值几乎无关。而与植物密度,植被覆盖度,食物种数、密度和多样性显著负相关(P<0.05)。植物密度、植被覆盖度和食物是荒漠晰蝎群落结构的主导因子。主导因子通过对群落中优势种种群密度的调节控制群落结构。     

北美CHIHUAHUAN荒漠啮齿动物群落各物种种群生物量动态的比较研究

本文给出了北美Ｃｈｉｈｕａｈｕａｎ荒漠分属４科１０属的１７种啮齿动物生物量的时间序列资料,利用时间序列分析方法、均匀性的Ｓｈａｎｎｎｏｎ指数和季节性指标对该１７个物种的生物量动态的比较研究说明：优势种在群落总生物量稳定中起着主要作用,其余非优势物种则在优势种种群密度较低时弥补低生物量,使１７个物种种群能共存于同一群落之中,使处于复杂多变的荒漠生境中的啮齿动物的生物量保持相对稳定。扩散在维持这种稳定中有明显的作用。     

韩国贝加尔湖南部群集细菌的群落分析

Bacteria in lake ecosystems can be classified asfree-living and attached.Aggregated bacteria are oftenlarger,present in higher local concentrations and aremore active on a per-cell basis than free-living bacteriain surrounding water[1].Higher specific exoenzyme ac-tivities have also been found with macroaggregates[2].Thus they may have an important role in carbon cyclingin aquatic ecosystems.Recently,new molecular techniques such as fluo-rescent in situ hybridization(FISH)with group-specific…     

Water and sodium requirements of field populations of house mice (Mus domesticus) and short-tailed mice (Leggadina lakedownensis) on Thevenard Island, in the arid Pilbara region of Western Australia

The coexistence of the Lakeland Downs short-tailed mouse Leggadina lakedownensis and house mouse Mus domesticus on Thevenard Island, in the arid north of Western Australia, prompted a study to compare their seasonal water and sodium metabolism using tritiated water and sodium-22 as tracers. Fractional water influx rates for M. domesticus (40.3 ± 1.6% total body-water day⁻¹) were significantly higher than those for L. lakedownensis (25.3 ± 1.2% total body-water day⁻¹). Water effluxes were higher in both species of mouse after the passage of a cyclonic storm near the study site. Water flux differences remained significant between species when turnover rates were scaled with body mass. A comparison of water influx rates of M. domesticus with those predicted for field populations of other eutherian rodents showed that rates for M. domesticus on Thevenard Island were higher than expected. In contrast, water influx rates for L. lakedownensis did not differ significantly from expected values for a desert rodent. Rates of sodium influx for M. domesticus (41.7 ± 3.6 mmol kg⁻¹ day⁻¹) were over twice those of L. lakedownensis (19.7 ± 4.8 mmol kg⁻¹ day⁻¹), and were reflected in the significantly higher concentrations of sodium ingested in the diet, and excreted in the urine, of M. domesticus. Furthermore, the rate of water influx was positively correlated with the rate of sodium influx in M. domesticus, suggesting that they were obtaining both water and sodium from the one dietary source. There was no evidence to suggest that mice of either species were experiencing water or sodium stress, because water and sodium influxes and effluxes remained in balance. These results suggest that M. domesticus on Thevenard Island had a higher-than-expected daily water requirement, and may represent a mesic deme of house mice that have yet to adapt to the island environment. Accepted: 9 May 1999     

鼠害治理条件下鼠类群落变动的生态过程

在高寒草甸鼠害治理过程中,因治理方式、强度以及环境的差异,鼠类群落的变动表现出不同的特点。次生植被地区,灭杀高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔后,经补播、封育、灭杀残存高原鼢鼠等综合治理,５年内,高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔种群数量显著低于灭杀前（Ｐ＜０．０５）,根田鼠和甘肃鼠兔种群数量剧烈波动,鼠类群落多样性、均匀度指数年间波动大,群落不稳定;仅使用药物灭杀高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔,３年后,高原鼢鼠种群数量与灭杀前无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）,鼠类群落多样性、均匀度指数在灭鼠当年下降,以后各年间变动不显著。原生植被地区,使用药物灭杀高原鼠兔,高原鼢鼠种群数量上升,围栏封育措施,对高原鼠兔种群的增长有显著的抑制作用（Ｐ＜０．０５）,但对高原鼢鼠作用不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）;单一药物灭杀高原鼠兔,鼠类群落多样性、均匀度指数无显著变化,灭杀３年后,高原鼠兔种群数量与灭杀前无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）,高原鼢鼠显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０５）。人工大量捕杀高原鼢鼠,非围栏封育地区,高原鼠兔种群显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

Spatial organization of a desert rodent community: food addition and species removal

Summary From 1977 through 1983 we conducted experiments on a desert rodent community where supplemental seeds were added or certain rodent species and ants were removed from 0.25-ha fenced plots in a Chihuahuan Desert site in southeastern Arizona, USA. In this paper we examine the patterns of microhabitat use relative to vegetative cover by 11 rodent species. The results show that: i) removal of the largest seed-eating species, Dipodomys spectabilis, produced the most pervasive and dramatic shifts in microhabitat use by the remaining rodent species; ii) adding seeds or removing ants had little effect on the spatial use of microhabitats by rodents in this community; and iii) non-granivores were just as likely as granivores to shift microhabitat use when other granivores were removed. We believe these results indicate that both food and foraging microsites are limited but the relegation of subdominant species to lesspreferred microhabitats by the large Dipodomys spectabilis is the major factor underlying the spatial organization of this community. Results also demonstrate that strong interactions among species increase the probability that pathways of indirect interactions through intermediary species are important; these complex linkages may include species that overlap little in food preferences.     

COMMUNITY ANALYSIS OF AGGREGATED BACTERIA IN SOUTHERN LAKE BAIKAL

Bacteria in lake ecosystems can be classified asfree-living and attached.Aggregated bacteria are oftenlarger,present in higher local concentrations and aremore active on a per-cell basis than free-living bacteriain surrounding water[1].Higher specific exoenzyme ac-tivities have also been found with macroaggregates[2].Thus they may have an important role in carbon cyclingin aquatic ecosystems.Recently,new molecular techniques such as fluo-rescent in situ hybridization(FISH)with group-specific…