回春医疗保健操运动对老年2 型糖尿病患者血糖和血脂水平的影响

目的：探讨规律性回春医疗保健操运动对2 型糖尿病老年患者血糖、血脂水平的影响。方法：选择28例老年2 型糖尿病患者 为研究对象,并将其随机分为运动干预组和对照组。运动干预组在前期药物治疗和饮食控制不变的情况下,采用为期12 周回春 医疗保健操进行运动干预,对照组仅给予药物治疗和饮食控制,而不进行运动干预,监测和比较两组患者实验前后血糖、血脂等 指标的变化。结果：运动干预组患者接受12 周回春医疗保健操干预后,受试者空腹血糖、胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白水平均较运动干 预前显著下降,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论：长期的规律性回春医疗保健操运动可有效降低老年2 型糖尿病患者血糖、 血脂水平,且安全易操作,可作为老年2 型糖尿病的临床辅助疗法。     

Effect of Treadmill Exercise on Serotonin Immunoreactivity in Medullary Raphe Nuclei and Spinal Cord Following Sciatic Nerve Transection in Rats

The serotoninergic system modulates nociceptive and locomotor spinal cord circuits. Exercise improves motor function and changes dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic central systems. However, the direct relationship between serotonin, peripheral nerve lesion and aerobic treadmill exercise has not been studied. Using immunohistochemistry and optic densitometry, this study showed that the sciatic nerve transection increased the serotoninergic immunoreactivity in neuronal cytoplasm of the magnus raphe nuclei of trained and sedentary rats. In the dorsal raphe nucleus the increase only occurred in sedentary-sham-operated rats. In the spinal cord of trained, transected rats, the ventral horn showed significant changes, while the change in dorsal horn was insignificant. Von Frey’s test indicated analgesia in all exercise-trained rats. The sciatic nerve functional index indicated recovery in the trained group. Thus, both the aerobic treadmill exercise training and the nervous lesion appear to contribute to changes in serotonin immunoreactivity.     

Effects of Obesity,Glucocorticoid, and Oral Contraceptive Therapy on Plasma Glucose and Blood Pyruvate Levels

The plasma glucose and blood pyruvate levels were determined after oral glucose tolerance test in six groups of women: non-obese and obese controls and in non-obese and obese women receiving glucocorticoid or oral contraceptive therapy. The mean fasting plasma glucose level was similar in all groups, but glucose tolerance was impaired in the obese controls, non-obese women on oral contraceptives or being treated with glucocorticoids, and appreciably impaired in the obese oral contraceptive and glucocorticoid groups compared with mean levels in non-obese subjects of the same groups. Obesity was associated with abnormally raised blood pyruvate levels in response to a glucose tolerance test in all groups. Striking similarities were observed between the responses of the plasma glucose and blood pyruvate levels to glucose tolerance tests in the obese control and non-obese oral contraceptive and non-obese glucocorticoid-treated groups. It is suggested that these abnormalities result from a common mechanism—namely, glucocorticoid excess.     

血清Fractalkine、Apelin水平与糖尿病视网膜病变患者血糖、血脂以及病程的关系研究

目的:研究血清Fractalkine(FKN)、爱帕琳肽(Apelin)水平与糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)患者血糖、血脂以及病程的关系。方法:选取我院于2015年1月至2016年12月收治的160例糖尿病患者为研究对象,行眼底荧光造影、裂隙灯显微镜检查,按照检查结果将其区分为非增生型DR组(稳定组,43例)、背景期DR组(背景组,62例)和增殖期DR组(增殖组,55例),另外于同期选取我院40例健康体检者为健康对照组(健康组),测量4组血清FKN、Apelin、空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2h血糖(2hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、甘油三酯(TG)和总胆固醇(TC)水平,使用Pearson相关性分析分析血清FKN、Apelin与FPG、2hPG、HbA1c、HDL-C、LDL-C、TG、TC、糖尿病病程的相关性。结果:血清FKN、Apelin水平比较:增殖组背景组稳定组健康组,各组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);血清FPG、2hPG、HbA1c、LDL-C、TG、TC水平比较:增殖组背景组稳定组健康组,各组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);血清HDL-C水平比较:健康组稳定组背景组增殖组,各组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);采用Pearson相关性分析显示,血清FKN水平与FPG、2hPG、HbA1c、LDL-C、TG、TC、糖尿病病程呈正相关性(r=0.321、0.215、0.645、0.154、0.215、0.325、0.578,P0.05),与HDL-C呈负相关性(r=-0.547,P0.05);血清Apelin水平与FPG、2hPG、HbA1c、LDL-C、TG、TC、糖尿病病程呈正相关性(r=0.245、0.574、0.951、0.357、0.357、0.159、0.546,P0.05),与HDL-C呈负相关性(r=-0.459,P0.05);糖尿病病程、HbA1c、LDL-C、HDL-C、FKN和Apelin为DR病程的相关影响因素。结论:糖尿病伴发DR患者血清FKN、Apelin水平随着病程的加重逐渐增加,且这两种因子的水平与患者血糖、血脂代谢关系密切。     

Chronic Hyperhomocysteinemia Increases Inflammatory Markers in Hippocampus and Serum of Rats

This study investigated the effects of chronic homocysteine administration on some parameters of inflammation, such as cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6), chemokine CCL(2) (MCP-1), nitrite and prostaglandin E(2) levels, as well as on immunocontent of NF-κB/p65 subunit in hippocampus and/or serum of rats. Since acetylcholinesterase has been associated with inflammation, we also evaluated the effect of homocysteine on this enzyme activity in hippocampus of rats. Wistar rats received daily subcutaneous injections of homocysteine (0.3-0.6 μmol/g body weight) or saline (control) from the 6th to the 28th days-of-age. One or 12 h after the last injection, rats were euthanized and hippocampus and serum were used. Results showed that chronic hyperhomocysteinemia significantly increased pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6), chemokine CCL(2) (MCP-1) and prostaglandin E(2) in hippocampus and serum of rats at 1 and 12 h after the last injection of homocysteine. Nitrite levels increased in hippocampus, but decreased in serum at 1 h after chronic hyperhomocysteinemia. Acetylcholinesterase activity and immunocontent of citoplasmic and nuclear NF-κB/p65 subunit were increased in hippocampus of rats subjected to hyperhomocysteinemia at 1 h, but did not alter at 12 h after the last injection of homocysteine. According to our results, chronic hyperhomocysteinemia increases inflammatory parameters, suggesting that this process might be associated, at least in part, with the cerebrovascular and vascular dysfunctions characteristic of some homocystinuric patients.     

Rapid Communication Chronic Ingestion of Ethanol Up-Regulates NMDAR1 Receptor Subunit Immunoreactivity in Rat Hippocampus

We examined the effects of chronic ethanol exposure on the levels of N -methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 1 (NMDAR1) protein, an essential component of N -methyl-D-aspar- tate glutamate receptors, in rat brain. By immunoblotting procedures using a specific antibody for the NMDAR1 subunit, we found that ethanol dramatically up-regulated (by 65%) NMDAR1 immunoreactivity in the hippocampus but not in the nucleus accumbens, cerebral cortex, or striatum. In contrast, ethanol did not alter the levels of glutamate receptor subunit (GLUR) 1 or GLUR2 protein, subunits that make up the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methy4-isoxazole propionic acid glutamate receptor, in the hippocampus. Because ethanol can potentially influence many different neurotransmitter systems, we examined whether chronic treatment with several psychotropic drugs with different pharmacological profiles (cocaine, haloperidol, SCH 23390, imipramine, and morphine) could mimic the effect of ethanol. None of these agents increased hippocampal NMDAR1 subunit immunoreactivity after chronic administration. Increased NMDAR1 subunit levels in the hippocampus after chronic ethanol exposure may represent an important neurochemical substrate for some of the features associated with ethanol dependence and withdrawal.     

Comparison of Glucocorticoid Receptor and Ionized Calcium-Binding Adapter Molecule 1 Immunoreactivity in the Adult and Aged Gerbil Hippocampus Following Repeated Restraint Stress

Stress leads to changes in homeostasis and internal balance of the body and is known to be one of important factors in the development of several diseases. In the present study, we investigated changes in glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1) immunoreactivity in the adult and aged gerbil hippocampus after chronic restraint stress. Serum corticosterone level was much higher in both the stress-groups than the control groups. No neuronal death was found in all hippocampal subregions of the adult and aged gerbil after chronic restraint stress. GR immunoreactivity was decreased in both the adult and aged groups after repeated restraint stress; however, GR immunoreactivity in the adult-stress-group was decreased much more than that in the aged-stress-group. Iba-1 immunoreactive microglia were hypertrophied and activated in the adult group after repeated restraint stress; in the aged-stress-group, there was no any significant change in Iba-1 immunoreactive microglia. In brief, level of GR, not Iba-1, in the hippocampus was much decreased in the adult gerbil compared to the aged gerbil following chronic restraint stress.     

Comparative Studies on the Orcadian Rhythm of Corticosterone Lipid and Cholesterol Levels in Adrenals and Blood of Rats

The time-dependent relationship of corticosterone, lipids and cholesterol over a 48-hr period was studied in the adrenals and blood of rats. In addition an attempt was made to determine whether there was a reciprocal dependence among these compounds and also a correlation between corticosterone and cholesterol in the adrenals and blood.

Corticosterone and cholesterol exhibit a circadian rhythm in the adrenals and blood. The same is true for lipids in the serum. A reciprocal dependence between the compounds in the adrenals and blood could not be demonstrated. Only the time-dependent processes of the corticosterone content in the adrenals and plasma are well correlated with each other. High levels of these steroids in the adrenals are associated with high levels of these steroids in the plasma and vice versa.

An inverse correlation between corticosterone and cholesterol exists in the adrenals and in blood. Maximal levels of corticosterone correspond to minimal levels of cholesterol and vice versa.     

玉米胚SOD提取物对糖尿病大鼠血糖、血脂及血清氧化应激状态的影响

目的:探讨玉米胚SOD提取物对于糖尿病大鼠血糖及主要脏器抗氧化能力的影响.方法:成年雄性Wistar大鼠36只,随机分为以下6组:1)正常对照组;2)糖尿病模型组:腹腔注射四氧嘧啶175mg/kg,连续两天;3)二甲基双胍对照组:糖尿病模型+灌服10mg/kg盐酸二甲基双胍;4)SOD高剂量组:糖尿病模型+灌服0.3gSOD提取物;5)SOD中剂量组:糖尿病模型+灌服0.18g SOD提取物;6)SOD低剂量组:糖尿病模型+灌服0.06g SOD提取物.连续3周,动态监测血糖,血清总胆固醇和甘油三酯.45天后处死动物,提取血清,采用硫代巴比妥酸法测定脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量;DTNB法测定还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量;黄嘌呤氧化酶法测定超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力.结果:不同剂量的玉米胚SOD提取物对四氧嘧啶所致高血糖模型大鼠具有明显的降低血糖作用,可降低血清中总胆固醇和甘油三酯.并使血清MDA水平降低,抗氧化物质GSH含量增加,SOD活力升高.结论:玉米胚SOD提取物具有一定的降低血糖、血脂功效,可能与增加机体抗氧化能力有关.     

Comparative Studies on the Orcadian Rhythm of Corticosterone Lipid and Cholesterol Levels in Adrenals and Blood of Rats

The time-dependent relationship of corticosterone, lipids and cholesterol over a 48-hr period was studied in the adrenals and blood of rats. In addition an attempt was made to determine whether there was a reciprocal dependence among these compounds and also a correlation between corticosterone and cholesterol in the adrenals and blood.

Corticosterone and cholesterol exhibit a circadian rhythm in the adrenals and blood. The same is true for lipids in the serum. A reciprocal dependence between the compounds in the adrenals and blood could not be demonstrated. Only the time-dependent processes of the corticosterone content in the adrenals and plasma are well correlated with each other. High levels of these steroids in the adrenals are associated with high levels of these steroids in the plasma and vice versa.

An inverse correlation between corticosterone and cholesterol exists in the adrenals and in blood. Maximal levels of corticosterone correspond to minimal levels of cholesterol and vice versa.     

甘露寡糖及壳聚糖对四氧嘧啶致糖尿病小鼠血糖血脂的影响

目的研究甘露寡糖和壳聚糖对四氧嘧啶致实验性糖尿病小鼠血糖、血脂的影响。方法随机选取70只健康小鼠,10只为正常对照组,其余由腹腔注射四氧嘧啶(150mg/kg),建立糖尿病模型,用快速血糖仪测血糖值,血糖值>11.1mmol/L的小鼠则为造模成功小鼠,将造模成功的小鼠随机分成5组,每组各12只。分别为模型对照组,高剂量、低剂量甘露寡糖处理组,高剂量、低剂量壳聚糖处理组。高低剂量分别以400mg/kg和200mg/kg糖溶液进行灌胃,空白组和模型组灌予等体积的生理盐水。12d后测定小鼠血清中血糖(GLU)、总胆固醇(CHO)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和甘油三酯(TG)的浓度。结果甘露寡糖和壳聚糖使糖尿病小鼠的血糖与模型对照组相比有显著的降低,CHO和TG的浓度也显著降低,HDL-C显著升高;且高剂量的甘露寡糖和壳聚糖的降血糖、血脂效果优于低剂量。     

Melatonin Modulates Hippocampus NMDA Receptors, Blood and Brain Oxidative Stress Levels in Ovariectomized Rats

We investigated the effects of melatonin administration on ovariectomy-induced oxidative toxicity and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunits in the blood of rats. Thirty-two rats were studied in three groups. The first and second groups were control and ovariectomized rats. Melatonin was daily administrated to the ovariectomized rats in the third group for 30 days. Blood, brain cortical and hippocampal samples were taken from the three groups after 30 days. Brain cortical, erythrocyte and plasma lipid peroxidation (LP) levels were higher in the ovariectomized group than in controls, although the LP level was decreased in the ovariectomized group with melatonin treatment. Brain cortical and plasma concentrations of vitamins A, C and E as well as the NMDAR 2B subunit were lower in the ovariectomized group than in controls, although, except for plasma vitamin C, they were increased by the treatment. Brain cortical and erythrocyte reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were lower in the ovariectomized group than in controls, although erythrocyte GSH levels were higher in the melatonin group than in the ovariectomized group. Brain cortical and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity and NMDAR 2A subunit concentrations were not found to be different in all groups statistically. Oxidative stress has been proposed to explain the biological side effect of experimental menopause. Melatonin prevents experimental menopause–induced oxidative stress to strengthen antioxidant vitamin and NMDAR 2A subunit concentrations in ovariectomized rats.     

人参皂甙Re对神经内分泌系统功能的影响

研究人参皂甙Re对神经内分泌系统的保护作用。采用高效液相色谱检测法测定水浸．束缚应激大鼠脑内单胺类递质和血清皮质酮的含量。水浸-束缚应激模型能使大鼠额叶、纹状体、下丘脑三个脑区的单胺类递质及其代谢产物（去甲肾上腺素、多巴胺、高香草酸、5-羟色胺、5．羟吲哚乙酸）和血清皮质酮的含量明显增高。预先给予人参皂甙Re（4．5和9mg／kg,ig）后均有不同程度的降低,并呈一定的量效关系。结果表明人参皂甙Re具有一定的神经保护作用。     

A Comparison of the Effects of Tolazamide and Tolbutamide Upon Blood Glucose and Serum Insulin and Lipid Levels in Diabetic Subjects

The effects of tolazamide (300 mg. daily), a new oral hypoglycemic sulfonylurea, and tolbutamide on the blood glucose, serum insulin, cholesterol and triglyceride levels were compared in 14 subjects with maturity-onset diabetes of varying severity. The mean effects of the two drugs in the pharmacologically equivalent doses were the same. In particular, the mean reduction of the blood glucose level was 19% and of the serum triglyceride level was 17% with both agents. However, an individual subject might respond to one agent and not to the other; neither the blood glucose nor the serum lipid response could be predicted from the pretreatment blood glucose level or the per cent of ideal body weight.     

Effect of Escapable and Inescapable Stress on Levels of Catecholamines in Adrenals and Corticosterone in Blood Plasma in Young and Aged Rats

Effect of escapable and inescapable electrical stress (ES, IS) on the catecholaminergic system was studied in young (3 months) and aged (25 months) male Wistar rats on the day 3 after stress, using radioimmune analysis and high-pressure liquid chromatography. Catecholamine concentration in adrenals and corticosterone level in blood of control aged rats was lower than in young animals. On the third day after the electrical stimulation in cages with current-conducting floor, production of hormones of adrenal cortical and medullar layers rose significantly in aged rats, with a more pronounced increase of noradrenaline after IS, while of blood adrenaline and corticosterone, after ES. In young rats no significant changes in catecholamines were revealed, whereas the blood corticosterone level was increased after IS. Thus, in aged rats, a low basal level of catecholamines and corticosterone and a delayed stress response can be established. In old animals after ES, a long post-action was observed, which was quite comparable with the results obtained after IS in the both age groups.     

Effect of Portal Glucose Sensing on Systemic Glucose Levels in SD and ZDF Rats

BackgroundThe global epidemic of Type-2-Diabetes (T2D) highlights the need for novel therapeutic targets and agents. Roux-en-Y-Gastric-Bypass (RYGB) is the most effective treatment. Studies investigating the mechanisms of RYGB suggest a role for post-operative changes in portal glucose levels. We investigate the impact of stimulating portal glucose sensors on systemic glucose levels in health and T2D, and evaluated the role of sodium-glucose-cotransporter-3 (SGLT3) as the possible sensor.MethodsSystemic glucose and hormone responses to portal stimulation were measured. In Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, post-prandial state was simulated by infusing glucose into the portal vein. The SGLT3 agonist, alpha-methyl-glucopyranoside (αMG), was then added to further stimulate the portal sensor. To elucidate the neural pathway, vagotomy or portal denervation was followed by αMG+glucose co-infusion. The therapeutic potential of portal glucose sensor stimulation was investigated by αMG-only infusion (vs. saline) in SD and Zucker-Diabetic-Fatty (ZDF) rats. Hepatic mRNA expression was also measured.ResultsαMG+glucose co-infusion reduced peak systemic glucose (vs. glucose alone), and lowered hepatic G6Pase expression. Portal denervation, but not vagotomy, abolished this effect. αMG-only infusion lowered systemic glucose levels. This glucose-lowering effect was more pronounced in ZDF rats, where portal αMG infusion increased insulin, C-peptide and GIP levels compared to saline infusions.ConclusionsThe portal vein is capable of sensing its glucose levels, and responds by altering hepatic glucose handling. The enhanced effect in T2D, mediated through increased GIP and insulin, highlights a therapeutic target that could be amenable to pharmacological modulation or minimally-invasive surgery.