陕西省鸟类新纪录——紫背苇■

<正>2014年9月22日,笔者于陕西省西安咸阳国际机场(34°25'N,108°44'E)发现一鹭科鸟类尸体。发现处为平坦的低矮草地,附近有数日阴雨天后形成的小面积水滩。该鸟头部后侧至尾上覆羽为暗栗褐色,并具黑白色和褐色杂点,翅上覆羽棕栗色具白色点斑,翼下为灰色,下体浅黄色具褐色纵纹,嘴峰黑色,上嘴基部和下喙为黄绿色,跗跖和趾均为绿褐色。该个体体质量110.6 g,体长324 mm,翅长144 mm,     

笼养0～15周龄黑颈长尾雉生长曲线拟合与分析

为了探讨黑颈长尾雉Syrmaticus humiae雏鸟的生长发育规律,本研究对0~15周龄黑颈长尾雉的体重、跗跖长、嘴峰长、体长和翅长进行了测定,利用Logistic、Gompertz和von Bertalanffy三种非线性模型对黑颈长尾雉的各量度指标进行了拟合和分析。结果表明,体重、跗跖长、嘴峰长和体长的生长过程用Logistic模型拟合效果更佳(R20.97),而翅长更适合用von Bertalanffy模型拟合(R2=0.9899),其生长拐点分别为:体重(16.31 w,439.552 g)、跗跖长(7.70 w,38.519 mm)、嘴峰长(2.52 w,8.810 mm)、体长(5.01 w,180.020 mm)和翅长(1.82 w,81.055 mm)。运用三种模型对黑颈长尾雉雏鸟生长曲线的拟合是可行的,黑颈长尾雉的体重、跗跖长、嘴峰长、体长和翅长之间的相关性均极显著(P0.01),其中跗跖长与其他各指标间的相关性最好(R2均在0.94以上),跗跖长可作为衡量黑颈长尾雉雏鸟生长发育的参考指标。     

贵州贵阳发现流苏鹬

2019年9月5日,在贵州省贵阳市龙洞堡国际机场内(106°48′11″E,26°32′30″N,海拔1132m,挂网高度1.5 m)网捕到1只鹬科(Scolopacidae)鸟类,但因挂网时间过长而死亡.其体重105 g、体长290 mm、嘴长37 mm、翅长190 mm、尾长72 mm、跗跖57 mm.依据其趾间基...     

树麻雀表型的环境适应进化

树麻雀(Passer montanus)分布范围广、海拔梯度大,也是人类活动的伴随物种。对中国837个样本的10个形态特征与温度、日照、海拔和风速等4个主要环境因子进行相关分析,结果显示:树麻雀的体重、嘴裂、翅长、尾长、跗跖长、脑骨宽、眼间距与日照因子显著相关(P0.05),体重、体长、翅长、尾长、跗跖长与海拔因子显著相关(P0.05),体重、嘴峰、翅长、脑骨长与温度因子显著相关(P0.05),表明树麻雀的形态指标易随环境因子的变化而变化。通过控制经度和海拔两个变量,对形态指标与纬度的偏相关分析表明,体重、翅长、脑骨长和脑骨宽与纬度呈显著正相关(P0.05),体表突出部分嘴峰、嘴裂与纬度呈显著负相关(P0.05),即随着纬度的升高,树麻雀身体逐渐变大,符合贝格曼规律;体表突出部分嘴峰和嘴裂随纬度升高变短,符合阿伦规律。飞行能力与海拔因子呈极显著正相关(n=92,r=0.217,P=0.038),表明树麻雀在高海拔地区具有更强的飞行能力,这也许是它成为广布种的重要原因。     

四川盆地的陆地岛屿效应——基于树麻雀的形态变异

以树麻雀Passer montanus为研究对象,采集四川盆地及周边地区558个样本的7项形态指标,控制纬度因子的偏相关分析表明,树麻雀的体质量、尾长、跗跖长与海拔极显著正相关(P0.01),体长与海拔显著正相关(P0.05);控制海拔因子的偏相关分析表明,树麻雀的体质量、翅长与纬度极显著正相关(P0.01)。按照海拔将树麻雀分为3组:四川盆地(海拔平均值:484.25 m,海拔范围:219~725 m)、华中平原(海拔平均值:250.70 m,海拔范围:46~784 m)、盆地周边山地(海拔平均值:2 260.42 m,海拔范围:807~4 472 m)。单因素方差分析表明:3个树麻雀种群的体质量、翅长、尾长、跗跖长之间的差异有高度统计学意义(P0.01),盆地周边山地树麻雀种群的体质量显著或极显著大于四川盆地及华中平原(P0.05或P0.01)。综上,树麻雀体型随海拔升高而显著增大,说明树麻雀的形态变异与海拔变化密切相关,符合贝格曼定律。同时,四川盆地与华中平原树麻雀种群在体质量、体长、尾长、翅长、跗跖长、嘴峰、嘴裂上的差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),未能体现出四川盆地的陆地岛屿效应。     

人工育雏大紫胸鹦鹉生长发育的观察

对2000～2002年成都动物园人工孵化及人工育雏的8只大紫胸鹦鹉的生长发育情况进行了125天的观察分析.经回归分析表明,大紫胸鹦鹉雏鸟的平均出壳重为12.4±0.4 g,人工饲育下56日龄体重达到最高值,平均体重为259.55±2.45 g;鹦鹉体重(W)与日龄(D)的关系为W=259.55/(1 45.2227e-0.1297D).出壳时,嘴峰短于嘴裂,长度分别为7.75±0.25 mm和10.0±1.0 mm;35日龄时,嘴峰长度超过嘴裂,其长度分别为19.0±1.0 mm和18.75±0.75 mm;110日龄时,嘴峰和嘴裂的长度达生长期峰值,其长度分别为29.0±1.5 mm和25.0±1.5 mm;嘴峰长和嘴裂长与日龄的关系分别为L=29/(1 4.1023e-0.0636D)和L=25/(1 1.7967e-0.0473D).出壳时,跗跖长于中趾,长度分别为8.25±0.25 mm和7.25±0.25 mm;15日龄时,中趾长度超过跗跖,其长度分别为13.5±0.5 mm和13.0±0.5 mm;100日龄时,中趾与跗跖的长度达到峰值,其长度分别为24.5±0.5 mm和30±1.0 mm;跗跖和中趾长与日龄的关系分别为L=24.5/(1 1.4536e-0.0569D)和L=30/(1 2.941733e-0.0638122D).雏鸟孵化时,翅长10.5±0.5 mm;30日龄长出飞羽羽芽,平均翅长40.5±2.5 mm,35日龄羽鞘破樱,120日龄平均翅长201.0±6.0 mm;翅长与日龄的关系为L=201/(1 30.0624e-0.0780D).30日龄生出尾羽羽芽,125日龄时尾长为190.0±8.0 mm;尾长与日龄的关系为L=190/(1 177.1306e-0.07533D).     

中国大陆地区白头鹎两个亚种的表型特征分析

选取体长、翅长、尾长、跗蹠长、嘴峰长、嘴宽、嘴高共7个量度指标,对在我国大陆地区分布的白头鹎Pycnonotus sinensis两个亚种共331号标本(指名亚种P.s.sinensis 239个,两广亚种P.s.hainanus 92个)进行了测量,运用统计软件SPSS 13.0对测量数据进行了比较分析,结果表明:指名亚种的翅长、跗蹠长、嘴宽和嘴高均大于两广亚种.指名亚种性别间的翅长、尾长、跗蹠长、嘴高和体长差异显著,而两广亚种性别间翅长、尾长、跗蹠长、嘴峰长和嘴宽差异显著,均是雄性个体大于雌性个体.将两个亚种的各量度性状与纬度进行相关分析,发现指名亚种雄性个体的体长与纬度呈弱的负相关,两广亚种的嘴高与纬度呈弱的正相关,其雄性个体的跗蹠长与纬度呈正相关.此外,对白头鹎指名亚种枕部白斑的宽窄度进行了等级划分并数量化,发现其宽度随季节而变化,在繁殖季节达到最大,支持其起饰羽作用的假说.     

大山雀身体大小的性二态及其季节变化

动物中普遍存在雌雄个体身体大小的性二态现象。了解近缘种之间身体大小性二态现象的差异，可为深入探讨身体大小性二态现象的潜在驱动机制提供证据。国外对欧亚大山雀（Parus major）的研究发现，其喙长、跗跖长、翅长等 6 项身体大小指标存在着明显的性二态，且喙长的性二态存在季节间差异。大山雀（P. cinereus）曾被作为欧亚大山雀的一个亚种，其形态和行为与欧亚大山雀存在着诸多相似之处。为探讨大山雀是否也存在身体大小性二态及季节性差异，本研究分析了 2018 至 2020 年间在河南董寨国家级自然保护区捕捉的 226 只（雌性 96 只和雄性 130 只）大山雀的喙长、头喙长、跗跖长、翅长、尾长和体长这 6 项体征指标的两性差异及其季节变化。结果显示，大山雀上述 6 项身体大小指标均存在不同程度的性二态现象，且雄性个体仅喙长与雌性的差异不显著，其余 5 项指标均显著大于雌性。此外，身体大小指标的两性差异不随季节显著变化，但两性的跗跖长在秋季均显著短于冬季和繁殖季，尾长在繁殖季均显著长于秋季和冬季。上述结果表明，大山雀身体大小的性二态及其季节性差异与欧亚大山雀并不完全相似。无论其身体大小存在性二态和季节变化的原因，还是其与欧亚大山雀在身体大小性二态模式上的差别，都有待今后进一步的研究。     

黑龙江省发现棕尾伯劳

高峰鸟类保护环志站2002年5月28日环志时,捕到一只伯劳,其大小、羽色、形态酷似红尾伯劳,但它具白色翅斑,尾羽橙棕色(锈红色)至棕褐色(图版,封4)。2006年1月,经郑光美院士鉴定,该鸟为棕尾伯劳Lanius isabellious。量度见表1。表1棕尾伯劳的环志号码和量度环志号码性别鸟体量度(mm)头喙喙长翅长体长尾长跗C06-2953♂40·0 15·0 87·0 188·0 85·0 28·0棕尾伯劳,又名荒漠伯劳。隶属雀形目伯劳科。本次捕到的是一只雄鸟,上体灰褐,尾羽棕红色,翼上有白斑,飞行时很明显。过眼纹黑色(但无眼先带);眉纹白;虹膜褐色;嘴灰色;脚深灰。鸣声丰富多变…     

江南珍禽——草鴞

草鸮(Tyto capensis)俗称猴头鹰,属鸮形目、草鸮科,是我国珍稀保护鸟类.体长35厘米,重约500克.喙粗大呈象牙色,上喙弯曲覆盖下喙.雏鸟下喙先端无缺刻;成鸟下喙先端左右边缘常各有1—2个缺刻.雄鸟头顶平阔,在头顶、后项、背部和两翼的上复羽呈黑褐色,多数羽毛先端缀有白色细斑.颈两侧与翼脊以及喉际至胸部呈草黄色,翼下及胁部近白色,多数羽毛先端缀有黑色斑点.初级飞羽及尾羽均缀有三道草黄色横纹.足具四趾,站立时第一     

Sexual size dimorphism and sex identification using morphological traits of two Aegithalidae species

The black-throated tit, Aegithalos concinnus, and long-tailed tit, A. caudatus, are two widely-distributed species of Aegithalidae. They are thought to be monomorphic and thus difficult to differentiate between sexes in the field. We determined the sex of 296 black-throated tits and 129 long-tailed tits using DNA analysis, evaluated their sexual size dimorphism, and developed discriminant models to identify sex based on morphometries, including bill length, bill depth, bill-head length, maximum tarsus length, tarsus width, wing length, tail length, total body length, and body mass. Both species were sexually dimorphic in size, with males having larger measurements than females, except for bill length in black-throated tits, and both bill length and body mass in long-tailed tits. Moreover, both species showed similar sexual size dimorphism (SSD) among the morphological features, with tail length having the highest SSD value. The multivariate discriminant models for sex identification had an accuracy of 82% for both species, which was slightly higher than the best univariate discriminatory model for each species. Because of the complicated nature of the multivariate model, we recommend univariate models for sex identification using D = 0.491 × tail length - 24.498 (accuracy 80%) for black-throated tits and D = 0.807 × wing length - 45.934 (accuracy 78%) for long-tailed tits. Females in both species showed generally higher morphological variation than did males, resulting in lower accuracies in all discriminate functions regardless of univariate or multivariate approach. This could be the result of a sex-biased selective pressure in which males have higher selective pressures for these morphological features.     

亚洲玉米螟体重和体型的地理变异

为探明亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis体重和体型地理变异,我们详细比较了来自4个不同地理种群（海南乐东18.8°N, 109.2°E),广西阳朔24.8°N, 110.5°E),江西南昌28.8°N, 115.9°E)和河北廊坊39.5°N, 116.7°E)）亚洲玉米螟的体重、体型大小及其与采集地纬度的关系。结果表明：不同地理种群的亚洲玉米螟卵重随纬度的升高而逐渐增大,符合贝格曼法则(Bergmann’s law), 而雌雄蛹重及成虫体长、后足腿节长和前翅长均随纬度的升高而逐渐减小, 符合反贝格曼法则(Converse Bergmann’s law)。雌虫的前翅显著长于雄虫, 其性体型二型性符合任希法则(Rensch’s rule),即在雌虫体型较大的种群中,雄虫前翅比雌虫前翅增长幅度相对较大。本文结果进一步揭示了即使在同一种类昆虫中,其各个虫态体重和体型的地理变异也可能不同。     

Is natural selection promoting sexual dimorphism in the Green-backed Firecrown Hummingbird ( Sephanoides Sephaniodes )?

In many hummingbird species there is an opposite pattern of sexual dimorphism in bill length and other morphometric measures of body size. These differences seem to be closely related with differences in foraging ecology directly associated with a different resource exploitation strategy. The aim of this study was to assess if natural selection is acting on wing length and bill size in hummingbird males and females with different resource exploitation strategies (i.e., territorial males and non-territorial females). If competition for resources promotes sexual dimorphism as a selective pressure, males should be subjected to negative directional selection pressure for wing length and no selection pressure over bill size, while females should undergo positive directional selection pressure for both bill size and wing length. The morphometric data we collected suggests that there is no selection for wing length and bill size in male hummingbirds. In contrast, our females exhibited positive directional selection for both wing length and bill size. Although we cannot reject sexual selection acting on sexually dimorphic traits, this study suggests that natural selection may promote sexual dimorphism in traits that are closely related with hummingbird foraging ecology and resource exploitation strategies.     

The scaling and selection of sexually dimorphic characters: an example using the Marbled Teal

Current theory and empirical evidence suggests that, if a character is sexually dimorphic as a result of sexual selection, it should be positively allometric (i.e. relatively larger in larger individuals), whereas if the dimorphism is the result of natural selection (e.g. niche divergence), it should be isometric. I show how this can be used to study the selective forces responsible for dimorphic morphological characters, using the monochromatic Marbled Teal Marmaronetta angustirostris as an example. In absolute terms, first-year male teals have a higher body mass, wing length, head length and bill length than females. In relative terms (controlling for body size), males still have longer wings, heads and bills. The scaling in Marbled Teal suggests that bill and head dimorphisms are due to sexual selection, whereas wing dimorphism is due to natural selection. Tail length is sexually monomorphic but positively allometric, possibly because of a display function. Such scaling studies are easy to carry out, and provide a useful complement to direct investigation of the influence of variation in the size of dimorphic characters on mating success, foraging efficiency etc.     

Sex determination of Antarctic Petrels Thalassoica antarctica by discriminant analysis of morphometric characters

We present data on sexual dimorphism in some morphological measurements (wing length, head length, bill depth and bill length) in the Antarctic Petrel Thalassoica antarctica. Males were on average larger than females for all measurements. Sexual dimorphism was on average largest for bill depths whereas wing lengths discriminated least between the sexes. A discriminant function including bill depth, head length and wing length correctly sexed 92% of the sample. Due to between-measurer variation it is recommended that morphometric measurements obtained by others on sexed birds are compared with ours before proceeding with the use of the discriminant function on unsexed individuals.Publication No. 116 of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expeditions (1991/92)     

Convergent evolution of sexual shape dimorphism in Diptera

Several patterns of sexual shape dimorphism, such as male body elongation, eye stalks, or extensions of the exoskeleton, have evolved repeatedly in the true flies (Diptera). Although these dimorphisms may have evolved in response to sexual selection on male body shape, conserved genetic factors may have contributed to this convergent evolution, resulting in stronger phenotypic convergence than might be expected from functional requirements alone. I compared phenotypic variation in body shape in two distantly related species exhibiting sexually dimorphic body elongation: Prochyliza xanthostoma (Piophilidae) and Telostylinus angusticollis (Neriidae). Although sexual selection appears to act differently on male body shape in these species, they exhibited strikingly similar patterns of sexual dimorphism. Likewise, patterns of within-sex shape variation were similar in the two species, particularly in males: relative elongation of the male head capsule, antenna, and legs was associated with reduced head capsule width and wing length, but was nearly independent of variation in thorax length. However, the two species presented contrasting patterns of static allometry: male sexual traits exhibited elevated allometric slopes in T. angusticollis, but not in P. xanthostoma. These results suggest that a shared pattern of covariation among traits may have channeled the evolution of sexually dimorphic body elongation in these species. Nonetheless, static allometries may have been shaped by species-specific selection pressures or genetic architectures.     

Geographic variation in size and sexual dimorphism of North American weasels

Geographic variation in size (skull length) and sexual dimorphism in Mustela erminea, Mustela frenata and Mustela nivalis in North America is described and analysed in relation to latitude, longitude, climatic variables, and sympatry or allopatry of these species. Only erminea increases in size with latitude; it does so regardless of the presence or absence of frenata or nivalis. Latitude is a better predictor of size in erminea than available measures of climate, seasonality or prey size. There is no evidence for character displacement between any pair of species. The sexes covary in size in frenata and erminea , and probably in nivalis , although geographic variation in sexual dimorphism occurs in frenata and erminea. The principal cause of sexual dimorphism appears to be sexual selection for large size in males rather than the high energetic requirements resulting from an elongate body shape. However, prey size may constrain female size (and possibly also male size). Regional differences in the abundance of prey during the growth of young weasels may affect adult size much more in males than in females and contribute to geographic variation in sexual dimorphism.     

Sexual selection in the barn swallow (Hirundo rustica). V. Geographic variation in ornament size

Models of sexual selection in a cline predict the patterns of clinal variation in female mate preference and male secondary sexual characters. These predictions were tested for the nominate subspecies of the barn swallow Hirundo rustica which demonstrates clinal variation in morphology, with several characters in both sexes showing increasing size at higher latitudes. Sexual size dimorphism in the length of the tail ornament and the short, central tail feathers increase with increasing latitude while size dimorphism in other morphological characters is independent of latitude. The main reason for the two divergent patterns of sexual size dimorphism appears to be the higher foraging cost of having a long tail ornamental at low latitudes. The control of development decreases with increasing latitude as demonstrated by an increasing latitudinal cline in fluctuating asymmetry of tail length. Phenotypic variance in tail length increases with latitude in males, but not in females, as shown by the coefficients of variation. Clinal variation in morphology is not due to natural selection associated with a latitudinal increase in the distance between breeding and wintering areas. The geographic patterns of morphological variation suggest that the tail character has diverged geographically as a result of a sexual process of reliable signalling.     

HOW TO COMPENSATE FOR COSTLY SEXUALLY SELECTED TAILS: THE ORIGIN OF SEXUALLY DIMORPHIC WINGS IN LONG-TAILED BIRDS

Recent work on birds suggests that certain morphological differences between the sexes may have evolved as an indirect consequence of sexual selection because they offset the cost of bearing extravagant ornaments used for fighting or mate attraction. For example, long-tailed male sunbirds and widowbirds also have longer wings than females, perhaps to compensate for the aerodynamic costs of tail elaboration. We used comparative data from 57 species to investigate whether this link between sexual dimorphism in wing and tail length is widespread among long-tailed birds. We found that within long-tailed families, variation in the extent of tail dimorphism was associated with corresponding variation in wing dimorphism. One nonfunctional explanation of this result is simply that the growth of wings and tails is controlled by a common developmental mechanism, such that long-tailed individuals inevitably grow long wings as well. However, this hypothesis cannot account for a second pattern in our data set: as predicted by aerodynamic theory, we found that, comparing across long-tailed families, sexual dimorphism in wing length varied with tail shape as well as with sex differences in tail length. Thus, wing dimorphism was generally greater in species with aerodynamically costly graduated tails than in birds with cheaper, streamer-shaped tails. This result was not caused by confounding phylogenetic effects, because it persisted when phylogeny was controlled for, using an independent comparisons method. Our findings therefore confirm that certain aspects of sexual dimorphism may sometimes have evolved through selection for traits that reduce the costs of elaborate sexually selected characters. We suggest that future work aimed at understanding sexual selection by investigating patterns of sexual dimorphism should attempt to differentiate between the direct and indirect consequences of sexual selection.