HETEROTROPHIC GROWTH OF ULVA LACTUCA (CHLOROPHYCEAE)1

The effect of external glucose (51 mM) and acetate (13 mM) on growth and photosynthetic capacity of Ulva lactuca L. was tested in laboratory cultures over 41 days in the dark and in dim light (0.9 μmol photons·m^?2·s^?1) at 7–8° C. Glucose and acetate had a significant positive effect on growth rate, chlorophyll content, and quantum yield for discs grown in the dark and in dim light. The carbon gain from heterotrophic uptake was low and only allowed U. lactuca to maintain a specific uptake was low and only allowed U. lactuca to maintain a specific growth rate of 0.005 day^?1 compared to 0.06–0.1 day^?1 at higher light intensities. However, plants with added organic substrate maintained a normal chlorophyll content and were able to photosynthesize whereas control plants lost pigmentation and photosynthetic capability after 41 days in both dim light and darkness, probably because of disorganization of the photosynthetic apparatus. This suggest that the ecological significance of heterotrophic uptake is to allow U. lactuca to survive during prolonged low light conditions with an intact photosynthetic apparatus.     

Response of CO2 uptake, chlorophyll content, and some productional features of forest herb Smyrnium perfoliatum L. (Apiaceae) to different light conditions

Smyrnium perfoliatum L. (Apiaceae), an endangered summer forest herb grown in the understory of dominant oak-hornbeam stands in Devinska Kobyla, Little Carpathians region in SW Slovakia, is considered to form at least five leaf types of different physiological and anatomical quality. These observation are based upon the estimated differences of photosynthetic carbon dioxide uptake, chlorophyll content, leaf anatomy, and several quantitative parameters of growth analysis. There is a further attempt to establish, to what extent the daily changing environment, especially the excess of light of fast-moving sun-flecks by the photosynthetic apparatus within any leaf type, according to its dominant shade adaptation could be effectively used.     

Structural and functional relationships in developing Pinus silvestris chloroplasts

The light dependent chloroplast development of dark grown seedlings of Pinus silvestris L. was followed by analyses of chlorophyll content, chlorophyll a/b ratios, chlorophyll/P700 ratios, chlorophyll-protein complexes and structural changes. Low-temperature fluorescence emission spectra of isolated chloroplasts and separation of sodium dodecyl sulphate solubilized chlorophyll-protein complexes by gel electrophoresis showed that the chlorophyll-protein complexes of photosystem 1 (P700-CPa), photosystem II (PS II-CPa) and the light-harvesting complex LH–CPa/b were present in dark grown seedlings. The low-temperature fuoorescence emission maxima of isolated P700–CPa and PS II–CPa shifted towards longer wavelengths during greening in light, indicating a light induced change of the chlorophyll organisation in the two photosystems. Illumination caused LH–CPa/b to increase relative to P700–CPa, whereas the ratio between LH–CPa/b and PS II–CPa remained essentially constant. Analyses of low-temperature fluorescence spectra with or without 0.01 M Mg²⁺ showed that the Mg²⁺ controlled distribution of excitation energy into PS I was activated upon illumination of the seedlings. The photosynthetic unit size, as defined by the chlorophyll/P700 ratio, did not change over a 96 h illumination period, although the chlorophyll content increased about 6–fold during that time. This result and the constant electron transport rate per unit chlorophyll and time during chlorophyll accumulation provided evidence for a sequential development of the photosynthetic units when illuminating dark grown pine cotyledons. Electron micrographs showed that exposure of dark grown seedlings to light for 2 h caused the prolamellar body to disappear and grana to form. These changes occurred prior to substantial accumulation of chlorophyll or change in the ratio between LH–CPa/b and P700–CPa. However, both the water-splitting system of photosystem II and the Mg²⁺ controlled redistribution of excitation energy was activated during this period.     

模拟大气硫酸铵污染对香樟幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

通过室内盆栽实验研究了大气颗粒污染物硫酸铵对香樟幼苗生长及光合特性的影响。结果表明,香樟幼苗叶片涂抹硫酸铵处理对植物生长无显著影响;低浓度硫酸铵(2 g·L^-1)提高了叶片叶绿素含量,而高浓度(4 g·L^-1)却降低了叶片叶绿素含量;与对照相比,低浓度处理的香樟叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度与蒸腾速率无显著差异;高浓度处理的香樟叶片净光合速率与蒸腾速率高于对照,而气孔导度与胞间二氧化碳浓度与对照无显著差异。机理分析表明,硫酸铵颗粒物主要通过影响叶片气孔导度来影响植物光合特性。     

Effect of phytotoxic metabolites ofFusarium culmorum on growth and physiology of barley plants

Summary Two unidentified organic acids isolated from the culture filtrate ofFusarium culmorum, grown in glucose-limited continuous culture, produced phytotoxic effects on growth and physiology of barley seedlings. Stomatal diffusion resistance and chlorophyll content of shoots were increased, but the rate of photosynthesis per unit area of leaf did not change. Although total carbon and nitrogen composition of treated seedlings was not significantly affected, phosphorus uptake was greatly increased. Toxicity of the acids was promoted at low pH.     

Chlorophyll formation and the development of photosynthesis in illuminated etiolated pea leaves

Summary The protein synthesis inhibitors chloramphenicol and terramycin, and light of low intensity were used to retard the rate of chlorophyll formation in illuminated dark grown pea leaves. In the control leaves the onset of photosynthesis, as measured by carbon dioxide exchange of the whole leaves, and reduction of ferricyanide and metmyoglobin and photo-oxidation of ascorbate in isolated chloroplasts, was observed after 2–4 hours illumination. The photosynthetic activity of the treated leaves did not commence until 10–12 hours illumination had elapsed. In both the control and treated leaves the onset of photosynthesis occurred when the total chlorophyll content was 0.04 mg/g fresh weight. The precise point of photosynthetic inception was apparently more related to the attainment of a specific total chlorophyl content than to the ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b. A marked increase in the evolution of carbon dioxide in the light was observed in the treated leaves during the first 10 hours of greening. This observation could not be ascribed to photorespiration since the leaves did not possess an active photosystem. It is suggested that the enhanced respiration may have been due to the light-induced activation of synthetic pathways responsible for the formation of chloroplast constituents.The following abbreviations are used CMU 3(3-chlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea - DCIP dichlorophenol indophenol - PMS phenazine methosulphate - TRIS 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl propane-1, 3-diol This work was supported by a Science Research Council studentship granted to R. J. Dowdell and submitted for the degree of Ph. D. of Bath University of Technology.     

Photoassimilation of Glycolate, Glycine and Serine by Euglena gracilis

SYNOPSIS. Glycolate was readily utilized for growth by Euglena gracilis , strain Z, in the light at pH 3.8 under a variety of atmospheric conditions, including CO₂-free air and nitrogen. Glycolate did not support growth in the dark as sole carbon source; no significant uptake of glycolate was observed under these conditions. However, cells grown in the light with glycolate as sole carbon source were still capable of glycolate uptake for up to 3 hr after transfer to darkness, and glycolate was taken up by cells utilizing glucose in the dark. The energy requirement for glycolate utilization could thus be met either by light, or by the aerobic metabolism of glucose in the dark. DCMU, an inhibitor of photosystem II, inhibited photoassimilation of glycolate. In the light, but again not in the dark, glycine and serine also served as sole source of carbon under CO₂-free air, but not under nitrogen. Net release of ammonia to the medium accompanied the photoassimilation of glycine and serine. Of the several metabolicallyrelated compounds tested, only glycolate was utilized as sole carbon source in the light under "anaerobic" conditions. A lag in net chlorophyll synthesis occurred during the photoassimilation of glycolate glycine or serine. Determination of rates of photosynthetic ¹⁴CO₂ fixation confirmed that some inhibition of photosynthetic capacity had occurred in response to utilization of glycolate and related compounds.     

Physiological studies on nitrogen fixation in the blue-green alga anabaena cylindrica

Summary Short-term manometric experiments with bacteria-free cultures of Anabaena cylindrica showed that the close dependency of nitrogen fixation upon photosynthesis could be temporarily eliminated in nitrogen-starved cells. Initial rates of nitrogen uptake by these cells in the absence of carbon dioxide were equally rapid in the light and dark, decreasing and finally ceasing after two hours. Continued steady nitrogen uptake was only maintained for long periods in the presence of carbon dioxide in the light. In the dark, nitrogen uptake was accompanied by carbon dioxide evolution.More oxygen was evolved in the light by cells fixing nitrogen than by those incubated under argon. This additional oxygen evolution could be accounted for by extra carbon dioxide fixation in the presence of nitrogen.Of a number of organic compounds tested, only sodium pyruvate stimulated nitrogen fixation. This stimulation was achieved both in the light and dark and in the presence and absence of carbon dioxide, showing that the role of pyruvate was other than acting as a carbon skeleton.Three metabolic inhibitors, cyanide and chlorpromazine (chiefly respiratory) and phenylurethane (photosynthetic) differentially inhibited photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation. The latter inhibitor had a more marked effect on photosynthesis while the two chiefly respiratory inhibitors had a stronger effect on nitrogen fixation.     

Effects of elevated ozone on CO2 uptake and leaf structure in sugar maple under two light environments

The interactive effects of ozone and light on leaf structure, carbon dioxide uptake and short-term carbon allocation of sugar maple ( Acer saccharum Marsh.) seedlings were examined using gas exchange measurements and ¹⁴C-macroautoradiographic techniques. Two-year-old sugar maple seedlings were fumigated from budbreak for 5 months with ambient or 3 × ambient ozone in open-top chambers, receiving either 35% (high light) or 15% (low light) of full sunlight. Ozone accelerated leaf senescence, and reduced net photosynthesis, ¹⁴CO₂ uptake and stomatal conductance, with the effects being most pronounced under low light. The proportion of intercellular space increased in leaves of seedlings grown under elevated ozone and low light, possibly enhancing the susceptibility of mesophyll cells to ozone by increasing the cumulative dose per mesophyll cell. Indeed, damage to spongy mesophyll cells in the elevated ozone × low light treatment was especially frequent. ¹⁴C macroautoradioraphy revealed heterogeneous uptake of ¹⁴CO₂ in well defined areole regions, suggesting patchy stomatal behaviour in all treatments. However, in seedlings grown under elevated ozone and low light, the highest ¹⁴CO₂ uptake occurred along larger veins, while interveinal regions exhibited little or no uptake. Although visible symptoms of ozone injury were not apparent in these seedlings, the cellular damage, reduced photosynthetic rates and reduced whole-leaf chlorophyll levels corroborate the visual scaling of whole-plant senescence, suggesting that the ozone × low light treatment accelerated senescence or senescence-like injury in sugar maple.     

大豆幼苗对套作玉米遮荫环境的光合生理生态响应

以2个耐荫性不同的大豆品种为材料,田间试验设置大豆单作和玉米-大豆套作2个种植模式处理,研究不同耐荫性大豆品种的幼苗光合生理生态特性对套作玉米遮荫环境的响应。结果表明:1)玉米-大豆套作模式中,玉米遮荫显著降低大豆冠层的光合有效辐射,导致大豆幼苗光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率显著下降(P0.05),分别达37.9%、54.2%和42.4%,但品种间无显著差异;而胞间二氧化碳浓度和Fv/Fm无显著变化,且光合速率的下降与气孔导度存在显著相关关系,光合速率下降主要是由气孔限制和CO2同化过程中能量不足所致;2)玉米遮荫显著降低大豆幼苗叶面积指数、叶片碳含量、叶片和根系干重及总生物量,且品种间差异显著,相关性分析显示,叶面积指数下降是导致生物量减少的主要原因;3)玉米遮荫环境中,大豆幼苗的叶片叶绿素和氮素含量提高以增强光捕获能力,但它们并不能补偿因光截获面积降低而引起的光截获量下降。     

Ecophysiological responses of Fagus sylvatica seedlings to changing light conditions. I. Interactions between photosynthetic acclimation and photoinhibition during simulated canopy gap formation

Natural regeneration of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) establishes under shade, but sudden exposure to high irradiance may occur due to openings in the canopy. To elucidate ecophysiological mechanisms associated with survival of European beech seedlings, the gas exchange, chlorophyll concentrations, and chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters of two different beech populations were studied under changing light conditions. Plants were grown both in a growth chamber and at a natural site (one population) where the seedlings were raised in containers placed in understory and in simulated canopy gaps. Upon exposure to high light in the growth chamber, photosynthetic rates of shade-acclimated leaves of seedlings from both populations increased severalfold and then decreased over several days to the rates of the low-light control seedlings. High-light seedlings always had the highest photosynthetic rates. Initial fluorescence displayed a trend opposite that of photosynthesis; it increased over time, and relative fluorescence and half-time rise declined continuously until the end of experiment to very low values. Exposure to high light of shade-acclimated seedlings resulted in a shift in chlorophyll concentrations to levels intermediate between high-light and low-light seedlings. The light treatment effects were statistically greater than population effects; however, seedlings from the Abetone population were found to be more susceptible to changing light conditions than seedlings from Sicily. Reciprocal light treatments on plants growing at the natural site confirmed the results obtained in the growth chamber experiment. Overall, beech seedlings grown in the field appeared to have a fairly large acclimation potential achieved by plasticity in the photosynthetic apparatus. The lack of pronounced acclimation to high light in seedlings grown in the growth chamber was ascribed to a threshold-type relationship between the acclimation capacity and the level of damage. These observations on the limited potential for acclimation to high light in leaves of European beech seedlings which show a clear capability to exploit sunflecks, are discussed in relation to regeneration following canopy gap formation and reinforce the view of the central role of gap formation in forest dynamics. We conclude that small forest gaps (in which sunflecks play a major role) may present a favorable environment for survival and growth of beech because of their limited ability to acclimate to a sudden increase in irradiance and because of the moderate levels of light stress found in small gaps.     

外源NO对缺铁豌豆幼苗生长以及光合作用的影响

以水培豌豆(Pisum sativum)品种‘陇碗一号’幼苗为材料,以硝普钠(SNP)为一氧化氮(NO)供体,研究外源NO对缺铁豌豆幼苗的生长及光合作用的影响。结果显示:0.6 mmol.L-1的外源SNP所产生的NO能够促进缺铁豌豆幼苗的生长,并促进叶绿素的合成,增强净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr),而使胞间CO2浓度(Ci)下降;同时,叶绿素荧光最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学量子效率(Yield)和光化学淬灭系数(qP)均升高,在一定程度上缓解缺铁对豌豆幼苗叶片PSII反应中心的影响。外源NO对正常铁(100μmol.L-1Fe)处理下豌豆幼苗的生长和光合作用具有一定的抑制作用。研究表明,缺铁和正常铁处理的豌豆幼苗对NO的敏感性不同,适宜浓度的NO对缺铁下豌豆幼苗的生长和光合都具有一定的改善作用。     

Autumn photosynthetic decline and growth cessation in seedlings of white spruce are decoupled under warming and photoperiod manipulations

Climate warming is expected to increase the seasonal duration of photosynthetic carbon fixation and tree growth in high‐latitude forests. However, photoperiod, a crucial cue for seasonality, will remain constant, which may constrain tree responses to warming. We investigated the effects of temperature and photoperiod on weekly changes in photosynthetic capacity, leaf biochemistry and growth in seedlings of a boreal evergreen conifer, white spruce [Picea glauca (Moench) Voss]. Warming delayed autumn declines in photosynthetic capacity, extending the period when seedlings had high carbon uptake. While photoperiod was correlated with photosynthetic capacity, short photoperiods did not constrain the maintenance of high photosynthetic capacity under warming. Rubisco concentration dynamics were affected by temperature but not photoperiod, while leaf pigment concentrations were unaffected by treatments. Respiration rates at 25 °C were stimulated by photoperiod, although respiration at the growth temperatures was increased in warming treatments. Seedling growth was stimulated by increased photoperiod and suppressed by warming. We demonstrate that temperature is a stronger control on the seasonal timing of photosynthetic down‐regulation than is photoperiod. Thus, while warming can stimulate carbon uptake in boreal conifers, the extra carbon may be directed towards respiration rather than biomass, potentially limiting carbon sequestration under climate change.     

Stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and respiration of temperate deciduous tree seedlings grown outdoors at an elevated concentration of carbon dioxide

Seedlings of temperate deciduous tree species were grown outdoors at ambient and at an elevated concentration of carbon dioxide to examine how aspects of their gas exchange would be altered by growth at elevated carbon dioxide concentration. Leaf conductances to water vapour and net carbon dioxide exchange rates were determined periodically near midday. Whole-plant carbon dioxide efflux rates in darkness were also determined. The stomatal conductance of leaves of plants grown and measured at 700 cm³ m^?3 carbon dioxide did not differ from that of plants grown and measured at 350 cm³ m^?3 in Malus domestica, Quercus prinus and Quercus robur at any measurement time. In Acer saccharinum, lower conductances occurred for plants grown and measured at elevated carbon dioxide concentration only at measurement temperatures above 33°C. Photo-synthetic adjustment to elevated carbon dioxide concentration was evident only in Q. robur. All species examined had lower rates of dark respiration per unit of mass when grown and measured at elevated carbon dioxide concentration.     

The flexible interrelation between AOX respiratory pathway and photosynthesis in rice leaves.

Alternative respiratory pathway was investigated in rice seedlings grown under total darkness, light/dark cycle, or continuous light. The capacity of the alternative pathway was relatively higher in leaves that had longer light exposure. An analysis of rice AOX1 multigene family revealed that AOX1c, but not AOX1a and AOX1b, had a light-independent expression. The alternative oxidase (AOX) inhibitor, salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM, 1mM), inhibited nearly 68% of the capacity of the alternative pathway in leaves grown under different light conditions. The plants grown under different light periods were treated with SHAM and then were exposed to illumination for 4h. The transition from dark to 4h of light stimulated the capacity of alternative pathway in etiolated rice seedlings and in those grown under light/dark cycle, whereas the capacity of the alternative pathway was constant in seedlings grown under continuous light with additional 4h of illumination. Etiolated leaves did not show any CO(2) fixation after 4h of illumination, and the increase in chlorophyll content was delayed by the SHAM pretreatment. When seedlings grown under light/dark cycle were moved from dark and exposed to 4h of light, increases in chlorophyll content and CO(2) fixation rate were reduced by SHAM. Although these parameters were stable in plants grown under continuous light, SHAM decreased CO(2) fixation rate but not the chlorophyll content. These results indicate that the role and regulation of AOX in light are determined by the developmental stage of plant photosynthetic apparatus.     

西南桦幼苗接种丛枝菌根真菌的生长与光合生理响应

为了解丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhiza,AMF)对西南桦幼苗生长和光合生理的影响,对西南桦(Betula alnoides)优良无性系接种AMF菌株后的生长、光合参数、叶绿素含量和荧光参数进行了研究。结果表明,6个AMF菌株均能与西南桦无性系幼苗形成共生体,接种根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradices)菌株(AMF5)和摩西球囊霉(G.mosseae)HUN03B菌株(AMF3)显著提高了幼苗生长量、净光合速率、水分利用效率、叶绿素含量和荧光参数(P0.05),显示出AMF5、AMF3与幼苗的亲和力明显优于其他菌株。西南桦4个无性系间的菌根侵染率差异不显著(P0.05),但AMF对无性系FB4、BY1的促生效应显著优于FB4+和A5。因此,适合与西南桦共生的优良菌株为AMF5和AMF3,这为西南桦菌根化育苗提供理论依据。     

Effects of light quality on the chloroplastic ultrastructure and photosynthetic characteristics of cucumber seedlings

To understand how light quality influences plant photosynthesis, we investigated chloroplastic ultrastructure, chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic parameters, Rubisco and chlorophyll content and photosynthesis-related genes expression in cucumber seedlings exposed to different light qualities: white, red, blue, yellow and green lights with the same photosynthetic photon flux density of 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1. The results revealed that plant growth, CO₂ assimilation rate and chlorophyll content were significantly reduced in the seedlings grown under red, blue, yellow and green lights as compared with those grown under white light, but each monochromatic light played its special role in regulating plant morphogenesis and photosynthesis. Seedling leaves were thickened and slightly curled; Rubisco biosynthesis, expression of the rca, rbcS and rbcL, the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) and quantum yield of PSII electron transport (Ф_PSII) were all increased in seedlings grown under blue light as compared with those grown under white light. Furthermore, the photosynthetic rate of seedlings grown under blue light was significantly increased, and leaf number and chlorophyll content of seedlings grown under red light were increased as compared with those exposed to other monochromatic lights. On the contrary, the seedlings grown under yellow and green lights were dwarf with the new leaves etiolated. Moreover, photosynthesis, Rubisco biosynthesis and relative gene expression were greatly decreased in seedlings grown under yellow and green light, but chloroplast structural features were less influenced. Interestingly, the Fv/Fm, Ф_PSII value and chlorophyll content of the seedlings grown under green light were much higher than those grown under yellow light.     

COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY OF MARINE DIATOMS AND DINOFLAGELLATES IN RELATION TO IRRADIANCE AND CELL SIZE. II. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHOTOSYNTHESIS,GROWTH, AND CARBON/CHLOROPHYLL a RATIO1,2

Photosynthetic rates, growth rates, cell carbon, cell protein, and chlorophyll a content of two diatom and two dinoflagellate species were measured. The microalgae were chosen to have one small and one large species from each phylogenetic group; the two size categories differed from each other by 1.5 orders of magnitude in terms of cell carbon or cell protein. The cultures for the experiments were grown under continuous light at an irradiance high enough for the light-saturation of growth for all four species. The four species were found to have similar maximum photosynthetic rates per unit chlorophyll a. The diatom species showed lower carbon/chlorophyll a ratios and higher photosynthetic rates per unit carbon than the dinoflagellates. The higher growth rates of the diatoms were shown to be related to their higher photosynthetic rates per unit carbon. The ecological significance of the physiological difference between these two groups of microalgae is discussed.