介质表面修饰对蛋白质芯片固定率和反应性的影响

评价最常用的二种玻璃表面修饰方法对蛋白质芯片质量的影响．选择蛋白质的固定效率、反应性作为检测指标,对戊二醛修饰法和多聚赖氨酸修饰法进行比较,由机械手将探针蛋白质分别固定在两种玻片上,靶蛋白用荧光染料Cy3标记,两种修饰方法的芯片均可使蛋白质保持较好的固定效率和反应活性．由共价键偶联的醛基修饰玻片制备的蛋白质芯片不仅有更高的反应活性,而且图象佳,但背景偏高、用醛基修饰的玻片制备蛋白质芯片是较理想的选择、     

常规石蜡制片的几点改进

常规石蜡切片质量对病理诊断和科研教学有直接影响,尽快制出优质切片能提高病理诊断水平,为临床治疗争取时间,为科研教学提供理想的材料。下面介绍几点我科经多年摸索出的能提高切片质量和速度方面的方法改进。１　载玻片、盖玻片的快速清洁法１１　两者经铬酸、９５％乙醇处理后充分水洗,用蒸馏水洗两次,可将载玻片置于内有蒸馏水的广口容器内备用;将盖玻片在内有蒸馏水的广口容器内对齐盖片四边并挤紧排列整齐,用纱布包好,放烤箱内烘干备用;１２　载玻片、盖玻片经处理、蒸馏水洗后,捞玻片于ＹＷＹ７８１Ｂ型医用微波仪内,…     

基于双荧光和单荧光探针的溶酶体pH值测定方法比较

目的:通过比较基于双荧光探针和单荧光探针的2种溶酶体pH值测定方法,探究一种不依赖四甲基若丹明(TMR)的、基于异硫氰酸荧光素(FITC)单荧光的检测溶酶体pH值方法的可行性。方法:利用人肺癌肺泡基底上皮来源的A549细胞,分别采用FITC/TMR双荧光探针法和FITC单荧光双激发法测定溶酶体pH值;通过计算相对荧光强度的比值FI_(FITC488)/FI_(TMR561)或FI_(FITC488)/FI_(FITC405),绘制pH值标准曲线,用于pH值测定。结果:相对于FITC在Ex488 nm/Em520 nm波长下的荧光强度对pH值极为敏感,其在Ex405 nm/Em422 nm波长下对pH值不敏感,可用于荧光矫正;不同pH值条件下,FI_(FITC488)/FI_(FITC405)比值基本呈线性关系。结论:FITC单荧光双激发法只须使用一种荧光探针即可实现pH值检测,较FITC/TMR双荧光探针法更不易产生系统误差,更适用于溶酶体pH值检测。     

几种标本模型的修补

生物标本、模型损坏了,弃之十分可惜,不仅经济上受损失,而且有些标本比较珍贵,不易买到。下面介绍几种修补办法。 (一)玻片标本盖玻片或载玻片破碎了,可按以下步骤进行修复: 1取纯酒精将碎玻片标本外部污物擦试干净。 2将玻片置二甲苯(或松节油)中浸泡数日,待封藏剂溶解后,盖玻片、载玻片即可分开。 3取去碎玻片,倒去旧液,换新的二甲苯洗净标本上的杂物。 4.将标本置洁净载玻片中央,趁二甲苯未完全挥发之前,在标本上滴一滴厚薄适合的树胶(若太厚可用二甲苯调稀),滴量以加盖玻片后恰好能展开到周围为宜。 5用探针轻轻调整好标本的位置,盖上盖玻片(注意不要留有气泡)。如发觉树胶溢出盖玻片外,     

蛋白质微阵列检测抗原-抗体相互作用

为了制备蛋白质微阵列和研究芯片表面抗原-抗体的相互作用,研究了如何在玻片表面固化蛋白质和用荧光染料（Cy3,Cy5）对蛋白质进行标记.结果表明,在醛基修饰的玻璃表面,通过共价偶联的方法将抗原或抗体固定到芯片表面,能使二者保持其特异性结合能力.同时,荧光标记后的抗原或抗体仍然具有特异性结合能力.蛋白质微阵列是通过机械手在玻片表面排阵制作的.芯片上的荧光信号获取采用了激光共焦荧光扫描系统.用不同浓度的抗原探针阵列,对其相应的抗体靶分子的特异性结合进行了分析和研究.此外,还通过在玻片表面固定兔IgG和固定鼠IgG,对羊抗兔和羊抗鼠抗体与其相应抗原的特异性相互作用进行了检测.     

昆虫足的附着机制

昆虫卓越的爬行和附着能力来源于其精细的功能性黏附系统。根据形态结构的不同,昆虫的黏附系统可分为光滑型黏附垫和刚毛型黏附垫两种类型,二者在分泌液的支持下均能附着于几乎所有的光滑或粗糙的物体表面,而且这两种类型的黏附垫与界面的附着的形成均主要依赖于范德华力。本文综述了昆虫足的附着机制,包括光滑型和刚毛型两种黏附垫的结构和其形成附着的机理,以及黏附垫分泌液的功能、组成成分和释放机制,阐明了昆虫如何巧妙地解决稳定附着和快速脱附这一矛盾的问题,讨论了诸如界面的理化性质和环境湿度等环境因素对昆虫附着的影响,以期帮助人们深入地理解昆虫足的附着机制,并为其在仿生学等方面的应用提供理论依据。     

以软刻技术微图案化培养纹状体神经元的形态学研究

探讨以软刻技术微加工带正电荷的聚乙烯亚胺(polyethyleneimine, PEI)图案,对培养纹状体神经元黏附存活及突起生长的影响．以软刻技术(微接触印刷方法)微加工三种不同的黏附底物：层粘连蛋白(laminin, LN)、带正电荷的多聚赖氨酸(poly-L-lysine, PLL)和PEI．新生乳鼠纹状体神经元体外分离培养,观察不同黏附底物对纹状体神经元黏附、存活和突起生长状态的影响,观察神经元在不同黏附底物上形成网络图案的差异．结果表明,在PEI 和PLL表面生长的神经元数量明显大于LN组,PEI与PLL、LN相比能形成更为完整的神经元图案．带强正电荷的PEI有助于神经元在其表面形成相对完整的图案,是构建体外神经网络的一种良好界面材料．     

cDNA微阵列与寡核苷酸芯片的制备方法

cDNA微阵列和寡核苷酸芯片是常见的合成后点样的DNA微阵列。点样方法主要是通过物理吸附或共价结合的方式将探针固定于载体上,本总结了近年来国内外献报道的cDNA微阵列制备方法;在多聚赖氨酸包被的玻璃基片表面制备cDNA微阵列;用琼脂糖包被的玻璃基片制备cDNA微阵列;在氨基或醛基修饰的玻璃基片表面制备cDNA微阵列;寡核苷酸芯片的制备方法;氨基修饰的玻片与5′末端带氨基的寡核苷酸探针通过不同的linker连接;硅烷化寡核苷酸直接点样于玻片上制成寡核苷酸微阵列;硫代寡核苷酸通过二硫键与巯基修饰的玻片连接;水凝胶芯片固定寡核苷酸。丙烯酰胺硅烷化的基片与5′丙烯酰胺修饰的寡核苷酸连接。并展望了基因芯片的应用前景。     

三种寡核苷酸芯片片基的比较

将荧光标记的寡核苷酸打印在Corning、多聚赖氨酸包被的DAKO玻片和多聚赖氨酸处理的一种显微镜载玻片上,并按常规方法进行洗脱,通过GenePix4100A扫描并以Genepix6．0软件分析点的大小、荧光强度和背景荧光强度来衡量3种片基的均一性和固定效率,并通过不同浓度梯度的60bp寡核苷酸探针的杂交实验来衡量片基对杂交效率的影响．结果显示,3种片基的均一性都较好,而多聚赖氨酸包被的DAKO和Cornning芯片的固定效率和杂交效率优于国产芯片．     

一种利用荧光标记检测氨肽酶N抑制剂与肿瘤细胞结合的方法

目的：建立利用荧光标记法检测氨肽酶抑制剂和肿瘤细胞结合的方法。方法：以异硫氰酸荧光素（FITC）标记氨肽酶N抑制剂LYRM03和Bestatin,制备荧光探针F1TC—LYRM03、FITC—Bestatin,应用荧光显微成像观察和流式细胞仪检测标记化合物FITC—LYRM03、FITC-Bestatin对肿瘤细胞的结合与氨肽酶N抑制活性的相关性。结果：化合物LYRM03和Bestatin具有肿瘤细胞的氨肽酶N抑制活性,荧光标记化合物FITC—LYRM03、FITC-Bestatin能与肿瘤细胞有不同程度的结合。结论：标记化合物FITC—LYRM03、FITC—Bestatin和肿瘤细胞的结合与对肿瘤细胞的氨肽酶N抑制活性相一致。     

Development of an artificial neuronal network with post-mitotic rat fetal hippocampal cells by polyethylenimine

The selection of appropriate surface materials that promote cellular adhesion and growth is an important consideration when designing a simplified neuronal network in vitro. In the past, extracellular matrix proteins such as laminin (LN) or positively charged substances such as poly-l-lysine (PLL) have been used. In this study, we examined the ability of another positively charged polymer, polyethyleneimine (PEI), to promote neuronal adhesion, growth and the formation of a functional neuronal network in vitro. PEI, PLL and LN were used to produce grid-shape patterns on glass coverslips by micro-contact printing. Post-mitotic neurons from the rat fetal hippocampus were cultured on the different polymers and the viability and morphology of these neurons under serum-free culture conditions were observed using fluorescent microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). We show that neurons cultured on the PEI- and PLL-coated surfaces adhered to and extended neurites along the grid-shape patterns, whereas neurons cultured on the LN-coated coverslips clustered into clumps of cells. In addition, we found that the neurons on the PEI and PLL-coated grids survived for more than 2 weeks in serum-free conditions, whereas most neurons cultured on the LN-coated grids died after 1 week. Using AFM, we observed some neurosynapse-like structures near the neuronal soma on PEI-coated coverslips. These findings indicate that PEI is a suitable surface for establishing a functional neuronal network in vitro.     

The suppression of rapid local surface oscillations in human erythrocytes slows and weakens their adhesion to glass

Rapid local oscillations of the erythrocyte surface with amplitude 200-300 nm are decreased by 10 times following addition of wheat germ agglutinin (10(-77) M). In this case the rate of erythrocyte adhesion to the cover glass is delayed approximately by 3-9 times. The total suppression of erythrocyte surface oscillations occurs in hypo-osmic solution or in a 0.01% solution of glutaraldehyde. It coincides with a two-fold decrease of erythrocyte adhesivity to the glass. It is suggested that the rapid erythrocyte surface oscillations may control the rate of cell adhesion to the substrate.     

Preparation and characterization of biocompatible polyelectrolyte complex multilayer of hyaluronic acid and poly-L-lysine

A novel biocompatible polyelectrolyte complex multilayer (PECML) was successfully prepared using hyaluronic acid (HA) and poly-l-lysine (PLL). The formation of PECML through the electrostatic interaction of HA as a polyanion and PLL as a polycation was confirmed by contact angle measurement, ESCA analysis and HA content analysis. According to the Carbazole assay, HA content increased rapidly up to eight cycles for HA/PLL deposition and then slightly increased with an increasing number of deposition cycle. In vitro release of PLL from the PECML continued up to 4 days exhibiting different release profiles depending on the outer layer of PECML. This result provides evidence for PLL diffusion throughout PECML of HA and PLL during the multilayer buildup. About 25% of HA remained on the cover glass after the in vitro release test for 7 days. From the results, we confirmed that PECML of HA and PLL could remain at least partially on the chitosan-coated cover glass for 7 days. The surface modification with PECML resulted in drastically reduced peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) attachment according to the lactate dehydrogenase assay for cell counting. This nano-scale control of material deposition may be successfully applied for surface modification of various biomaterials.     

Characterization of biocompatible polyelectrolyte complex multilayer of hyaluronic acid and poly-<Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">l</Emphasis>-lysine

A biocompatible polyelectrolyte complex multilayer (PECML) film consisting of poly-L-lysine (PLL) as a polycation and hyaluronic acid (HA) as a polyanion was developed to test its use for surface modification to prevent cell attachment and protein drug delivery. The formation of PECML through the electrostatic interaction of HA and PLL was confirmed by contact angle measurement, ESCA analysis, and HA content analysis. HA content increased rapidly up to 8 cycles for HA/PLL deposition and then slightly increased with an increasing number of deposition cycle.In vitro release of PLL in the PECML continued up to 4 days andca. 25% of HA remained on the chitosan-coated cover glass afterin vitro release test for 7 days. From the results, PECML of HA and PLL appeared to be stable for about 4 days. The surface modification of the chitosan-coated cover glass with PECML resulted in drastically reduced peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) attachment. Concerned with its use for protein drug delivery, we confirmed that bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein could be incorporated into the PECML and its release might be triggered by the degradation of HA with hyaluronidase.     

Polyplex-mediated gene transfer and cell cycle: effect of carrier on cellular uptake and intracellular kinetics, and significance of glycosaminoglycans

BACKGROUND: Here we report on studies that probe whether the intracellular kinetics of plasmid DNA (pDNA) and cell surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are modified during the cell cycle in a way that can be correlated with changes in gene transfer efficiency with poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) and poly-L-lysine (PLL) polyplexes. METHODS: Synchronized D407 retinal cells were transfected with PEI and PLL polyplexes using a luciferase reporter. The free and/or loosely complexed nuclear pDNA was determined by real-time PCR, and compared with transgene expression, the rate of pinocytosis by FITC-dextran uptake and the content of cell surface GAGs. RESULTS: The amount of free and/or loosely complexed nuclear pDNA between cell cycle phases varied approximately 4-20 times (G1 < S < G2/M). Both carriers delivered pDNA in a similar way into the nucleus (PLL vs. PEI < or = 3.5-fold), but PEI was approximately 10-100 times more efficient in gene expression than PLL (G1 < G2/M < S). The rate of pinocytosis increased up to 70-fold from G1 to middle S phase. Cell surface heparan and chondroitin sulfate increased 50-80%, and hyaluronan decreased 50% when the cells went from G1 through S to G2/M. CONCLUSIONS: The data obtained indicates that no single parameter (pinocytosis, cell surface GAGs, nuclear uptake) solely accounts for the differential pDNA uptake or expression during cell cycle, and that the main difference in PLL- and PEI-mediated transfections seems to be at the nuclear level.     

From leaf explants to hanging rooted plantlets in a mist reactor

A mist bioreactor using a disposable bag as a culture chamber was used to propagate single nodal explants of Artemisia annua into rooted plantlets that were ready for soil using a single batch (one-step) culture. To vertically scale plant growth inside the mist reactor, poly-l-lysine (PLL)-coated 70 µm nylon mesh and solid polypropylene sheeting were used for explant attachment. Both manually chopped and blender-chopped (blenderized) shoot tissues were attached to PLL-coated substrates. Compared to blenderized shoots, manually chopped tissues were larger with better attachment to PLL-coated substrates. Regardless of substrates or explant preparation method, 80–95 % of initially attached shoot tissues remained attached to PLL-coated surfaces after being misted with culture medium for 24 h. New shoot proliferation increased about tenfold as the size of blenderized shoot tissue increased. To reduce callusing during shoot proliferation and thus stimulate root initiation, original shooting medium was reduced to half strength of phytohormone and Murashige and Skoog salts. The duration of shoot proliferation was also reduced from 2 to 1 week. Original rooting medium was then further improved with NAA or IBA. After successive shooting, rooting and in vitro acclimatization, the nodal explants attached to PLL-coated hanging strips and developed into fully rooted plantlets in the mist reactor. Although most of the large rooted plantlets detached from the hanging strips by the time of harvest, they had fully functional stomata and were later successfully established in the soil, suggesting this “hanging garden” technology may prove useful for micropropagation.

     

Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans NS adhesion to glass with and without a salivary conditioning film by biosurfactant- releasing Streptococcus mitis strains

The release of biosurfactants by adhering microorganisms as a defense mechanism against other colonizing strains on the same substratum surface has been described previously for probiotic bacteria in the urogenital tract, the intestines, and the oropharynx but not for microorganisms in the oral cavity. Two Streptococcus mitis strains (BA and BMS) released maximal amounts of biosurfactants when they were grown in the presence of sucrose and were harvested in the early stationary phase. The S. mitis biosurfactants reduced the surface tensions of aqueous solutions to about 30 to 40 mJ m(-2). Biochemical and physicochemical analyses revealed that the biosurfactants released were glycolipids. An acid-precipitated fraction was extremely surfactive and was identified as a rhamnolipidlike compound. In a parallel-plate flow chamber, the number of Streptococcus mutans NS cells adhering to glass with and without a salivary conditioning film in the presence of biosurfactant-releasing S. mitis BA and BMS (surface coverage, 1 to 4%) was significantly reduced compared with the number of S. mutans NS cells adhering to glass in the absence of S. mitis. S. mutans NS adhesion in the presence of non-biosurfactant-releasing S. mitis BA and BMS was not reduced at all. In addition, preadsorption of isolated S. mitis biosurfactants to glass drastically reduced the adhesion of S. mutans NS cells and the strength of their bonds to glass, as shown by the increased percentage of S. mutans NS cells detached by the passage of air bubbles through the flow chamber. Preadsorption of the acid-precipitated fraction inhibited S. mutans adhesion up to 80% in a dose-responsive manner. These observations indicate that S. mitis plays a protective role in the oral cavity and protects against colonization of saliva-coated surfaces by cariogenic S. mutans.     

Poly(ethylenimine)-reinforced liquid-core capsules for the cultivation of hybridoma cells

The mechanical stability of liquid-core alginate-poly-L-lysine (PLL) capsules used for encapsulation of hybridoma cells can be greatly enhanced by the inclusion of poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) in the hardening solution containing calcium chloride. The PEI can also reinforce the PLL-coated carboxymethyl-celluose liquid-core capsules. The cultivation of murein hybridoma CT04 in these two capsules was carried out. Cell concentrations higher than 10(8) cells/mL per capsule were obtained with ca. 80% of the specific antibody productivity as the freely suspended cells. These capsules could withstand severe agitation and aeration in an air-lift reactor over a period of 3 weeks with minimal damage. (c) 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Analysis of the interaction between lectins and tetra- and tri-saccharide mimics of the Sd(a) determinant by surface plasmon resonance detection

The binding properties of a spacer-linked synthetic Sd(a) tetrasaccharide beta-D-GalpNAc-(1-->4)-alpha-Neu5Ac-(2-->3)]-beta-D-Galp-(1-->4)-beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1-->O)-(CH(2))(5)-NH(2) (1), two tetrasaccharide mimics beta-D-Galp-(1-->4)-alpha-Neu5Ac-(2-->3)]-beta-D-Galp-(1-->4)-beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1-->O)-(CH(2))(5)-NH(2) (2) and beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1-->4)-alpha-Neu5Ac-(2-->3)]-beta-D-Galp-(1-->4)-beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1-->O)-(CH(2))(5)-NH(2) (3), and two trisaccharide mimics beta-D-GalpNAc-(1-->4)-3-O-(SO(3)H)-beta-D-Galp-(1-->4)-beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1-->O)-(CH(2))(5)-NH(2) (4) and beta-D-GalpNAc-(1-->4)-3-O-(CH(2)COOH)-beta-D-Galp-(1-->4)-beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1-->O)-(CH(2))(5)-NH(2) (5) with lectins from Dolichos biflorus (DBL), Maackia amurensis (MAL), Phaseolus limensis (PLL), Ptilota plumosa (PPL), Ricinus communis 120 (RCL120) and Triticum vulgaris (wheat germ agglutinin, WGA) have been investigated by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) detection. MAL, PPL, RCL120 and WGA did not display any binding activity with compounds 1-5. However, DBL and PLL, both exhibiting GalNAc-specificity, showed strong binding activity with compounds 1, 4 and 5, and 1, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. The results demonstrate that SPR is a very useful analysis system for identifying biologically relevant oligosaccharide mimics of the Sd(a) determinant.