光强对番茄叶片低温光抑制恢复的影响

经弱光 (6 0 μmol·m- 2 ·s- 1 )和 5℃低温处理 3d的番茄叶片Fv Fm和ΦPSⅡ下降 ,F0 没有变化 ;随后放在弱光 (6 0 μmol·m- 2 ·s- 1 )和 2 5℃条件下 ,番茄叶片的Fv Fm和ΦPSⅡ可以恢复 ,而在强光 (80 0 μmol·m- 2 ·s- 1 )下恢复的植株Fv Fm和ΦPSⅡ则显著下降 ,F0 也明显增加。恢复 3d后 ,弱光下恢复的植株光合作用可恢复到对照水平的 72 .1% ,而强光下恢复的植株光合作用仍维持在很低的水平     

外源褪黑素对苏打盐碱胁迫大豆幼苗的缓解效应

褪黑素是缓解逆境胁迫对大豆损伤的有效途径之一。研究苏打盐碱胁迫下喷施褪黑素对大豆幼苗生长的调控效应,为大豆幼苗缓解苏打盐碱胁迫提供理论基础和技术支撑。以合农71为试验材料,采用砂培试验方法,设置常规+喷施清水处理(CK)、常规+喷施褪黑素处理(CKM)、苏打盐碱胁迫+喷施清水处理(S)、苏打盐碱胁迫+喷施褪黑素处理(SM)4个处理,研究大豆苗期不同生理指标对苏打盐碱胁迫的响应。结果表明,与常规处理(CK和CKM)相比,苏打盐碱胁迫下(S和SM)大豆幼苗生长均受到抑制;与S处理相比,SM处理大豆叶片PSII反应初始荧光(F₀)与最大荧光产量(F_m)显著增加,非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)升高,作物光合机构过剩光能的耗散增强,PSII反应中心光保护能力提升,净光合速率(P_n)显著增加,叶片抗氧化酶活性(SOD、POD、APX)和清除ROS能力显著增强,根系和茎秆可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量显著增加,叶片和根系中MDA产生速率显著下降,根系干物质积累量、总表面积、总体积和根平均直径显著增加,维持了叶片细胞内激素水平,叶片IAA、CTK...     

黄瓜幼苗子叶在低温下的光抑制及其恢复

用ＰＡＭ脉冲调制荧光仪测定叶绿素荧光的变化研究了黄瓜幼苗子叶在ＰＦＤ为５０和１００μｍｏｌｍ＾－２Ｓ＾－１,温度为４、７、１０、１５℃下 挑抑制及其恢复。结果表明,黄瓜幼苗子叶Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ随着温度的下降和ＰＦＤ的增加而下降,并且增加等量的ＰＦＤ在４℃下比在１０℃下引起更大的Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ下降。在黑暗条件下光抑制有轻微恢复,但完全发电和需光照,且恢复起始时的光照十分重要。     

外源褪黑素对低温胁迫下茄子幼苗生长及其光合作用和抗氧化系统的影响

以‘沪茄08-1’茄子幼苗为试验材料,采用基质栽培方式,研究了叶面喷施50~200μmol·L-1外源褪黑素(melatonin,MT)对低温胁迫[(10±1)℃(昼)/(5±1)℃(夜)]下茄子幼苗生长、光合作用和抗氧化系统等生理指标的影响,以明确外源MT在茄子幼苗抵御低温逆境方面的生理机制。结果显示:(1)低温胁迫处理后,茄子幼苗株高、茎粗、地上部鲜重和根系鲜重、叶绿素含量、叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)均显著降低,丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧阴离子产生速率(O-·2)和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量均显著增加。(2)幼苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)活性及抗坏血酸(AsA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量均显著升高,而其脯氨酸(Pro)和可溶性蛋白质含量均显著增加;外源MT处理可有效增强低温胁迫条件下茄子幼苗叶片中SOD、POD、CAT、APX、GR、DHAR活性,提高AsA和GSH含量,增加Pro和可溶性蛋白含量,显著抑制其叶片MDA、O-·2及H2O2的积累。研究表明,外源MT主要通过增强低温胁迫下茄子幼苗的光合作用以及清除活性氧的能力,减缓低温胁迫的危害,提高茄子幼苗对低温胁迫的耐性。     

低温下的植物光抑制机理

低温是影响许多植物的产量和地理分布的一个主要环境因素。如果低温与光照交互作用,则对植物的伤害会更大。本文论述了低温对植物伤害的原初反应,例如低温对膜的伤害、低温对两个光系统和卡尔文循环中某些酶类的影响,并讨论了植物体内的冷敏感组分以及提高植物防御低温光抑制能力的途径。     

黄瓜幼苗子叶在低温下的光抑制及其恢复

用PAM脉冲调制荧光仪测定叶绿素荧光的变化研究了黄瓜幼苗子叶在PFD为50和100μmolm-2s-1,温度为4、7、10、15℃下的光抑制及其恢复。结果表明,黄瓜幼苗子叶Fv／Fm随着温度的下降和PFD的增加而下降,并且增加等量的PFD在4℃下比在10℃下引起更大的Fv／Fm下降。在黑暗条件下光抑制有轻微恢复,但完士恢复必需光照,且恢复起始时的光照十分重要。DTT可部分抑制叶绿素荧光Fo和Fm的猝灭,且15℃下比在4℃下抑制效果更大。CAP能强烈地加剧光抑制并几乎完全抑制恢复,且10℃下比在4℃下对光抑制的加剧作用更大。冷锻炼提高了黄瓜幼苗抵抗低温先抑制的能力,而CAP对冷锻炼苗比未锻炼苗的低温光抑制具有更大的加剧作用。     

低温弱光下外源褪黑素对黄瓜幼苗生长及抗氧化系统的影响

以黄瓜品种‘津优4号’为材料,利用人工气候箱进行低温弱光处理(昼/夜,18℃/10℃),研究外源褪黑素(MT)对低温胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长和抗氧化系统等生理指标的影响。结果显示:低温弱光下,与对照相比,外源褪黑素处理显著提高了黄瓜幼苗株高、茎粗、植株鲜重和干重,叶绿素和根系活力分别显著提高了13.3%和18.8%,抗氧化物质GSH及ASA的含量分别显著增加了39.3%和24.7%,保护酶SOD、POD、CAT、APX活性均显著升高;同时,外源褪黑素处理还显著提高了黄瓜叶片质膜及液泡膜H+-ATP酶的活性,从而使黄瓜幼苗叶片MDA含量和电解质渗漏率分别显著降低了28.7%和29.7%。研究表明,低温弱光下外源褪黑素可通过提高黄瓜幼苗保护酶活性、抗氧化物质的含量、细胞膜ATP酶活性等来降低质膜过氧化水平,保持细胞膜的完整性和功能,从而增强黄瓜幼苗对低温弱光的适应性,维持其正常生长,并以200μmol·L-1褪黑素处理效果较好。     

外源褪黑素与钙离子互作对高温胁迫下黄瓜幼苗过氧化伤害的缓解效应

为了探明褪黑素(MT)和钙离子(Ca²⁺)在调控植物耐热性中是否存在互作关系,以黄瓜幼苗为试材,分析了内源MT和Ca²⁺对高温胁迫的响应;并通过叶面喷施100 μmol·L^-1 MT、10 mmol·L^-1 CaCl₂、3 mmol·L^-1乙二醇二乙醚二胺四乙酸(EGTA,Ca²⁺螯合剂)+100 μmol·L^-1 MT、0.05 mmol·L^-1氯丙嗪(钙调素拮抗剂,CPZ)+100 μmol·L^-1 MT、100 μmol·L^-1氯苯丙氨酸(p-CPA,MT合成抑制剂)+10 mmol·L^-1 CaCl₂和去离子水(H₂O),研究高温下(42/32 ℃)外源MT和Ca²⁺对黄瓜幼苗活性氧积累、抗氧化系统及热激转录因子(HSF)和热激蛋白(HSPs)等的影响。结果表明: 黄瓜幼苗内源MT和Ca²⁺均受高温胁迫诱导;外源MT可上调常温下钙调素蛋白(CaM)、钙依赖蛋白激酶(CDPK5)、钙调磷酸酶B类蛋白(CBL3)、CBL结合蛋白激酶(CIPK2)mRNA表达;CaCl₂处理的MT合成关键基因色氨酸脱羧酶(TDC)、5-羟色胺-N-乙酰转移酶(SNAT)和N-乙酰-5-羟色胺甲基转移酶(ASMT)水平也显著升高,MT含量快速增加。MT和CaCl₂可显著增强高温下黄瓜的抗氧化能力,减少活性氧(ROS)积累,同时上调HSF7、HSP70.1和HSP70.11 mRNA表达,从而减轻高温胁迫引起的过氧化伤害,植株热害症状明显减轻,热害指数和电解质渗漏率显著降低。加入EGTA和CPZ后,MT对黄瓜幼苗抗氧化能力和热激蛋白表达的促进效应明显减弱,Ca²⁺对高温下黄瓜幼苗过氧化伤害的缓解效应也被p-CPA逆转。可见,MT和Ca²⁺均可诱导黄瓜幼苗的耐热性,二者在热胁迫信号转导过程中存在互作关系。     

高温胁迫下外源褪黑素对黄瓜幼苗活性氧代谢的影响

以黄瓜品种‘津春4号’为试材,用叶面喷施的方法,研究了高温胁迫条件下外源褪黑素(melatonin,MT)对黄瓜幼苗活性氧（ROS）代谢的影响.结果表明：外源MT能显著降低高温胁迫下黄瓜叶片超氧阴离子自由基（O₂^-.）产生速率、过氧化氢（H₂O₂）含量、电解质漏渗率（relative electric conductivity, REC）及丙二醛(MDA)含量,增强黄瓜幼苗叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性,提高抗坏血酸（AsA）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）及可溶性蛋白质含量.说明MT预处理能抑制高温胁迫条件下黄瓜幼苗体内ROS的产生,提高抗氧化酶系的活性及抗氧化物质的含量,降低膜质过氧化水平,保护脂膜的完整性,减少电解质的外渗,减轻高温胁迫对幼苗造成的伤害,提高幼苗抗高温胁迫的能力.     

外源褪黑素对高温胁迫下菊花光合和生理特性的影响

以切花菊品种'神马'为试材,研究外源褪黑素(MT)对菊花抗高温胁迫的影响.将供试菊花叶面喷施200 μmol·L-1的MT后,进行40℃(昼)/35℃(夜)高温胁迫,观察菊花叶片叶绿体和内囊体超微结构,测定光合和生理指标.结果表明:与常温对照(CK)相比,高温胁迫下菊花叶片叶绿体和类囊体受损,叶绿素含量和最大荧光(Fm...     

The recovery of photosynthesis in tomato subsequent to chilling exposure

The overall success of a plant in coping with low temperature sensitivity of photosynthesis is dependent not only on the maximum extent of inhibition suffered for a given time of low temperature exposure but also on the persistence of the inhibition after normal growth temperatures are restored. Thus the capacity of recovery and the speed with which a plant can recover from the effects of chilling exposure are important parameters in determining how devastating the chilling event will be on season-long growth and yields. We have studied the recovery of CO₂-saturated photosynthesis from the injury caused by exposing intact tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Floramerica) or detached tomato leaves to a temperature of 1°C in the dark for varying periods of time. We found that net photosynthesis was fully recovered within 12 h after returning the plants to 25°C in the dark, even after chilling exposures as long as 45 h. This was true for intact plants as well as for detached leaves that were supplied with water. When chilling took place in the light (4°C, 1000 E · m^-2 · s^-1, PAR) inhibition of photosynthesis was more severe and appeared more quickly and the recovery was slower and incomplete. A 12 h chilling exposure in the light resulted in injury to net photosynthesis that was not fully recovered even after 50 h. Chilling damage to photosynthesis developing in the light was distinguished from chilling in the dark by the decreased photosynthetic quantum yield. Not only did high intensity illumination enhance chilling damage of photosynthesis but bright light subsequent to the chilling exposure also delayed the recovery of photosynthesis. At none of the three ambient CO₂ concentrations investigated (300, 1500 and 5000 1.1^-1) did the recovery of photosynthesis depend on stomatal conductance.     

Alleviating effects of exogenous Gamma-aminobutiric acid on tomato seedling under chilling stress

Low temperature during germination and early seedling growth is one of the most significant limiting factors in the productivity of plants. Tomato seedling germination is sensitive to chilling stress. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), as a non-protein amino acid, involved in various stress tolerances in plants. In this study, 5-day old tomato seedlings were exposed to chilling stress (2 ± 0.05 °C for 48 h) and then the effects of 0, 100, 250, 500 and 750 μmolL⁻¹ concentrations of GABA on electrolyte leakage, proline and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were investigated. The resultS showed that the antioxidant enzyme activity, electrolyte leakage, MDA and proline content were significantly reduced by GABA treatments. However under chilling stress seedlings treated with GABA exhibited significantly higher sugar and proline contents as compared to un-treated seedlings. These results suggest that GABA treatment protects tomato seedlings from chilling stress by enhancing some antioxidant enzymes activity and reducing MDA content which results in maintaining membrane integrity.     

The ultrastructure of chilling stress

Chilling injury to crop plants was first described 70 years ago and has been systematically investigated with electron microscopy since the late 1960s. Chloroplasts are the first and most severely impacted organelle. Thylakoids swell and distort, starch granules disappear, and a peripheral reticulum (vesicles arising from inner membrane of chloroplast envelope) appears. Chloroplast disintegration follows prolonged chilling. Mitochondria, nuclei and other organelles are less susceptible to chilling injury. Organellar development and ontogeny may also be disrupted. The inherent chilling sensitivity of a plant, as well as the ability of some species to acclimate to chilling, influence the timing and appearance of ultrastructural injury with the resulting outcome being mild, moderate, or severe. Other environmental factors that exacerbate injury are irradiance, chilling duration, and water status. The physiological basis for chloroplast swelling may be linked to chilling‐stable starch‐degrading enzymes that produce soluble sugars thus lowering stromal water potential at a time when chloroplast photosynthate export is reduced. Thylakoid dilation appears to be related to photo‐oxidative conditions produced during chilling in the light. The peripheral reticulum is proposed to increase surface area of the transport‐limiting membrane (chloroplast inner membrane) in response to the chilling‐induced reduction in metabolite transport. Many of the ultrastructural symptoms appearing during moderate stress resemble those seen in programmed cell death. Future research directions are discussed.     

The effects of chilling in the dark and in the light on photosynthesis of tomato: electron transfer reactions

Exposure of tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Floramerica) to chilling temperatures in the dark for as little as 12 h resulted in a sizable inhibition in the rate of light- and CO₂-saturated photosynthesis. However, when photosynthesis was measured at low light intensity, the inhibition disappeared and the quantum yield of CO₂ reduction was diminished only slightly. Chilling the tomato plants under strong illumination caused an even more rapid and severe decline in the rate of light- and CO₂-saturated photosynthesis, accompanied by a large decline in the quantum efficiency. Sizeable inhibition of photosystem II activity was observed only after dark exposures to low temperature of grater than 16 h. No inhibition of photosystem I electron transfer capacity was observed even after 40 h of dark chilling. Chilling under high light resulted in a rapid decline in both photosystem I and photosystem II electron transfer capacity as well as in significant reaction center inactivation.Regardless of whether the chilling exposure was in the presence or absence of illumination and regardless of its duration, the electron transfer capacity of thylakoid membranes isolated from the treated plants was always in excess of that necessary to support light- and CO₂-saturated photosynthesis. Thus, in neither case of chilling inhibition of photosynthesis does it appear that impaired electron transfer capacity represents a significant rate limitation to whole plant photosynthesis.Abbreviations BSA bovine serum albumin - DBMIB 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone - DCMU 3-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea - DHQ duroquinol - EDTA ethylene-diamine-tetraacetic acid - HEPES N-2-hydroxylpiperazine-N-2-ethanesulfonic acid - MES 2-(N-Morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid - MV methylviologen - PS I & II photosystems I and II - PD_OX p-phenylenediimine (oxidized) - TMPD N,N,N,N-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine     

不同甘氨酸浓度对无菌水培番茄幼苗生长和氮代谢的影响

植物不但能吸收矿质氮(NH+4-N、NO-3-N),而且也能直接吸收有机态氮,如氨基酸、小分子蛋白质等.为探讨有机态氮浓度对番茄幼苗生长和氮代谢的影响,无菌水培条件下采用2个番茄品种(申粉918、沪樱932)设置4种不同浓度(0、1.5、3.0、6 0mmol·L-1)的甘氨酸态氮(Gly-N),研究了番茄幼苗干物质重、吸氮量、氮代谢相关产物和氮代谢关键酶活性.结果表明,无菌水培条件下,随营养液中Gly浓度的增加,番茄植株干物质重、总氮量、地上部和根系游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白、地上部可溶性糖含量增加.与无氮对照相比,各处理均显著降低了番茄地上部淀粉含量(P<0.05),而Gly浓度对根系淀粉含量无显著影响.随营养液中Gly浓度的增加,番茄地上部和根系的硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酸脱氢酶(NADH-GDH)、丙转氨酶(GPT)和谷草转氨酶(GOT)活性均提高.无氮对照的NR活性与1.5 mmol·L-1 Gly处理之间差异不显著,而与3.0 mmol·L-1和6.0 mmol·L-1 Gly两处理之间差异显著(P<0.05);1.5 mmol·L-1 Gly和3.0 mmol·L-1 Gly两个处理之间的地上部NADH-GDH、GPT和GOT活性差异不显著.Gly浓度与番茄植株干物质重、总氮量呈显著正相关(R2>0.905* *),这表明两个番茄品种均能直接吸收利用甘氨酸.沪樱932吸收Gly的能力显著大于申粉918(P<0.05).因此,Gly-N可以成为番茄生长的良好氮源,其生理效应受Gly浓度的影响;不同品种番茄对Gly的吸收利用能力不同.     

Overexpression of tomato chloroplast omega-3 fatty acid desaturase gene alleviates the photoinhibition of photosystems 2 and 1 under chilling stress

In transgenic (TG) tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) overexpressed ω-3 fatty acid desaturase gene (LeFAD7) was identified, which was controlled by the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and induced increased contents of unsaturated fatty acids in thylakoid membrane. Under chilling stress at low irradiance (4 °C, 100 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) TG plants with higher linolenic acids (18: 3) content maintained a higher O₂ evolution rate, oxidizable P700 content, and maximal photochemical efficiency (F_v/F_m) than wild type (WT) plants. Low temperature treatment for 6 h resulted in extensive changes of chloroplast ultrastructure: in WT plants most chloroplasts became circular, the number of amyloids increased, appressed granum stacks were dissolved, grana disappeared, and the number of grana decreased, while only a few grana were found in leaves of TG plants. Hence the overexpression of LeFAD7 could increase the content of 18: 3 in thylakoid membrane, and this increase alleviated the photoinhibition of photosystem (PS) 1 and PS2 under chilling at low irradiance.