基于线粒体Cytb基因分析高原鳅种群遗传多样性与系统发育关系

以高原鳅(Triplophysa)属鱼类8个种群共75个个体的线粒体Cytb基因为标记,通过生物信息学分析高原鳅属种群遗传多样性和系统发育关系.结果表明,全长1 140bp的Cytb基因序列中共检测到527个多态位点,界定了61个单倍型,A+T含量(55.9％)高于G+C含量(44.2％).8个种群单倍型多样度(Hd)...     

基于mtDNA COⅠ和Cytb基因序列对南中国海不同海域波纹唇鱼群体遗传多样性的研究

研究以海南陵水、马来西亚、西沙、南沙4个海域共101尾波纹唇鱼作为研究对象, 通过线粒体DNA的COⅠ和Cytb基因序列分析方法对波纹唇鱼进行了遗传多样性研究。经PCR扩增、克隆与序列测定, 分别获得1560 bp COⅠ基因和1141 bp Cytb基因序列。两者多态性遗传参数统计显示, 101尾个体分别存在23 (COⅠ)和30 (Cytb)个变异位点, 分别检测出20 (COⅠ)和27 (Cytb)个单倍型, 总群体单倍型多样性(Hd)分别为0.629 (COⅠ)和0.755 (Cytb), 平均核苷酸差异数(K)分别为1.195 (COⅠ)和1.424 (Cytb), 核苷酸多样性指数(Pi)分别为0.00077 (COⅠ)和0.00126 (Cytb)。分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果分别为26.26% (COⅠ)和4.22% (Cytb)的变异来自群体间, 73.74% (COⅠ)和95.78% (Cytb)的变异来自群体内。同时, 两个基因的单倍型网络图呈星状放射结构, 不同地理来源的单倍型无明显分支, 呈交错分布, 没有体现地理差异性。研究初步认为, 波纹唇鱼的遗传多样性处于较低水平, 遗传分化存在但不显著, 该结果可为今后波纹唇鱼的种质资源保护工作提供必要的科学依据。       

青海高原牦牛mtDNA Cytb基因和D-loop区遗传多样性及系统进化分析

为探究青海高原牦牛的遗传多样性和起源进化关系,本研究通过测定和分析青海高原牦牛155个个体细胞色素b基因(Cytb)和D-loop区全序列,分析多态性及构建系统进化树.结果表明:青海高原牦牛Cytb基因全序列长度为1 140 bp,个体间序列长度无差异,4种核苷酸T、A、G、C的含量分别为26.26％、31.73％、1...     

基于线粒体Cytb基因全序列的松江鲈群体遗传结构分析

对松江鲈(Trachidermus fasciatus Heckel)中国沿海7个群体和日本有明海群体的线粒体Cytb基因全序列进行了测定、分析。结果显示: 47个个体共检测到31个单倍型, 8个群体均呈现出较高的单倍型多样性(0.60-1.00)和较低的核苷酸多样性(0.0005-0.0041)的特点。AMOVA分析结果及单倍型邻接关系树和单倍型网络关系图均显示松江鲈分为中国和日本两个世系, 而中国世系的7个群体未呈现出明显的地理遗传结构。基于核苷酸Kimura双参数替代模型计算得出的中国和日本两个世系的净遗传距离, 再参照其他硬骨鱼类线粒体Cytb基因2%/Ma(百万年)的分歧速率, 推测松江鲈中日两个世系间分化时间约为41万年前。对中国世系进行群体历史动态分析, 中性检验结果均为负值且显著, 核苷酸不配对分布呈单峰型, 表明松江鲈中国世系曾发生过群体扩张, 其扩张时间大约为12万年前。       

饲料蛋白水平对湘华鲮幼鱼生长性能、体成分及血清生化指标的影响

为研究饲料中不同蛋白水平对湘华鲮[Sinilabeo decorus Tungting (Nichols)]幼鱼形体指标、体成分及血清生化指标的影响,配制蛋白水平为32.57%、37.58%、42.76%、47.83%和52.22%的5种等脂饲料。选取初始质量为(14.40±1.08) g的湘华鲮幼鱼450尾,随机分成5组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾,进行为期60d的饲养实验。结果表明:(1)饲料不同蛋白水平对湘华鲮的成活率和饲料系数无显著影响(P>0.05);蛋白质效率随饲料蛋白水平的升高显著降低(P<0.05); 52.22%蛋白组的增重率和特定生长率均显著低于32.57%和42.76%蛋白组(P<0.05)。(2)随着饲料蛋白水平升高,湘华鲮肥满度呈降低趋势,且52.22%蛋白组显著低于其他组(P<0.05);肝体比呈先降后升的趋势,且37.58%蛋白组显著低于32.57%、47.83%和52.22%蛋白组(P<0.05);肠体比呈降低趋势,且52.22%蛋白组显著低于32.57%蛋白组(P<0.05)。(3)湘华鲮肌肉粗蛋白质含量随着饲料蛋...     

基于ITS和trnL-trnF序列的草木樨种群遗传多样性研究

以白花草木樨(Melilotus alba)和黄花草木樨(Melilotus officinalis)18个地理种群植物为材料,用ITS序列和trnL-trnF序列研究了2种草木樨不同种群间的遗传多样性。结果表明:(1)trnL-trnF序列对位后长度为459bp,其中包括6个变异位点,6个简约信息位点,G+C含量为33.1%;ITS序列对位后长度为714bp,其中包括5个变异位点,3个简约信息位点,G+C含量为48.9%。(2)在基于trnL-trnF序列构建的系统发育树中,2种草木樨能够形成单系分支,说明trnL-trnF序列在草木樨中的鉴别能力较强。(3)单倍型多样性以及核苷酸多样性分析表明,黄花草木樨的遗传多样性高于白花草木樨。     

基于粪便DNA 的青海雪豹种群遗传结构初步研究

雪豹是国际关注的全球濒危物种,由于独特的生活习性,其确切分布区、种群数量和遗传结构信息非常有限,基于粪便DNA 分析技术的发展为该物种的研究提供了新的手段。在青海省都兰县宗加乡、诺木红乡和治多县索加乡收集到106 份疑似雪豹粪便样品,成功地扩增了78 份粪便样品的mtDNA Cyt b 基因片段,并进行测序。经过GenBank 数据库的Blastn 比对,确定了21 份为雪豹粪便,其中宗加乡11 份、诺木红乡5 份、索加乡5份。经过Clustal W 和DNASP 软件比对分析,在21 份雪豹粪便DNA 中,共检测出7 个多态性位点,分为4 个单倍型,单倍型多态性(h)为0. 384,核苷酸多态性(π)为0.35% 。三个样地之间的遗传距离为0.002 ～ 0.005,核苷酸差异为0.200 ～1. 273。结果表明了3 个取样区均有雪豹存在,且存在较丰富的遗传多态性,样地间也存在一定的遗传差异。     

基于ITS2和16S rRNA的西施舌群体遗传差异分析

目前,我国西施舌群体分子遗传差异研究结果存在争议。分析我国南北沿海（9个群体）、与广西北海毗邻的越南（1个群体）西施舌核DNA的内转录间隔区2（ITS2）和线粒体DNA的16S rRNA基因（16S）片段核苷酸序列及其二级结构,为解决争议问题提供分子生物学资料。扩增获得西施舌ITS2片段和16S序列,其长度分别为389-402 bp和306 bp,加之下载序列共147条;序列分析显示,74个ITS2序列共有17种基因型,73个16S序列有15种单倍型,其中,长乐（CL）群体独享9种ITS2基因型和5种16S单倍型,非长乐群体（nCL）多数为群体间交叉共享1种或几种基因（单倍）型;基因（单倍）型核苷酸变异位点占5.7%（ITS2）和11.8%（16S）;基于ITS2和16S的CL群体和nCL群体间的遗传距离与群体内遗传距离之比分别为2.42和11.08,nCL群体间的平均遗传距离均为0.007;二级结构显示CL群体ITS2的9种基因型和16S的5种单倍型均区别于nCL群体,nCL的ITS2和16S二级结构分别相似;ITS2和16S基因的系统发育分析显示,CL西施舌形成支持率很高（98,96）的单系支,而nCL群体则交叉聚为另一支（98,96）。研究结果揭示,福建西施舌是腔蛤蜊属（Coelomactra）的一个新种。     

基于ITS序列对栽培中国樱桃遗传多样性及其群体遗传结构的分析

该研究基于ITS序列对栽培中国樱桃[Cerasus pseudocerasus(Lindl.)G.Don]18个群体共154个个体的遗传多样性及其群体遗传结构进行了分析,以期从DNA序列水平上揭示栽培中国樱桃种质资源的遗传背景,为保护和利用中国樱桃种质资源提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)154条ITS序列比对后共定义了11个单倍型,表现出较低的遗传多样性(h=0.559 0,π=0.001 2),群体间遗传多样性也表现出较大差异(h=0~0.905 0,π=0~0.006 1)。(2)群体分析显示,群体间遗传分化水平较低(FST=0.140 0),只有14%的遗传变异来自群体间,而86%的遗传变异来自群体内部。研究认为,栽培中国樱桃在驯化过程中所产生的奠基者效应以及瓶颈效应可能是导致群体遗传多样性丢失的主要原因,而较长的世代周期及较短的分化时间可能导致了群体间低的遗传分化;因此,对栽培中国樱桃种质应采取就地保护策略;若需迁地保护种质建议减少采样群体数而增加群体内个体数量的采样策略。     

无柄灵芝遗传多样性的SRAP、ITS、TEF1-α和LSU分析

【目的】研究来自我国不同地区的45株无柄灵芝菌株的遗传多样性。【方法】利用ITS、TEF1-α和LSU多基因分析及SRAP分子标记两种方法,对供试无柄灵芝菌株进行聚类分析和遗传多样性研究。【结果】筛选出8对SRAP引物共扩增出95条条带,其中具有多态性条带79条,平均多态性比例为82.4%,多态性信息含量(PIC)变幅在0.28-0.43,平均为0.38。ITS、TEF1-α和LSU多基因序列分析结果显示,同一地域的部分菌株聚在一起,亲缘关系较近,而地域相隔较远的部分菌株也聚在同一个进化支上,其亲缘关系也很近,这与SRAP聚类分析结果相吻合。【结论】无柄灵芝菌株遗传多样性较为丰富,其遗传相似性与地理分布存在一定的相关性,ITS、TEF1-α、LSU基因及多基因分析更适合无柄灵芝分类鉴定,而SRAP分子标记更适合于无柄灵芝遗传多样性分析。     

基于mtDNA Cyt b序列分析齐口裂腹鱼群体遗传多样性

研究测定了长江上游4个齐口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax prenanti)野生群体(重庆巫溪、重庆城口、四川雅安、四川阿坝)共104个个体的线粒体Cyt b基因部分序列, 以探讨齐口裂腹鱼野生群体的遗传多样性和遗传结构。结果表明: 在104个个体Cyt b序列中共检测到43个多态性位点, 25个单倍型。4个齐口裂腹鱼群体的单倍型多样性介于0.704—0.884, 核苷酸多样性介于0.007—0.012。群体间Kimura双参数遗传距离介于0.008—0.017, 其中四川雅安群体与四川阿坝群体间遗传距离最近, 基因交流频繁。重庆城口群体与四川雅安群体间遗传距离最远, 基因交流受阻。AMOVA分析表明, 齐口裂腹鱼的遗传分化主要来自群体内部, 且组群间、组群内群体间和群体内存在显著的遗传分化。中性检验得到Tajima’s D和 Fu’s F_s的值不显著, 且歧点分布图呈多峰, 表明长江上游4个齐口裂腹鱼野生群体未经历过种群扩张。研究旨为齐口裂腹鱼野生资源保护提供必要参考意见, 同时为齐口裂腹鱼种质资源合理开发和利用提供理论依据。     

PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENT AND GENETIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TWO SOUTHERN OCEAN MORPHOTYPES OF EMILIANIA HUXLEYI (HAPTOPHYTA)1

The widespread coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) W. W. Hay et H. Mohler plays a pivotal role in the carbon pump and is known to exhibit significant morphological, genetic, and physiological diversity. In this study, we compared photosynthetic pigments and morphology of triplicate strains of Southern Ocean types A and B/C. The two morphotypes differed in width of coccolith distal shield elements (0.11–0.24 μm, type A; 0.06–0.12 μm, type B/C) and morphology of distal shield central area (grill of curved rods in type A; thin plain plate in type B/C) and showed differences in carotenoid composition. The mean 19′‐hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin (Hex):chl a ratio in type B/C was >1, whereas the type A ratio was <1. The Hex:fucoxanthin (fuc) ratio for type B/C was 11 times greater than that for type A, and the proportion of fuc in type A was 6 times higher than that in type B/C. The fuc derivative 4‐keto‐19′‐hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin (4‐keto‐hex) was present in type A but undetected in B/C. DNA sequencing of tufA distinguished morphotypes A, B/C (indistinguishable from B), and R, while little variation was observed within morphotypes. Thirty single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in the 710 bp tufA sequence, of which 10 alleles were unique to B/C and B morphotypes, seven alleles were unique to type A, and six alleles were unique to type R. We propose that the morphologically, physiologically, and genetically distinct Southern Ocean type B/C sensu Young et al. (2003) be classified as E. huxleyi var. aurorae var. nov. S. S. Cook et Hallegr.     

人工养殖与选育对罗氏沼虾遗传多样性的影响

为探讨人工养殖与选择育种对罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)遗传多样性的影响,实验测定了孟加拉野生群体、缅甸野生群体、浙江养殖群体、广西养殖群体及选育群体"南太湖2号"共111只罗氏沼虾核糖体转录间隔区2(Internal transcribed spacer 2,ITS2)基因序列,结果发现58个碱基变异位点,定义56个单倍型。在5个群体中,孟加拉野生群体的遗传多样性最高(平均核苷酸差异数K和核苷酸多态性指数Pi分别为7.186和0.0155),依次为缅甸野生群体、浙江养殖群体、广西养殖群体,选育群体"南太湖2号"遗传多样性最低(K和Pi分别为3.032和0.0065)。5个群体间配对Fst分析表明,养殖群体与野生群体遗传分化显著(P<0.01),选育群体"南太湖2号"不仅与野生群体遗传分化显著,同时还与广西养殖群体产生了显著的遗传分化(P<0.01)。系统树显示,孟加拉野生群体和缅甸野生群体聚为一支,浙江养殖群体、广西养殖群体和选育群体"南太湖2号"则聚为另一支。研究结果表明,人工养殖和选育降低了罗氏沼虾的遗传多样性水平,并导致群体间发生了显著的遗传分化。     

PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF YAMAGISHLELLA AND PLATYDORINA (VOLVOCACEAE,CHLOROPHYTA) BASED ON rbcL GENE SEQUENCES1

Yamagishiella, based on Pandorina unicocca Rayburn et Starr, is distinguished from Eudorina by its isogamous sexual reproduction, whereas Platydorina exhibits anisogamous sexual reproduction. In the present study, we sequenced the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rbcL) genes from five Japanese and North American strains of Y. unicocca (Rayburn et Starr) Nozaki, two Platydorina caudata Kofoid strains, and two strains of Eudorina unicocca G. M. Smith, as well as eight related colonial and unicellular species. Phylogenetic trees were constructed based on these sequence data and on previously published rbcL gene sequences from 23 volvocalean species in order to deduce phylogenetic relationships within the colonial Volvocales, with particular regard to the phylogenetic positions and status of the genera Yamagishiella and Platydorina. Two robust monophyletic groups of the anisogamous/oogamous volvocacean species were resolved in the maximum-parsimony tree as well as in the neighbor-joining distance tree. One of the two groups comprises three species of Volvox section Volvox, whereas the other is composed of other sections of Volvox as well as of all the species of Eudorina and Pleodorina. Platydorina, however, was positioned outside these two monopliyletic groups. Therefore, derivation of the Platydorina lineage may be earlier than that of such anisogamous/oogamous groups, or orgin of “anisogamy with sperm packets” in Platydorina may be independent of sperm packet evolution in Eudorina, Pleodorina, and Volvox. It was also resolved with high bootstrap values that all of the Y. unicocca strains form a monophyletic group positioned outside the large monophyletic group including Eudorina and Pleodorina. These reject the possibility of the reverse evolution of isogamy from anisogamy to give rise to Yamagishiella within the lineage of Eudorina.     

华南及邻近地区大刺鳅遗传多样性的ISSR分析

为了解我国大刺鳅野生资源状况, 研究采用ISSR技术分析了福建、广东、广西、云南和海南11个地理群体262尾大刺鳅的遗传多样性。10个引物共扩增出112个位点, 多态位点95个, 多态位点比例为84.82%。大刺鳅总群体Nei基因多样性h=0.2126、Shannon 信息指数I=0.3358, 表明大刺鳅总群体遗传多样性较丰富, 其中各群体遗传多样性依次为恩平 红河 屯昌 英德 河池 乐昌 增城 龙岩 五华 仁化 百色。总群体遗传分化系数Gst=0.4620, 显示46.2%的变异来自群体间。总群体基因流Nm=0.5823, 表明大刺鳅总群体间缺乏有效的基因交流, 遗传漂变是大刺鳅群体遗传分化的主要因素。聚类分析表明, 东江群体和韩江群体聚为一支, 西江群体和北江群体聚为一支, 大陆群体聚为一大支, 然后和海南屯昌群体聚类。     

GENETIC DIVERSITY AND INTROGRESSION IN TWO CULTIVATED SPECIES (PORPHYRA YEZOENSIS AND PORPHYRA TENERA) AND CLOSELY RELATED WILD SPECIES OF PORPHYRA (BANGIALES,RHODOPHYTA)1

We investigated the genetic variations of the samples that were tentatively identified as two cultivated Porphyra species (Porphyra yezoensis Ueda and Porphyra tenera Kjellm.) from various natural populations in Japan using molecular analyses of plastid and nuclear DNA. From PCR‐RFLP analyses using nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA and plastid RUBISCO spacer regions and phylogenetic analyses using plastid rbcL and nuclear ITS‐1 rDNA sequences, our samples from natural populations of P. yezoensis and P. tenera showed remarkably higher genetic variations than found in strains that are currently used for cultivation. In addition, it is inferred that our samples contain four wild Porphyra species, and that three of the four species, containing Porphyra kinositae, are closely related to cultivated Porphyra species. Furthermore, our PCR‐RFLP and molecular phylogenetic analyses using both the nuclear and plastid DNA demonstrated the occurrence of plastid introgression from P. yezoensis to P. tenera and suggested the possibility of plastid introgression from cultivated P. yezoensis to wild P. yezoensis. These results imply the importance of collecting and establishing more strains of cultivated Porphyra species and related wild species from natural populations as genetic resources for further improvement of cultivated Porphyra strains.     

PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF EUDORINA SPECIES (VOLVOCACEAE,CHLOROPHYTA) BASED ON rbcL GENE SEQUENCES1

Species and varieties in the genus Eudorina Ehrenberg (Volvocaceae, Chlorophyta) were evaluated on the basis of phylogenetic analyses of the large subunit ofribulose-1,5-bis-phosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rbcL) gene sequences from 14 strains of four Eudorina species, as well as from nine species of Pleodorina and Volvox. The sequence data suggested that 10 of the 14 Eudorina strains form three separate and robust monophyletic groups within the nonmonophyletic genus Eudorina. The first group comprises all three strains of E. unicocca G. M. Smith; the second group consists of one of the E. elegans Ehrenberg var. elegans strains, the E. cylindrica Korshikov strain, and both E. illinoisensis (Kofoid) Pascher strains; and the third group consists of two monoecious varieties of E. elegans [two strains of E. elegans var. synoica Goldstein and one strain of E. elegans var. carteri (G. M. Smith) Goldstein]. In addition, E. illinoisensis represents a poly- or paraphyletic species within the second group. The remaining four strains, all of which are assigned to E. elegans var. elegans, are nonmonophyletic. Although their position in the phylogenetic trees is more or less ambiguous, they are ancestral to other taxa in the large anisogamous/oogamous monophyletic group including Eudorina, Pleodorina, and Volvox (except for sect. Volvox). Thus, the four Eudorina groups resolved in the present molecular phylogeny do not correspond with the species concepts of Eudorina based on vegetative morphology, but they do reflect the results of the previous intercrossing experiments and modes of monoecious and dioecious sexual reproduction.     

赤水河两种荷马条鳅属鱼类的遗传多样性及谱系生物地理学过程分析

研究以线粒体Cyt b基因为分子标记,对赤水河两种荷马条鳅属（Homatula）鱼类（红尾荷马条鳅和短体荷马条鳅）的遗传多样性及种群结构进行了分析;同时,结合了对在长江上游其他几个水系分布的同种鱼类进行比较,分析其生物地理学过程。遗传多样性分析结果表明,5个水系135尾红尾荷马条鳅Cyt b基因序列共检测出42个单倍型,单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性分别为0.936和0.00493;其中,赤水河种群的分别为0.891和0.00208。3个水系52尾短体荷马条鳅Cyt b基因序列共检测出12个单倍型,单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性分别0.821和0.01105;赤水河种群的分别为0.646和0.00390。基于ML和BI法构建的单倍型分子系统发育树结果表明,两物种各自构成单系,且得到较强支持。红尾荷马条鳅各种群地理格局分布明显,赤水河种群为并系类群位于分支基部。在短体荷马条鳅支系中,岷江与沱江两个水系的个体相互聚类在一起,而赤水河群体聚成一个分支。赤水河与其他水系不存在共享单倍型,表现了明显的隔离和差异性的地理分布格局。由于这些水系之间地理位置相距较远,推测这种格局的形成不是地质运动造成的水系隔离,而是历史时期水位的高低变化造成鱼类种群的扩散和隔离。错配分析支持赤水河两物种种群扩张的推断,但中性检验却并非全部支持,显示种群历史相对复杂。     

A synthetic combination of mutations, including fs(1)pyr? Su(b) , r? Su(b) and b , causes female sterility and reduces embryonic viability in Drosophila melanogaster

A Drosophila melanogaster mutant, fs(1)pyr ^Su(b) , carrying a mutation that maps to the tip of the X chromosome, has been isolated. The mutation, when present alone, does not confer a detectable phenotype. However, this mutation causes female sterility and reduces embryonic viability when combined with mutations which deregulate the pyrimidine and β-alanine pools. Embryos that are homozygous for the mutations fs(1)pyr ^Su(b) , r ^Su(b) [previously designated as Su(b)] and b, and originate from a female parent homozygous for the three mutations show severely reduced viability. Newly laid eggs begin development normally, but the majority of the embryos die just before the eggs are due to hatch. Received: 15 May 1998 / Accepted: 18 January 1999