蚱蝉(Cryptotympana atrata Fabricius)发声器结构:发声膜与鸣声

蚱蝉单发声膜发出的click声波形由高幅值和低幅脉冲列(pulse train,PT)组成.高幅值PT含脉冲越多,主峰频率(main peak frequency,MPF)就越高.本文进一步阐明:1、高幅值PT多含有11个脉冲,当含有1,2,3个时,脉冲个数与MPF成准线性关系 超过三个为非线性关系.2、双发声膜发声的频带主要在2700Hz-6700Hz之间.数个click声组成的波形中,低幅值PT功率谱包络波近似于标准高斯型,MPF约为4900Hz;不同高幅值PT内含主脉冲的频率不同是MPF变化的主要因素.3、蚱蝉鸣声功率谱主要有三个子谱区A,B,及C,对应的频带依次约为2700Hz—3700Hz,3700Hz-5700Hz,及5700Hz—6700Hz.     

凡纳对虾淡化养殖池浮游纤毛虫研究

在对虾养殖环境,纤毛虫能摄食大量的腐质和藻类,促进对虾养殖水体的自身净化;但缘毛类 Peritrichida 和吸管虫类Suctorida纤毛虫能大量固着生活在对虾的附肢、鳃等部位,是对虾养殖的重要危害生物。在我国,对海水、盐碱池和淡水养殖环境的浮游动物(包括纤毛虫)有较多的研究,对河口区斑节对虾淡化养殖环境浮游生物也有报道,本文报道了珠海市斗门区某凡纳对虾 Litopenaeus vannamei(南美白对虾)养殖基地44口淡化养殖虾池浮游纤毛虫种类及数量组成, 并对其中 1-5号虾池养殖过程中的纤毛虫种群的动态变化进行了研究,以期为凡纳对虾淡化养殖提供参考。       

同一生境中强脚树莺鸣声的个体差异及多样性

在杭州市郊小和山森林公园内约85hm2范围内,用SHARP-CE-15l型录音机(频响30—l4000Hz)和强指向麦克风(频响40—14000Hz),对夏季繁殖期连续分布的同一生境中不同个体的强脚树莺(Cettiafor-tipes)的鸣声进行了记录,并通过计算机声谱分析系统从句型结构、音图结构、时域和频域特征及短时能量等方面进行了分析和比较,发现在同一生境一个小范围内同一种鸟就有6种不同类型的鸣声。这些鸣声的音调各不相同,鸣声的结构差异很大,大多声学参数之间也存在显著或极显著差异。形成这种鸣声多样性的原因可能是繁殖竞争在声行为上的体现。     

江西鄱阳湖湖口水域船舶通行对长江江豚发声行为的影响

江西鄱阳湖是长江江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides)的重要栖息地, 湖中栖息着约400 头江豚。多年的观察表明, 船舶交通是鄱阳湖中江豚面临的重要威胁之一。为了评估船舶通行对长江江豚发声行为的影响,尤其是了解船舶通行期间及其前后江豚的发声和行为特征, 作者于2007 年6 月27 日—7 月1 日在江西鄱阳湖湖口水域采用固定被动声学系统, 即安装在监测点(29°42′38″ N, 116°11′11″ E)的一套水下声学数据记录系统, 对周边通行船舶的水下噪声及江豚声纳信号脉冲事件进行了定点监测和记录, 并对所记录的数据进行了定量和统计分析。在整个监测的109h 中, 声学记录仪共记录到船舶494 艘, 江豚声纳脉冲串信号13413个。船舶出现与江豚出现存在弱的负相关关系(r = -0.029, N = 6550, P Z = -0.370, P> 0.05); 当有船舶经过时, 江豚的发声频次显著降低(Z = -10.050, P Z = -0.275, P> 0.05; Z = -0.119, P> 0.05); 船舶通行之前和之后, 江豚的发声频次、脉冲串持续时间、脉冲间间隔的差异性均不显著(χ2= 5.255, P> 0.05; χ2= 3.511, P> 0.05; χ2= 5.155, P>0.05); 在船舶经过时, 江豚对游动方向没有明显的选择性(χ2= 0.861, P> 0.05)。基于分析结果推测, 在狭窄水域中江豚躲避船舶干扰通常采取“临时性”策略, 而非长距离逃避。由于鄱阳湖湖口水域水道相对狭窄, 尽管研究的结果表明江豚对船舶有一定的敏感反应, 但是在相对狭窄的水域中, 江豚躲避船舶的行为难以充分表现。另外, 江豚对该水域中高密度航行船舶的噪声可能存在一定的“适应性”, 导致当遭遇船舶时, 江豚的声行为反应不十分强烈。因此, 建议有必要在不同尺度的水体中采用声学数据记录仪继续开展类似的观察,以进一步了解江豚对船舶的行为响应, 尤其是观察江豚躲避船舶的行为及发声特征       

鸣鸣蝉(Oncotympana maculaticollis Motschulsk)自鸣声信息及其频谱的双倍频特征

本文报道庐山鸣鸣蝉自鸣声信息的长码与短码结构及其部分频谱的双倍频特征。庐山鸣鸣蝉多次重复的“MUYING……MUYING MU A”叫声,仅由三种信息MU(简称M),YING(I)及“A”重复编排而成。M与A的特征类似:持续时间大于170ms,波形具有约为6ms的周期,频谱主峰频率(MPF)约为4kHz,谱能量主要分布在2—7kHz频带内。这是鸣鸣蝉自鸣声长码的近似不变特征。长码I与M,A的不同点是持续期多在300ms以上,MPF为变频特征,在2.7—7.2kHz之间变化,谱能量较均匀地分布在0—14kHz频带内。约为6ms的准周期内含有几个频率不同的脉冲串(PT),这些不同频率的PT称为短码。这表明鸣鸣蝉自鸣声中长码是由变频短码组成的。M与A部分频谱具有双倍频特征,即构成频谱的子谱峰频率为两个倍频序列,其中一序列的共振峰为主峰,另一序列的共振峰为次峰。     

模拟阴天对南美白对虾养殖水体理化及其生长指标的影响

为探索阴天对南美白对虾(Penaeus vannamei Boon)养殖水体理化及其生长指标的影响, 实验采用黑色遮荫网模拟阴天弱光环境对南美白对虾进行遮荫实验, 设置遮荫组与对照组各5个平行, 实验周期7周。遮荫组采用黑色遮荫网交替性遮荫, 即第1、第3、第5、第7周遮荫, 第2、第4、第6周曝光, 对照组正常养殖。结果显示: 遮荫组与对照组的pH、DO、Chl. a、 -N、NH₃-N、 -N、 -N及 -P的浓度在遮荫处理下具有显著性差异(P<0.05), Chl. a、 -N及 -P的浓度具有明显的波动性, 表现为遮荫时Chl. a的浓度极显著降低(P<0.01), -N、 -P的浓度极显著升高(P<0.01); 曝光时遮荫组Chl. a的浓度较遮荫时升高, -N的浓度极显著降低(P<0.01), -P浓度的增长幅度降低, 此时遮荫组与对照组Chl. a、 -N及 -P的浓度无显著差异。 -N的浓度在实验前5周, 遮荫组高于对照组, 第6、7周对照组高于遮荫组。 -N浓度在整个实验周期中则是遮荫组高于对照组。南美白对虾生长指标结果显示: 两个组生长指标具有显著性差异。研究表明: 妨害南美白对虾生长的主要是NH₃-N, 然后是 -N; 藻类可间接促进南美白对虾生长。遮荫处理抑制藻类吸收养殖水体中的有毒离子、恶化南美白对虾的生长环境并危害对虾的生存、生长。     

地衣芽孢杆菌对南美白对虾零水交换养殖系统细菌群落的影响

【目的】地衣芽孢杆菌（Bacillus licheniformis）对南美白对虾（Penaeus vannamei）免疫反应、抗病性和营养的影响已被广泛研究，但零水交换养殖系统下地衣芽孢杆菌对对虾肠道和养殖水环境微生物群落的影响尚不清楚。【方法】通过收集添加地衣芽孢杆菌在饲料或水中后，对虾肠道、池水和池低沉积物样品，通过16S rRNA基因测序和线性判别分析（linear discriminant analysis effect size，LEfSe）进行微生物分析。【结果】结果表明，添加地衣芽孢杆菌对对虾的生长影响较小。此外，添加方式的不同对对虾肠道菌群的影响较小。但添加地衣芽孢杆菌可以有效地改变对虾肠道微生物群落，并改善对虾免疫力。【结论】这些结果有助于全面了解在零水交换养殖系统中，通过饲料和水添加地衣芽孢杆菌后对虾肠道和环境的变化，从而为选择正确的益生菌以及如何添加益生菌维持对虾健康提供基础信息。     

楝星天牛胸部摩擦和鞘翅振动发声及其声学特性的研究*

楝星天牛Anoplophora horsfieldi(Hope)成虫可借两种不同的方式发声： 1.胸部摩擦发声;2.鞘翊振动发声。胸部摩擦发声可连续进行,具有抗拒敌害和种内通讯的生物学意义;鞘翅振动发声为断续产生,受外界刺激而诱发,主要与抗拒敌害有关。测定表明,胸部摩擦声由多个音组连续组成,每一音组的持续时间为1100-1 6000ms,依次由抬头声音节(持续384±22ms,含有250-350个脉冲列)、间隔1(270-600ms)、低头声音节(382±16ms,250-350个脉冲列)和间隔2(80-360ms)组成。 抬头声音节的功率谱由基本音及其分音组成,基本音为信号能量的主要部分,其主峰频率为742±30Hz(雄)和603±34HZ(雌)。鞘翅振动声由间隔不等的,7-9个脉冲列组成,脉冲列的振幅较大、频率较高,持续约7-10ms。功率谱图上虽然脉冲列的频率分布于0-3100Hz,但能量主要集中在850-1050Hz内。与胸部摩擦声相比,鞘翅振动声的能量更高、释放更突然,是一种更为有效的拒敌性行为。     

褐菖鲉的听觉阈值研究

利用听觉诱发电位记录技术研究了褐菖鲉(Sebasticus marmoratus)的听觉阈值。通过采用听觉生理系统记录和分析了8尾褐菖鲉对频率范围在100—1000 Hz的7种不同频率的声音刺激的诱发电位反应。结果表明, 褐菖鲉的听觉阈值在整体上随着频率增加而增加, 对100—300 Hz的低频声音信号敏感, 最敏感频率为150 Hz, 对应的听觉阈值为70 dB re 1 μPa。褐菖鲉的听觉敏感区间与其发声频率具有较高的匹配性, 表明其声讯交流的重要性。同时, 人为低频噪声可能对其声讯交流造成影响。     

回声定位蝙蝠及其声通讯

综述了回声定位蝙蝠种类及其发声方式,回声定位信号的主要类型及回声定位信号声学特征,多普勒频移对长CF／FM蝙蝠的主要作用,简介了蝙蝠求偶和母婴识别等内声通讯行为,提出了一些尚待解决的重要问题。     

Anechoic aquarium for ultrasonic neural telemetry

An acoustic neural telemetry tag has been developed for recording from free-swimming aquatic animals. Microwire electrodes were implanted into the VIIIth nerve of the toadfish, Opsanus tau, and interfaced to the subdermally implanted tag. The telemetry tag frequency modulates the neural signal, converting it into a varying frequency, which is amplified and transmitted acoustically (centre frequency of 90 kHz and a 20 kHz bandwidth). This acoustic signal is detected by a receiver hydrophone, and the receiver reconstructs the full neural waveform from the acoustic signal. However, due to the multipath environment in the experimental aquarium, the acoustic signal is quickly degraded as the hydrophone is moved away from the source. In order to receive the signal independent of fish position, an anechoic aquarium was designed. Streams of microbubbles (ca. 70 microm diameter) were generated to produce a curtain of sound-absorptive material along the walls and water surface of the aquarium. Microbubble generation significantly reduced the multipath artefacts, and allowed signal discrimination independent of fish and hydrophone position. The anechoic aquarium will allow the recording of neural activity from free-swimming fishes in quasi-natural habitats, thus allowing better understanding of the neural mechanisms of behaviour.     

Film Analysis of the Tactile Communication between Cryptocentrus steinitzi (Pisces,Gobiidae) and Alpheus purpurilenticularis (Crustacea,Alpheidae)

The tactile communication between the symbiotic goby Cryptocentrus steinitzi and its burrowing shrimp partner Alpheus purpurilenticularis was investigated by film analysis. Warning signals of the goby which elicit the retreat of the shrimp into its burrow consist mainly of rapid fin flicks transmitted to the shrimp through its long antennae. Five different parameters of the structure of the warning signal were analyzed. The effect of various variables on the response of the shrimp and its latency were examined with a stepwise multiple regression analysis. Feedback mechanisms involved in this communication system are described. The evolution of the tail flick warning signal and a model describing the relationship between the main elements involved in the generation of warning signals are discussed.     

Transmission of Podisus maculiventris tremulatory signals through plants

Males of the predaceous stink bug Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Asopinae) emit low frequency tremulatory signals. Laser vibrometry was used to record and analyze naturally emitted signals, focusing on variation in signal velocity and frequency during transmission through plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. and Plumbago auriculata Lam.) as a function of distance from the vibrational source. Signal velocity varied individually between 2 and 15 mm/s recorded on a plant close to the calling male and decreased by 0.3 to 1.5 dB/cm on bean and 0.3 to 0.9 dB/cm on plumbago. The dominant frequency of signals was variable at frequencies below 50 Hz. On bean frequencies centered around 10 Hz or 20 Hz were dominant for signals recorded at the source. Transmission through bean resulted in an increase in the 20 Hz peak relative to other frequencies in the signal. Variation of the dominant frequencies of signals transmitted through plumbago stems were more predictable, showing typical changes in amplitude relative to the distance from the source. The regular variation of the dominant frequency along the stem with linear increase of signal velocity at decreasing distance from the source may provide plant-dwelling insects with information about the distance to the calling individual.     

Burst swimming speeds of mackerel, Scomber scombrus L.

Burst swimming speeds were measured in mackerel 0.275–0.380 m long by filming newly caught fish, first released into a large shore-sited tank, using a high-speed cine camera and real time TV camera. The highest speed was 5.50 m s⁻¹ or 18 body length per second ( b.l . s⁻¹) in a 0.305 m long mackerel at 12° C. The recorded maximum tail beat frequency of 18 Hz agrees well with 19 Hz predicted from the measured contraction time of 0.026 s for the anterior lateral swimming muscle. The stride length was close to 1 B.L.; the power, calculated from the drag, was 4.53 W, and, calculated from the muscle used, was 5.07 W; all suggesting that the mackerel is swimming close to its physiological limit.     

Changes of movement behavior and HSP70 gene expression in the hemocytes of the mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) in response to acoustic stimulation

Offshore anthropogenic activities often produce high levels of noise below 1000 Hz, which can be serious threats to aquatic crustaceans based on the knowledge about their acoustic sensitive bandwidth. This study simulated noise with main frequency band similar to common underwater engineering noises, and examined its effects on movement behavior and physiological response, indicated by heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) gene expression, of the mud crab Scylla paramamosain. Experiments were conducted in the tanks, equipped with hydrophone, transducer, and video recording system, using juvenile S. paramamosain. Three acoustic stimulations with ascending levels were separately imposed on the animals. Results showed that the linear sweep with the sound power spectral density greater than 110 dB re 1μPa²/Hz in total bandwidth (100–1000 Hz), and 155 dB re 1μPa²/Hz within 600–800 Hz, could increase locomotor activities and HSP70 gene expression significantly.     

Measuring fish length and assessing behaviour in a high‐biodiversity reach of the Upper Yangtze River using an acoustic camera and echo sounder

In the past decade improved acoustic hard‐ and software have enabled estimations of abundance and distribution patterns of aquatic organism, including non‐intrusive monitoring of fish migrations and behaviour. In this study, a high frequency acoustic camera (DIDSON‐LR, 1.2 MHz, 0.7 MHz) and a portable split‐beam scientific echo sounder (Simrad EY60, 200 kHz) collected acoustic data on 192 and 157 individuals within 24 hr (19–20 April 2011) in the Mituo reach of the Yangtze River, China. Mean fish length estimated from the acoustic camera data was 18.7 ± 5.6 cm, with an average swimming speed of 0.19 ± 0.13 m s^?1. The mean fish target strength (TS) produced by the echo sounder was ?43.8 ± 4.4 dB, which corresponded to 5.7–119.9 cm fish length when converted by three different TS‐length equations. Average swimming speed was 0.11 ± 0.06 m s^?1 from the echo sounder. Compared with the actual fish catch by the three layers of drift gill net in the survey area, the target length indicated by DIDSON was more accurate than the EY60 results, which were highly affected by the choice of TS length equations. It was determined that the two devices used synchronously could estimate fish length effectively to investigate their behaviour and distribution.     

摄食声对草鱼幼鱼的诱集作用

以草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)幼鱼为实验对象,进行了声音播放实验,旨在探究草鱼幼鱼对水下录制的草鱼摄食浮萍声音(简称摄食声)的行为反应。以不播放声音的草鱼鱼群作为对照,探讨了4种单频音(500、1000、2000和3000 Hz)和摄食声对草鱼游泳行为和在水槽内的分布的影响。结果表明:在播放单频音时, 3min内草鱼的趋音游泳速度和逗留时间与对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05);在播放摄食声时, 3min内草鱼的趋音游泳速度和逗留时间显著高于4种单频音组和对照组(P<0.05);在播放单频音时, 20min内草鱼的平均游泳速度、水槽内的分布和趋音率与对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05);在播放摄食声时, 20min内草鱼的平均游泳速度和趋音率都显著高于4种单频音组和对照组(P<0.05)。草鱼摄食声对草鱼幼鱼有诱集作用,为声音诱鱼技术研究提供了科学依据。     

Auditory behaviour of a parasitoid fly (Emblemasoma auditrix, Sarcophagidae, Diptera)

Females of the parasitoid fly Emblemasoma auditrix find their host cicada (Okanagana rimosa) by its acoustic signals. In laboratory experiments, fly phonotaxis had a mean threshold of about 66 dB SPL when tested with the cicada calling song. Flies exhibited a frequency dependent phonotaxis when testing to song models with different carrier frequencies (pulses of 6 ms duration and a repetition rate of 80 pulses s(-1)). However, the phonotactic threshold was rather broadly tuned in the range from 5 kHz to 11 kHz. Phonotaxis was also dependent on the temporal parameters of the song models: repetition rates of 60 pulses s(-1) and 80 pulses s and pulse durations of 5-7 ms resulted in the highest percentages of phonotaxis performing animals coupled with the lowest threshold values. Thus, parasitoid phonotaxis is adapted especially to the temporal parameters of the calling song of the host. Choice experiments revealed a preference of a song model with 9 kHz carrier frequency (peak energy of the host song) compared with 5 kHz carrier frequency (electrophysiologically determined best hearing frequency). However, this preference changed with the relative sound pressure level of both signals. When presented simultaneously, E. auditrix preferred 5-kHz signals, if they were 5 dB SPL louder than the 9-kHz signal.     

The stomatopod rumble: Low frequency sound production in Hemisquilla californiensis

Stomatopods (mantis shrimp), numbering over 450 species, are renowned for their exceptional visual and chemosensory abilities and yet virtually nothing is known about their use of acoustic signals. We present acoustic recordings and analyses of the sounds of a stomatopod, Hemisquilla californiensis. This species generates tonal, low frequency sounds, which we term 'rumble', that are spectrally similar to those produced by African and Asian elephants. The fundamental frequency of the stomatopod rumble ranges from 20 to 60 Hz, with a strong second harmonic. Hemisquilla californiensis appears to generate these sounds through contractions of the posterior mandibular remotor muscle which is coupled to a stiff, lateral extension of the carapace. The sides of the carapace are covered by large, polarized, red spots which vibrate during sound production. Thus, the animals may generate a multi-modal signal by coupling vibrational and visual signals. Hemisquilla californiensis generates the rumble while interacting with potential predators and burrow intruders, suggesting a defensive or territorial function for the sound.     

The localization of the sound source in the vertical plane by a bottlenose dolphin

The accuracy of localizing the underwater sound source in the vertical-plane by the bottlenose dolphin was investigated using the method of instrumental conditioned reflexes with food reinforcement. The accuracy of determining the underwater sound in the vertical plane (the full angle) was on the average: 2 - 2,5 degrees for tonal signals with frequencies of 5, 20, and 120 kHz; pulsed clicks with the central frequency of 120 kHz and the exponential forms of amplitude alteration wavefronts were localized by the dolphin with an accuracy of 1,5 degrees. Among all marine mammals examined, dolphins are characterized by the maximal exact analysis of acoustic space.