泥河湾盆地三棵树旧石器遗址2008年试掘报告

三棵树旧石器遗址发现于河北省阳原县东谷坨村东北部。2008年秋,该遗址经过小规模试掘, 出土251件石制品及一些碎骨和牙化石。石制品包括石核、石片、工具和断块、碎片等; 工具有刮削器、尖状器、端刮器、凹缺器、锯齿刃器、雕刻器、石锥、石钻、鸟喙状器等。石制品以小中型为主, 其原料主要为石英砂岩、石英、燧石、白云岩、玄武岩等, 全部为就地取材。三棵树遗址与后沟遗址同处泥河湾层上部, 处于后沟遗址下部和马梁遗址上部, 时代属于中更新世中后期。该遗址的发现有助于探讨我国华北小石器文化发展脉络以及探索细石器文化传统渊源。     

朝鲜半岛旧石器时代晚期的有柄尖刃器

有柄尖刃器是朝鲜半岛旧石器时代晚期代表性狩猎工具,1964年在公州石壮里遗址中首次发现。原料多选择硅质页岩或与之相似的石料,多见于25,000-15,000 BP之间。之后随着石镞等复合工具的出现,有柄尖刃器逐渐被取代。本文观察和研究的305件有柄尖刃器来自朝鲜半岛33个遗址,通过分析其形态属性及工业类型,揭示有柄尖刃器的制作技法,探讨其与相邻地区的关系。在中国旧石器时代遗存中虽然也有关于有柄尖刃器的零星报道,但鲜有确凿者,望本文能为中国的相关研究提供有价值的参考资料。     

朝鲜半岛旧石器时代晚期的有柄尖刃器北大核心CSCD

有柄尖刃器是朝鲜半岛旧石器时代晚期代表性狩猎工具,1964年在公州石壮里遗址中首次发现。原料多选择硅质页岩或与之相似的石料,多见于25,000-15,000 BP之间。之后随着石镞等复合工具的出现,有柄尖刃器逐渐被取代。本文观察和研究的305件有柄尖刃器来自朝鲜半岛33个遗址,通过分析其形态属性及工业类型,揭示有柄尖刃器的制作技法,探讨其与相邻地区的关系。在中国旧石器时代遗存中虽然也有关于有柄尖刃器的零星报道,但鲜有确凿者,望本文能为中国的相关研究提供有价值的参考资料。     

贵州马鞍山遗址发现旧石器时代骨角制品

正最近一期的国际学术期刊《考古科学》(Journal of Archaeological Science)发表了中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所高星研究员所带领的的研究团队与法国波尔多大学Francesco d'Errico教授以及南非金山大学Lucinda R.Backwell等学者对贵州马鞍山遗址中17件骨角器的研究成果。骨角器是旧石器时代考古遗存中较为常见的一种工具类型。早期的骨角制品大多是古人类经简单打击修理或直接使用破裂的动物骨骼或鹿角等有机质材料的结果;而相对晚近期的同类产品则是古人类适应于骨、角等有机质材料的特定属性,通过刮削、磨制、抛光等技术手     

贵州毕节老鸦洞遗址1985年出土的石制品

老鸦洞遗址是贵州省毕节市七星关区一处旧石器时代晚期遗址,该遗址上世纪80年代被发现并发掘,出土大量石制品及动物碎骨。由于种种原因,这批出土材料始终未被系统研究,老鸦洞遗址仅在有限的文献内被简单描述。为进一步研究该遗址,明确遗址文化及年代性质,我们对1985年试掘出土以及1983、1984年采集的部分的石制品进行了类型学及技术学分析,并以此为基础对遗址及所属人群进行了讨论。老鸦洞存在的石器技术属于我国境内典型的旧石器时代晚期小石片石器传统类型,以本地丰富的燧石和石灰岩为主要原料制作生产生活工具,石片形制规整,小型工具如刮削器、端刮器、尖状器等制作精美,在长达三万年的时间跨度中,石器技术无重大改变。这种对本地石料的采集方式,以及以洞穴为主要居住地点,长期在有限空间内活动的特征,表达了云贵高原古人类特有的低流动性生存模式,为探讨云贵高原更新世末期古人类的生存行为及扩散辐射提供了良好证据。     

鄂尔多斯乌兰木伦遗址第2地点2014-2015出土的石制品

乌兰木伦遗址位于内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市康巴什新区的乌兰木伦河左岸,该遗址主要包括第1(Loc.1)、第2(Loc.2)和第3(Loc.3)三处旧石器地点。其中,第2地点发现于2010年,并于2011年进行试掘。2014年开始,在试掘基础上将发掘面积扩大至25m2,并进行系统发掘,截至2015年,第2地点共揭露文化层位5个,出土石制品318件,动物化石8件,并发现大面积动物脚印化石遗迹两处。石制品类型包括石核、石片、断块/片和工具(锯齿刃器、凹缺器、刮削器、尖状器、端刮器、石锥)等。乌兰木伦遗址第2地点发掘材料的详细研究,增加了我们对于遗址环境和文化面貌的认识,为我们探讨中国北方晚更新世阶段古人类技术与适应性行为等提供了重要材料。光释光测年表明第2地点的年代距今约6万年,处于晚更新世中期。     

吉林枫林旧石器遗址发现的石制品

2014年10月,张福有率野外调查队在吉林省抚松县漫江镇枫林村发现枫林遗址,并在2015年6月再次进行了调查确认,共发现石制品217件。石制品原料以黑曜岩为主,类型包括石核、石片、细石叶、工具和断块等。其中二类工具以刮削类使用石片为主,三类工具种类多样,加工较为精细。该遗址发现的手斧与阿舍利手斧较为相似,这在东北地区尚属首次,意义重大。经过研究分析,这是一处典型的以细石叶工艺为主的遗址。根据地层推测,遗址的年代为旧石器时代晚期。     

吉林和龙柳洞2004年发现的旧石器

吉林和龙柳洞旧石器地点于2002年5月发现,2004年5月对其进行了复查。该地点位于图们江流域第2级阶地上,在地表和灰黄色土层中发现石制品142件,包括石核、石片、石叶和工具(石砧、使用石片、刮削器、砍砸器、雕刻器、尖状器和琢背小刀);原料以黑曜岩为主,占93.66%。遗址应属于晚更新世晚期,即旧石器时代晚期。     

河南南召余坪旧石器地点的发现与研究

余坪地点位于河南省南召县汉水中游支流松河南岸第二级阶地前缘,于2021年3月由吉林大学考古学院、南阳市文物考古研究所调查发现。地表采集石制品38件,包括石核4件、石片3件、断块4件、使用石片5件、石器22件。个体多为小型与中型。原料皆河漫滩砾石,岩性以石英为主。石核剥片采用硬锤锤击,偶见砸击法。剥片方法属普通石核石片技术。使用石片分为刮削刃、尖刃者两类。石器包括刮削器、尖刃器、钻器、砍砸器、砍伐器和手锛。毛坯多为石片与断块,未见砾石毛坯。根据地貌与石制品特征,时代应属旧石器时代晚期。文化属性为石片石器技术系统。该地点对于探讨南北方过渡地区旧石器时代晚期的文化特点具有重要意义。     

湖南桂阳发現有刻纹的骨锥

湖南省地质局区域地质测量队第四分队在该省桂阳县境內的一个山洞里发现了许多第四纪哺乳动物化石和一件骨锥。这件骨锥的两端破掉,现长5.2厘米,它原先可能是一件细长的骨制的尖器,在发掘时折断了。这件标本系磨制而成,磨光痕迹清楚,表面十分光滑,通体呈圆柱形,中部稍粗,最大直径为6.9毫米,现在器身长3.6厘米的一段刻有横道。横道多两两成对,排列成五行,个別者有三道在一     

Additional evidence for bone technology in the southern African Middle Stone Age

Few Middle Stone Age sites have yielded convincing evidence for a complex bone technology, a behavior often associated with the emergence of modern cultures. Here, we review the published evidence for Middle Stone Age bone tools from southern Africa, analyze an additional nine bone artifacts recently recovered from Middle Stone Age levels at Blombos Cave, describe an unpublished bone tool from probable Middle Stone Age levels at Peers Cave, examine a single bone awl found at Blombosch Sands (an open site near Blombos Cave), and reappraise marked bone artifacts and a bone point recovered from Klasies River. To determine the chronological and cultural attribution of these artifacts, document bone-manufacturing techniques associated with the southern African MSA, and discuss the symbolic significance of the markings present on some of these objects we use (1) available contextual information; (2) morphometric comparison of Later Stone Age, Modern San, and purported Middle Stone Age projectile points; (3) analysis of the carbon/nitrogen content of bone tools and faunal remains from Peers and Blombos caves; and (4) microscopic analysis of traces of manufacture and use. Previously undescribed bone artifacts from Blombos Cave include a massive point manufactured on weathered bone, two complete awls and two awl tips manufactured on small-sized mammal and bird bone, a probable projectile point with a tang manufactured by knapping and scraping, a shaft fragment modified by percussion, used as retoucher and bearing a set of incised lines on the middle of the periosteal surface, and two fragments with possible engravings. The point from Peers Cave can be assigned to the Middle Stone Age and bears tiny markings reminiscent of those recorded on projectile points from Blombos and used as marks of ownership on San arrow points. The awl from Blombosch Sands and the bone point from Klasies River can be attributed to the Later Stone Age. Two notched objects from Klasies are attributed to the Middle Stone Age and interpreted as tools used on soft material; a third object bears possible deliberate symbolic engravings. Although low in number, the instances of bone artifacts attributable to the Middle Stone Age is increasing and demonstrates that the bone tools from Blombos Cave are not isolated instances. New discoveries of bone tools dating to this time period can be expected.     

猫猫洞的骨器和角器研究

本文所记述的、磨制的骨器和角器是本省兴义县猫猫洞旧石器文化遗址首次发掘的重要成果。由于这里发现的骨器和角器在数量上超过以前全国发现的、旧石器时代晚期同类工具的总和,从而为我国旧石器时代骨器和角器的研究提供了较丰富的新资料。新的骨器和角器的发现和研究,增加了对当时人制造这类工具工艺的了解和丰富了我国旧石器文化的内涵。     

贵州马鞍山遗址1986年出土石制品初步研究

马鞍山遗址1986年发掘区的地层分为9层,根据沉积间断可划归为上下两大文化层。上文化层包含第2至第6层,堆积年代约为15 kaBP-36 kaBP;下文化层包含第7至第8层,堆积年代约为53 kaBP。共发掘出土石制品1292件。遗址上下文化层在主体原料、石制品大小、石核剥片技术和石器修理技术上存在一定差异,但整体上仍属同一文化系统。下文化层以硅质灰岩砾石为主要原料,石制品以小型和中型为主,采用锤击法剥片,石器主要以石片为毛坯。上文化层则以燧石结核、岩块为主要原料,石制品以微型和小型为主,主要采用锤击法,存在少量垂直砸击法和锐棱砸击法制品;石器毛坯以断块为主,修理主要采用硬锤锤击修理,可能存在压制修理技术。该遗址对于探讨晚更新世晚期贵州古人类的石制品技术特点及其在云贵高原的多样化适应方式等具有重要意义。     

Bone and ivory points in the Lower and Middle Paleolithic of Europe.

The existence of shaped bone and ivory points, to be used as awls or with wooden hafts, has been suggested for the Lower Paleolithic sites of Torralba and Ambrona and for several Middle Paleolithic sites, such as Vaufrey, Combe Grenal, Pech de l'Azé I and Camiac. The use of hafted bone and ivory points would imply a spear armature technology similar to that well documented in the Upper Paleolithic, often considered an innovation introduced to Europe by anatomically modern humans.The controversial ivory points from the two Spanish sites, whose fracture morphology is considered natural by G. Haynes (1991), have been reanalyzed, checking for putative traces of human manufacture and utilization as described by Howell & Freeman (1983), i.e., polish, flaking of stem, ground edges, striations from manufacture and contact with a haft or binding. We have been able to study 19 new proboscidean tusk tips from the ongoing Ambrona excavations by a Spanish team. For these and nine other Middle Paleolithic bone and antler points we use optical and SEM microscope analysis, taphonomic analysis, comparative observations of Upper Paleolithic bone points, experimental observations of manufacturing traces, modern tusk samples, and data on several bone and antler pseudo-points from carnivore accumulations.We show that none of the objects we have studied can be interpreted as an intentionally shaped point. The absence of hafted bone points in the Middle Paleolithic of Europe is contrasted with evidence of the use of hafted stone points since OIS 5 or earlier in Eurasia and Africa. We suggest that the absence of organic spear armatures in the Middle Paleolithic is not due to a deficiency in the technology of Neandertals but may be tied to the organizational strategies of the hunters and to patterns of game choice and capture.     

Engraved ochres from the Middle Stone Age levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa

Powerful categories of evidence for symbolically mediated behaviour, variously described as ‘modern’ or ‘cognitively modern’ human behaviour, are geometric or iconographic representations. After 40,000 years ago such evidence is well documented in much of the Old World and is widely considered as typifying ‘modern human culture,’ but earlier evidence is rare. In Africa, this includes two deliberately engraved ochre pieces from c. 75,000 year old levels at Blombos Cave, Western Cape, South Africa and the greater than 55,000 year old incised ostrich egg shell from the Diepkloof shelter, located in the same province. Here we report on thirteen additional pieces of incised ochre recovered from c. 75,000-100,000 year old levels at Blombos Cave. These finds, taken together with other engraved objects reported from other southern African sites, suggest that symbolic intent and tradition were present in this region at an earlier date than previously thought.     

Initial excavation and dating of Ngalue Cave: A Middle Stone Age site along the Niassa Rift, Mozambique

Direct evidence for a systematic occupation of the African tropics during the early late Pleistocene is lacking. Here, we report a record of human occupation between 105-42 ka, based on results from a radiometrically-dated cave section from the Mozambican segment of the Niassa (Malawi/Nyasa) Rift called Ngalue. The sedimentary sequence from bottom to top has five units. We concentrate on the so-called “Middle Beds,” which contain a Middle Stone Age industry characterized by the use of the discoidal reduction technique. A significant typological feature is the presence of formal types such as points, scrapers, awls, and microliths. Special objects consist of grinders/core-axes covered by ochre. Ngalue is one of the few directly-dated Pleistocene sites located along the biogeographical corridor for modern human dispersals that links east, central, and southern Africa, and, with further study, may shed new light on hominin cave habitats during the late Pleistocene.     

山东日照沿海发现的旧石器及其意义

本文记述山东日照沿海地区发现的旧石器地点群。这些地点的分布具有明显的规律性,据对比,含旧石器的地层时代为更新世晚期,石制品在类型上或加工方法上与华北地区同时代的比较接近。     

旧石器时代早中期刻划遗存的发现与研究

刻划遗存是史前人类有意刻划并保留下来的重要考古资料,对于探索和揭示史前时期古人类认知能力和思维表现形式等方面具有重要作用。目前,刻划遗存的发现与研究工作主要集中在欧洲、非洲南部和西亚地区,中国发现的刻划遗存较少。本文重点介绍当前国内外刻划遗存的发现和研究情况,在此基础上,对刻划遗存的鉴别和分析方法进行总结,并尝试探讨不同时空刻划遗存的差异。本文认为古人类刻划行为出现于旧石器时代早期,在旧石器时代中期呈现出地域发展不平衡的特点。     

Diagenesis of bone from Border Cave: implications for the age of the Border Cave hominids

Hominids from the site of Border Cave purportedly provide direct evidence for the early emergence of anatomically modern humans (AMH) in Southern Africa. ESR dating of Border Cave faunal enamel has confirmed the antiquity of the sediments, although questions persist regarding the provenience of the hominid specimens. Here we establish that, at Border Cave as elsewhere, bone mineral crystallinity, measured as the infrared (IR) splitting factor (SF), distinguishes between contemporary and recent bones on the one hand, from Middle Stone Age (MSA) bones on the other. Two hominid postcranial bones recovered in 1987 from a slumped profile, having essentially no provenience, are shown to have crystallinity indices consistent with the MSA fauna, while two of the purportedly ancient AMH specimens (BC3 and BC5) have values consistent with recent fauna. We conclude that BC3 and BC5 may be considerably younger than the sediments from which they were recovered.