三倍体鲫鱼--异源四倍体鲫鲤(♂)×金鱼(♀)

利用雄性四倍体鲫鲤与雌性二倍体红色双尾金鱼交配 ,制备了 1种新型三倍体鲫鱼 ,并对Ⅰ龄三倍体鲫鱼染色体数目和组型、性腺指数和性腺结构、外形、生长速度等生物学特征进行了系统研究。结果表明 :这种三倍体鲫鱼染色体数目为 3n =15 0 ,核型公式为 33m 5 1sm 33st 33t;在繁殖季节 ,三倍体鲫鱼卵巢和精巢指数明显低于作为对照的红鲫卵巢和精巢指数 ;组织学切片表明三倍体鲫鱼的卵巢和精巢不能产生成熟的卵子和精子 ,证明它们是不育的。三倍体鲫鱼体色为青灰色 ,单尾 ,具有一些介于其父母本———异源四倍体鲫鲤和红色双尾金鱼之间的外形特征 ,如具有 1对肉眼不易观察到的短须 ,侧线鳞式为 31 6 7,背鳍为 18,体高 体长之比为 0 5 ,比湘云鲫的体高 体长之比 (0 4 1)有明显的增加。经过约 8个月的饲养 ,该三倍体鲫鱼平均重量为 35 0g,最大个体达 5 5 0g。在Ⅰ龄鱼中 ,雌性三倍体鲫鱼的个体生长速度快于雄性个体。与三倍体湘云鲫相比 ,该三倍体鲫鱼保留了生长速度快、不育等优点 ,同时新添了体高 体长比值更高、肉质更甜美的特点 ,为 1种有推广前途的新型三倍体鲫鱼     

萍乡肉红鲫的性腺发育研究

萍乡肉红鲫(Pingxiang red-transparent crucian carp,Carassius auratus L.)是在江西省萍乡地区分布的天然三倍体鲫突变体经人工选育后获得的遗传性状基本稳定的后代,具有两性生殖和雌核生殖两种生殖方式.研究以F5代萍乡肉红鲫为材料,自孵化后每满1个月开始取性腺,观察了其卵巢1周年性成熟和精巢的发育过程,结果表明萍乡肉红鲫的性腺为1年成熟类型.卵巢发育进程町以分为6个时期,卵母细胞发育相应可分为6个时相.统计了卵巢成熟系数周年变化,体重为95 g左右的雌性萍乡肉红鲫,其成熟卵巢的成熟系数约为(11.73±2.8)%,成熟的卵母细胞内充满卵黄,相对怀卵量为(3018±310)粒/g.萍乡肉红鲫精巢属于小叶型,在精小叶中可观察到不同发育阶段的生殖细胞.由精原细胞分裂而来的仞级精母细胞经分裂增殖,产生次级精母细胞并最终发育成为精子.萍乡肉红鲫的精巢发育程序与普通鲫鱼和鲤鱼相似,卵巢和精巢的发育过程基本同步,孵化后50日龄内性腺分化不明显,到70日龄左右开始出现雌雄分化,3月龄发育为第1期,4-5月龄发育为第2期,6-7月龄发育至第3期,7-10月龄可见第4期卵巢,1年即可成熟产卵,精巢可排出精液.结果表明,该鲫鱼突变体的性腺发育与普通二倍体鲤(鲫)鱼的性腺发育方式类似.     

人工诱导雌核发育日本白鲫

分别用遗传失活的散鳞镜鲤(Cyprinus carpio L.)、团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)精子诱导日本白鲫(Carassius cuvieri)进行雌核发育.未经冷休克处理,用UV照射过的镜鲤的精子(其最佳UV照射剂量为4 200 mJ/cm2)与日本白鲫卵子受精获得(32.4±3.3)%雌核发育单倍体和(0.7±0.3)%杂交二倍体,而照射过的团头鲂精子(其最佳UV照射剂量为3 600mJ/cm2)与日本白鲫卵子受精得到了(33.8±1.4)%雌核发育单倍体和(0.5-±0.3)%杂交二倍体.日本白鲫卵子分别经灭活的镜鲤、团头鲂的精子激活(精子经各自最佳UV剂量处理),施以冷休克处理(受精后2min,0-4℃,40min),其孵化率分别为(27.8±2.1)%和(29.4±3.3)%,发育到摄食期,其正常的雌核发育二倍体鱼苗分别为(15.7±3.4)%和(23.6±4.1)%,在镜鲤实验组中,其正常的雌核发育二倍体鱼苗占孵化鱼苗总数的56%,这比团头鲂实验组中正常雌核发育二倍体鱼苗的比率(达到80%)低,结果表明诱导日本白鲫雌核发育,与母本遗传关系远的团头鲂精子较镜鲤的更有效.从染色体数目、外形特征和性腺结构等方面证实雌核发育后代的生物学特性.雌核发育日本白鲫全为雌性,这表明其雌性是同配XX型.雌核发育日本白鲫在生产上将有着潜在的价值,如比普通日本白鲫长得更快,抗病能力强等.所有的雌核发育日本白鲫的染色体数目都是100,而所有的团头鲂与日本白鲫的杂交后代都是三倍体(3n=124),新三倍体鱼在鱼类养殖和理论研究中将存在潜在的价值.     

不同倍性鲫鲤鱼Dmc1基因cDNA的克隆 及其表达分析

酵母菌 Dmc1(disrupted meiotic cDNA)基因是一个在减数分裂前期Ⅰ表达的特异基因, 其产物是减数分裂同源染色体配对所必需的. 根据酵母菌、小鼠以及人的DMC1中保守氨基酸序列合成简并引物, 分别克隆了二倍体红鲫(Carassius auratus red var.)、湘江野鲤(Cyprinus carpio L.)、日本白鲫(Carassius cuvieri)、三倍体湘云鲫和异源四倍体鲫鲤Dmc1基因部分cDNA序列. 通过cDNA末端快速分离法(RACE)进一步获得了以上5种鱼Dmc1的cDNA全长, 其中红鲫Dmc1、湘江野鲤Dmc1和日本白鲫Dmc1全长均为1375 bp, 三倍体湘云鲫Dmc1全长1383 bp, 异源四倍体鲫鲤Dmc1全长1379 bp, 这5种鱼各自都编码342个氨基酸. 结果表明, 红鲫、湘江野鲤和日本白鲫的DMC1蛋白的氨基酸同源性高达97.3%, 说明DMC1蛋白在这3种鱼里具有高度保守性; 而三者与已知序列的人、小鼠和斑马鱼(Danio rerio)DMC1蛋白的氨基酸同源性分别为 86%, 86%和95%. 以分离得到的不同倍性鱼Dmc1基因编码区中完全相同的序列设计特异引物进行表达分析. RT-PCR结果表明, Dmc1只在性腺中表达, 在其他组织中不表达; 通过实时荧光定量PCR(real-time PCR), 对Dmc1基因在繁殖季节的二倍体红鲫, 三倍体湘云鲫, 四倍体鲫鲤性腺中的表达进行分析, 发现Dmc1在不同倍性鱼的性腺表达有差异, 在卵巢和精巢均表现为: 三倍体表达最高, 二倍体次之, 四倍体的表达最弱, 特别是在三倍体卵巢的表达远高于在二倍体和四倍体的表达. 同时, 对这3种鱼的性腺进行组织切片分析, 发现二倍体和四倍体鱼的性腺发育良好, 且四倍体成熟度高于二倍体, 而三倍体鱼性腺发育缓慢未达到性成熟, 特别是卵巢的发育相当不好. 由此可见, 在不同倍性鲫鲤鱼中Dmc1基因也是减数分裂特异的基因, 其表达与倍性无显著的相关性, 而与性成熟相关; 并且在三倍体卵巢中的过量表达可能与其减数分裂异常及其不育有关.     

不同倍性鲫鲤鱼Dmc1基因cDNA的克隆 及其表达分析

酵母菌 Dmc1(disrupted meiotic cDNA)基因是一个在减数分裂前期Ⅰ表达的特异基因, 其产物是减数分裂同源染色体配对所必需的. 根据酵母菌、小鼠以及人的DMC1中保守氨基酸序列合成简并引物, 分别克隆了二倍体红鲫(Carassius auratus red var.)、湘江野鲤(Cyprinus carpio L.)、日本白鲫(Carassius cuvieri)、三倍体湘云鲫和异源四倍体鲫鲤Dmc1基因部分cDNA序列. 通过cDNA末端快速分离法(RACE)进一步获得了以上5种鱼Dmc1的cDNA全长, 其中红鲫Dmc1、湘江野鲤Dmc1和日本白鲫Dmc1全长均为1375 bp, 三倍体湘云鲫Dmc1全长1383 bp, 异源四倍体鲫鲤Dmc1全长1379 bp, 这5种鱼各自都编码342个氨基酸. 结果表明, 红鲫、湘江野鲤和日本白鲫的DMC1蛋白的氨基酸同源性高达97.3%, 说明DMC1蛋白在这3种鱼里具有高度保守性; 而三者与已知序列的人、小鼠和斑马鱼(Danio rerio)DMC1蛋白的氨基酸同源性分别为 86%, 86%和95%. 以分离得到的不同倍性鱼Dmc1基因编码区中完全相同的序列设计特异引物进行表达分析. RT-PCR结果表明, Dmc1只在性腺中表达, 在其他组织中不表达; 通过实时荧光定量PCR(real-time PCR), 对Dmc1基因在繁殖季节的二倍体红鲫, 三倍体湘云鲫, 四倍体鲫鲤性腺中的表达进行分析, 发现Dmc1在不同倍性鱼的性腺表达有差异, 在卵巢和精巢均表现为: 三倍体表达最高, 二倍体次之, 四倍体的表达最弱, 特别是在三倍体卵巢的表达远高于在二倍体和四倍体的表达. 同时, 对这3种鱼的性腺进行组织切片分析, 发现二倍体和四倍体鱼的性腺发育良好, 且四倍体成熟度高于二倍体, 而三倍体鱼性腺发育缓慢未达到性成熟, 特别是卵巢的发育相当不好. 由此可见, 在不同倍性鲫鲤鱼中Dmc1基因也是减数分裂特异的基因, 其表达与倍性无显著的相关性, 而与性成熟相关; 并且在三倍体卵巢中的过量表达可能与其减数分裂异常及其不育有关.     

黄鳝性腺自然逆转过程中vasa基因的表达分析

本研究采用RNA反义探针原位杂交技术,对vasa基因在黄鳝(Monopterusalbus)性腺发育过程中的表达情况进行了分析。结果表明:vasamRNA在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期卵母细胞的胞质中均匀分布,在Ⅳ、Ⅴ期卵母细胞中vasamRNA有向胞质外周皮层迁移集中的趋势,但不明显;退化的卵粒也呈现vasamRNA阳性反应;在Ⅲ、Ⅳ期卵巢的被膜中检测到带有vasa阳性信号的细胞,这些细胞可能是待向精原细胞分化、迁移到卵巢被膜上的原始生殖细胞(Primordialgermcell,PGC),在性逆转过程中这些PGC可能由卵巢被膜迁移到精小叶中并发育成精子;在成熟精巢中,vasa在精原细胞和初级精母细胞中表达。进一步采用碱性磷酸酶染色法分析黄鳝卵巢及精巢后发现:在卵巢中,除了卵母细胞外,卵巢被膜中也检测到了带有碱性磷酸酶阳性信号的细胞;在成熟精巢中,只在生殖腺囊内的雄性生殖细胞中检测到碱性磷酸酶,而精巢被膜中没有检测到带有碱性磷酸酶阳性信号的细胞。本研究结果初步表明:黄鳝的雄性生殖细胞可能起源于雌性阶段卵巢被膜中的原始生殖细胞[动物学报51(3):469-475,2005]。     

改良三倍体鲫鱼的生物学特性研究

利用鱼类远缘杂交和雌核发育相结合的方法培育出改良四倍体鲫鲤和改良二倍体红鲫,两者交配制备出一种改良三倍体鲫鱼（湘云鲫2号）.对改良三倍体鲫鱼的染色体数目和组型、性腺和垂体结构、外形特征、生长速度等方面进行了系统的研究.结果表明,改良三倍体鲫鱼的染色体数目为3n=150,核型公式为33m＋51sm＋33st＋33t;其精巢和卵巢在繁殖季节不能产生成熟配子,垂体超微结构显示,GTH细胞内的分泌颗粒和分泌小球在繁殖季节没有大量排出,该特征从内分泌的角度证明了它们的不育性;改良三倍体鲫鱼具有体背高、尾柄短和头部小的优良外形特征.与三倍体湘云鲫相比,改良三倍体鲫鱼不但保留了三倍体鱼生长速度快、不育等特点,而且在体形方面表现出明显的改良特征,是一种新型改良三倍体鲫鱼.     

新型高背型鲫鱼的形成及其生物学特征研究

利用鱼类远缘杂交技术和雌核发育方法获得了新型四倍体鲫鲤(G1×AT). 在G1×AT中发现2%的高背型个体, 其自交后代性状发生分离并形成3种两性可育的二倍体鱼: 高背型红鲫、高背型双尾金鱼和青灰色鲤鱼. 其中高背型红鲫自交, 后代性状继续发生分离, 形成高背型红鲫、花鲫和青鲫. 本文主要对这3种高背型鲫鱼及其自交后代的外形特征、染色体数目、性腺显微和超微结构以及繁殖力等方面进行了研究. 结果表明: (ⅰ) 这3种高背型鲫鱼在外形上都具有体背高、尾柄短、头部小的优良特性. 高背型红鲫、花鲫和青鲫的体高/体长值分别为0.54, 0.51和0.54, 三者明显高于普通红鲫的体高/体长值0. 41(P<0. 01); (ⅱ) 3种高背型鲫鱼染色体数目与普通红鲫染色体数目一致, 都为2n=100; (ⅲ) 这3种高背型鲫鱼都具有正常的卵巢和精巢, 它们分别能产生成熟的卵子和精子, 为二倍体高背型鲫鱼品系的形成奠定了基础; (ⅳ) 与普通红鲫相比, 3种高背型鲫鱼具有产卵(产精)量大、繁殖期长、受精率和孵化率高等优点. 它们通过自交培育出了具有高背特征的二倍体鲫鱼群体; (ⅴ) 3种高背型鲫鱼既具有较高的观赏和食用价值, 也可以作为优良的二倍体亲本与四倍体鱼交配来制备高背型三倍体鲫鱼. 这3种高背型鲫鱼的形成在生物进化研究和鱼类遗传育种研究方面都具有重要意义.     

用团头鲂精子诱导金鱼雌核发育研究

本文用紫外灭活的团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)精子激活金鱼 (Carassius auratus Goldfish)卵子,用0－4℃冷水冷休克处理卵子使其染色体加倍,得到成活的雌核发育金鱼。使用与金鱼不同亚科的团头鲂精子做为激活源能极大提高雌核发育后代的鉴定效率,只需依据外形特征、染色体数目和性腺发育程度,就能容易地将雌核发育金鱼和与团头鲂杂交后代区分开。雌核发育金鱼有两种体色不同的后代,但都为双尾,体形似金鱼,染色体数目为2n=100,全雌,性腺发育正常;而杂交后代为单尾,体形似鲫鱼,染色体数目为3n=124,性腺发育滞后。本实验为证明金鱼的性别决定方式为XX/XY型提供了细胞遗传学证据。得到两种体色皆不同于母本体色的后代,体色不同可能是基因座位纯化导致后代性状分化,也可能是异精效应导致。     

三倍体虹鳟性转换及性腺发育的研究

用高温刺激法获得三倍体虹鳟幼鱼。从开始投饵起,分别投喂含有不同浓度17β-雌二醇(0～60μg/μg)的饵料,持续60天,获得了93%～100%的高三倍体雌性率(对照组的雌性率为52%)。三倍体雄鱼可观察到其精子形成,但性腺成熟度较相对的二倍体差;三倍体雌鱼的生殖细胞多停留在偶线期到粗线期,未发现有性成熟个体。实验结果推测,三倍体虹鳟雌鱼的不育现象看来不是由于雌雄基因组的组成差异而致,更可能是由于三组染色体造成对虹鳟卵巢发育更大的阻力。雌二醇处理对三倍体虹鳟幼鱼的生长和成活没有明显的影响。     

Comparison of the gonadal development and plasma levels of sex steroid hormones in diploid and triploid sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax L

The goal of this study was to compare the reproductive physiology of triploid and diploid European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Gonads of diploid and triploid fish (males and females) were examined both microscopically and macroscopically, together with the plasma levels of the major sex steroids produced (testosterone and estradiol-17beta) when fish were adults. Prior to sexual maturation, the gonadosomatic index (GSI) of triploid males was similar to that of diploids. However, the GSI in 4-year-old adult triploid males was 1.8 times lower than that of diploids (P < 0.05). All diploid males exhibited normal gonadal development. In contrast, in triploid males spermatogenesis was impaired during late meiosis, affecting severely spermiogenesis. This was achieved by an increasing imbalance in the amount of DNA present in daughter cells of the same type as spermatogenesis progressed, as demonstrated by abnormal cell sizes, culminating in inviable spermatids. Thus, no spermiating triploid fish were observed during 4 years, which included three full consecutive maturation cycles. Furthermore, the germ cells from triploids were significantly larger than those from diploids (P < 0.001). Seasonal profiles of plasma levels of testosterone in 4-year-old males were essentially similar in both ploidies. On the other hand, triploid females had rudimentary ovaries containing oogonia and primary oocytes that were arrested during meiotic prophase I, while diploid females exhibited all stages of ovarian development. Diploid females showed levels of testosterone and estradiol-17beta significantly higher than those of triploids (P < 0.05), in which no endocrine signs of maturation were observed at all. Regarding sex ratios, triploids had 10% more females than diploids (P < 0.05) but in both ploidies males predominated, as is usually found in this species under culture conditions. These results show that triploidy blocked the initial phases of meiosis in females and the latter ones in males, resulting in the absence of or reduced gonadal development, respectively. In conclusion, we provide an explanation for the lack of gonadal development in triploid male fish, and, to the best of our knowledge, we report for the first time a case in which induced triploidy completely blocks meiosis in both sexes, thus conferring functional sterility in the sea bass.     

The haematology of triploid landlocked Atlantic salmon, Salmo solar L.

Triploid landlocked Atlantic salmon had a larger mean erythrocyte volume but lower erythrocyte count than diploids; the haematocrit was the same in diploids and triploids. Although the total blood haemoglobin content and the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration were lower in triploids than in diploids, the actual mean corpuscular haemoglobin content of triploid erythrocytes was higher than that of diploids. The increase in triploid mean erythrocyte volume was mainly due to an increase in cell length; there was only a minor increase in cell width and no increase in cell height. The nucleus of triploid erythrocytes occupied a greater percentage of the corpuscular volume than did the diploid nucleus. Mean cytoplasmic haemoglobin concentration was found to be the same for diploids and triploids when this was taken into account     

Growth Performance and Gonadal Development of Growth Enhanced Transgenic Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) Following Heat-Shock-Induced Triploidy

Triploid induction offers a way of considerably reducing fertility in fish, and could therefore be employed to help ensure that any adverse environmental impact of transgenic fish was markedly less. In order to produce sterile growth-enhanced transgenic fish, we have induced triploidy in two lines of transgenic tilapia. Growth performance and gonadal development were analyzed following triploidization by heat shock. Ploidy status was confirmed by nuclear size measurement of erythrocytes. Erythrocytes of triploids were found to be 1.5 times larger than diploids. Observations of growth enhancement and gonadal development were made on diploids and triploids from both transgenic and nontransgenic full sibling batches. In both lines, transgenic diploids were superior in growth performance, followed by transgenic triploids, nontransgenic diploids, and nontransgenic triploids. Although the testes of transgenic triploids were significantly smaller than those of nontransgenic triploids and nontransgenic diploids, histologically they did not show signs of gross deformation. There were also some spermatozoa present in the testes of some triploids, which could be indicative of reproductive functionality. However, the ovaries were devoid of oocytes, underdeveloped, and deformed in all triploids and were completely nonfunctional. Although the best growth performance was shown by the fertile diploid transgenics, the triploid transgenic females could offer a good option for aquaculture purposes because they showed superior growth performance over the normal wild-type tilapias with the advantage of sterility to ensure nonhybridization and noncontamination with the local gene pool. However, careful monitoring of potential gene flow would be required prior to commercial use. Received December 1, 1998; accepted May 18, 1999.     

Variations in hepatic estradiol-17beta receptor concentrations during the annual reproductive cycle of diploid and triploid female catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch)

Concentrations of hepatic estradiol-17beta (E2) receptors (ER) in cytosolic and nuclear fractions were evaluated in diploid and triploid female catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) during four different reproductive periods of a complete reproductive cycle. Basal level of ER concentration was noted in the resting period of both diploids and triploids. Receptor level gradually elevated through the preparatory period and reached a peak in the pre-spawning period in both diploids and triploids. However, ER concentrations were overall reduced in triploid to that of diploid females. In a single point assay, in diploids, ER concentration showed about a 3-fold rise (p<0.001) in the cytosolic and a 4-fold rise (p<0.001) in the nuclear extracts from resting to the pre-spawning period. In triploids, only a 2-fold rise was observed both in cytosolic (p<0.01) and nuclear (p<0.05) ER concentration during the same span. Finally, a sudden fall of receptor level was observed in the spawning period in both the ploidy groups with a lower concentration in the triploids. The K(d) value did not differ between the females of diploids (cytosolic 1.12+/-0.21 nM and nuclear 6.9+/-0.9 nM) and triploids (cytosolic--1.13+/-0.17 nM, nuclear--6.8+/-2 nM). However, B(max) of the diploid showed about double the value than triploid females both in the cytosolic (diploid--367.4+/-33.24 pmol/mg protein, triploid--187.3+/-13.20 pmol/mg protein, p<0.001) and nuclear extracts (diploid--946+/-66 pmol/mg DNA, triploid-558+/-98 pmol/mg DNA, p<0.01) of liver. Lower E2 binding capacity and lower amount of E2 receptors of triploid catfish liver with a stunted vitellogenic status could be one of the major causes for reduced gonadal development and sterility in female triploids.     

Comparative growth performance of diploid and triploid European sea bass over the first four spawning seasons

During their 3–4 first years of life, triploid sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax grew in a similar fashion to diploids in fork length but more slowly than diploids ( P <0·05) in body weight, even when the diploids reached full sexual maturity. However, from 48–53 months of age triploids exhibited non-significantly higher instantaneous growth rates, and thus when fish were 4 years or older, differences in weight with diploids were no longer apparent, suggesting that triploidy could be of benefit in the culture of large (>1 kg) sea bass. The condition factor was reduced in both ploidies during the spawning season which took place in winter when the temperature was low. These observations suggest that any growth advantage in triploids, which were functionally sterile, may be offset by unfavourable environmental conditions. Thus, the potential gain of triploid fish, because they do not direct energy to gonadal growth, could not overcome the effects of low temperature on somatic growth, which coincided with the spawning season. This suggests that the low growth of this species during winter is more a consequence of low temperature than of the energetic cost associated with reproduction. On the other hand, the lower hepatosomatic index in triploid females in contrast to diploid females might be indicative of the lack of gonadal oestradiol-mediated hepatic synthesis of vitellogenin. Also, erythrocyte and haematocrit measurements showed an increased nuclear and cellular volume in triploids, but with similar cell numbers to those of diploids, respectively.     

Sexual maturation in triploid rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson

This paper compares some morphological and endocrinological characteristics of diploid and triploid rainbow trout.
Significant differences were found between diploid and triploid females in GSI, condition factor, gut weight, liver weight and percentage dress-out, and between diploid and triploid males in GSI, condition factor and gut weight.
Diploid females had large, well-developed ovaries containing yolk-filled secondary oocytes whereas the triploids had only string-like ovaries containing nests of oogonia. No primary oocytes were present.
All the diploid males produced copious quantities of milt but it was possible to express a thin, watery milt containing motile spermatozoa from only two of the 12 triploid males. Testes weights in triploids were similar to those of diploids but, while the diploid testes were packed with spermatozoa, those of the triploids consisted mainly of spermatocytes and spermatids with few spermatozoa present. Measurements of the heads of spermatozoa revealed that those from triploids were larger and had a wider size range than those from diploids.
Levels of testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone in triploid and diploid males were not significantly different. However, levels of testosterone and 17β-oestradiol in diploid females were considerably higher than those of triploid females.     

二倍体和三倍体太平洋牡蛎鳃扫描电镜的比较

利用扫描电子显微镜技术对二倍体和三倍体太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)鳃的表面结构进行了观察和比较。结果显示：三倍体牡蛎鳃丝的宽度、鳃丝间的距离较二倍体大;鳃丝的微细结构比二倍体更致密;鳃丝间通过丝问连接形成的孔洞大于二倍体。这些不同表明二倍体和三倍体呼吸及摄食可能存在差异。     

Haematological parameters in Umbrina cirrosa (Teleostei, Sciaenidae): a comparison between diploid and triploid specimens

Haematological features were compared between diploid and triploid specimens of the ray-finned fish Umbrina cirrosa. No significant differences between diploids and triploids were reported in haematocrit and total haemoglobin concentration, but erythrocytes and thrombocytes were significantly greater in size in triploids. Glycaemia was significantly lower in diploids, whereas triploid erythrocytes were more resistant to osmotic stress. In triploids, a greater fraction of leukocytes was positive for alkaline phosphatase activity, when stimulated with Bacillus clausii spores, otherwise no significant increase of oxygen consumption was observed in triploid leukocytes after stimulation, based on assays for superoxide anions. Triploids were characterized by a lower concentration of circulating blood cells with a lower surface/volume ratio when compared with diploids. These features may lead to a general disadvantage of triploids in withstanding stress conditions: a situation that needs to be taken into account in aquaculture practice.     

Size-Structures and Reproductive Characteristics in Diploid and Triploid Populations of Disporum sessile D. Don (Liliaceae)

Abstract Disporum sessile (Liliaceae), a perennial herb of temperate forests is composed of diploid (2n=16) and triploid (2n=24) populations. The size structure differed remarkably as triploid populations had few small plants and no seedlings. Triploid flowering plants were considerably larger than diploids. Triploids that flowered were 2.5 times larger than diploids that flowered and the size of vegetative ramets produced by triploids was twice as large. In triploids, fruiting rates were quite low only with inviable seeds and vegetative propagule size was greater than that of diploids. As regards growth parameters that help to increase plant size, triploids were superior to diploids. Differences in growth and reproductive parameters between diploids and triploids may contribute to forming different patch sizes.     

Comparative biochemical composition in gonad and adductor muscle of triploid and diploid catarina scallop (Argopecten ventricosus Sowerby II, 1842)

Biochemical components of gonad and adductor muscle for diploid and triploid catarina scallop, Argopecten ventricosus, were evaluated and compared at four periods in 1 year (January, April, June, and October). Two comparisons were done. The first one compared an untreated control (diploid) vs. a triploidy-treated group for which the percentage of triploids was 57%. The second comparison was done on a group derived from within the triploidy-treated group, separating diploids (internal control) from triploids ('putative triploids'). Regardless of which comparison, in the gonad diploid scallops had larger concentrations of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and acylglycerols than triploid scallops. This reflects the maturation processes in diploid scallops vs. the sterility seen in most triploid scallops, and it is particularly supported by the consistently larger concentration of acylglycerols in gonads of diploids than in triploids. The gonad index of the internal control (diploid) group was significantly larger than that seen in the putative triploid group at all sampling periods but October, when none of the gonad biochemical components were different between ploidy groups.Triploid scallops had a significantly larger muscle index than diploids from April to October. This can be caused by a larger gain in muscle tissue in triploids than diploids from January to June. However, there were no consistent differences in any of the biochemical components evaluated in adductor muscle of diploids and triploids. The use of freshly ingested food rather than reserve mobilization from muscle in diploids is suggested by these results. Nutrients derived from ingested food are apparently used for muscle growth in triploids, whereas in diploids those nutrients serve primarily for gonad development. The importance of freshly ingested food for maintenance and growth is suggested because the decline in biochemical components seen in October in both muscle and gonad was paired with a decline in weight of those two organs, especially when the control groups are considered, but a decrease was also evident for the triploid groups. This may have been caused by the presence of El Ni?o, with its characteristic high water temperatures and low productivity.