现代化需要人体测量学

由于数学、物理和化学已被广泛用于生产实践之中,所以人们对它们的内容和应用价值了解得比较多。但是,对于人体测量学这门学科究竟研究什么,有什么用处,许多人还感到陌生,或并不完全了解。其实,人体测量学是人类学的一个分支学科。内容包括骨骼测量和活体(和死体)测量。它的主要任务是通过测量数据,对人体特征进行数量分析,进而描述人类体质特征的变化规律。例如,骨骼测量可以提供人类在系统发育和个体发育各个阶段的骨骼大小尺寸,帮助我们了解在人类进化的不同时期和不同人种或民族的骨骼变化发展的情况,以及他们的相互关系,同时也可以了解骨骼在生长和衰老过程中的变化等等。活体测量,顾名思义就是对活人的头面部以及身体各部位进行测量。然后,将测量所得的人体各部位的尺寸,经过数学统计,进而对人体特征做数量上的分析。     

临夏市回族体质特征的初步研究

本文对甘肃省临夏市回族２３３人进行了人类学活体观察和测量,求得５３项指标的测量数据和４８项指数值,并对临夏市回族的体质类型作了讨论和分析,结果表明：临夏市回族既具有伊斯兰教民族独有特征,也显示出东亚人种的体质特点。     

三岩藏族体质特征研究

三岩是西藏自治区贡觉县与四川省白玉县交界的金沙江峡谷区, 本文对三岩藏族活体的测量数据做了统计分析, 认为三岩藏族的体质特征为高身材、中头型、中鼻; 属于蒙古人种北亚类型, 他们的体质特征不仅与中国南方、北方的其他民族有明显的差别, 而且跟藏族的其他支系也有很大的差别。三岩藏族具有独特的体质特征。     

甘肃保安族体质特征研究

对保安族208人(男105人,女103人)的52项体质特征进行了人体测量学研究。对保安族及其周围民族体质特征的差异进行了主成份分析,找出了民族间差异的主要表现。使用主成份得分(作为变量)进行聚类的方法,对保安族和周围民族体质特征的相像相异作了分析研究,保安族和东乡族,甘肃汉族和回族较为相像,和藏族,维吾尔族,蒙古族和陕西汉族较为相异。     

基诺族体质特征及35年来体质的变化

对云南西双版纳傣族自治州景洪县基诺山基诺乡的基诺族进行体质调查,测量了600例(男279人,女321人)成人人体测量学指标,与35年前在同一地区测量的基诺族体质数据进行了比较,初步分析了35年来基诺族体质变化的原因,研究表明,基诺族身材较矮,颧部不突出,上眼睑多有皱褶,接近40%成年人具有蒙古褶,眼裂高度多为中等,眼外角多高于眼内角,鼻根高度多为中等,多为直鼻背,多直发。基诺族男性、女性均为圆头型、高头型、中头型、阔面型、中鼻型,中躯干型、中腿型、宽胸型、宽肩型、中骨盆型。这些表明基诺族具有南亚类型体质特征。35年来,基诺族男女的头长、头宽、面宽、下颌角宽、容貌面高、身高、坐高、胸围、肩宽、体重等指标值较1980年指标有所增长。基诺族体质的变化与当地生产力的发展,饮食结构的改善、体力劳动的强度变化都有一定的关系。     

体质、生态与文化——对福建省罗源县八井村畲族体质的个案研究

2003年7月,笔者对福建省罗源县八井村畲族人体形态观察18项、头面部测量18项、体部测量10项,共46项进行了调查。调查结果显示, 八井村畲民的体质符合南方蒙古利亚人种的体质特征。最后, 本文对畲民体质特征与其所在地的生态、文化环境等关系进行了较深入地分析和讨论。     

鄂伦春族体质现状及其与60年前资料的比较

对内蒙古鄂伦春自治旗１９１名（男８５,女１０６）,鄂伦春族成的人进行了活体观察与测量,总结了鄂伦春的体质和类型并在城乡之间、与６０年前同一地区的资料及我国北方一些的体质数据进行了比较。     

西双版纳傣族的人种学特点:来自人体测量学的数据

2013年9月在云南省西双版纳州测量了402例(男为197例,女为205例)傣族人的头面部、体部体质指标,并与汉族和中国北亚类型、南亚类型体质进行了比较。研究发现,西双版纳傣族男性、女性均为亚中等身材。西双版纳傣族与德宏州傣族体质特征差异较大。聚类分析结果表明,西双版纳傣族男性与克木人、佤族、水族、苗族在同一组中。总的看来,西双版纳傣族具有南亚类型族群体质特征。     

物体形态的三维测量技术

人体测量学 (anthropometry)是人类学的一门分支学科 ,主要研究人体测量和观察方法 ,并通过人体整体测量与局部测量来探讨人体的特征、类型、变异和发展规律 (邵象清 ,1 985)。人体测量在医学、人类学、考古学研究中很重要。传统的人类学测量方法是用直脚规、弯脚规、三脚平行规、特殊量角器等专用仪器 ,量度人体或骨骼表面两点间的直线距离或弧线长度 ,以及线、面间的角度。测量的准确度和速度均有一定的局限性 ,而且获得的是一维数据。众所周知人体及人类骨骼为复杂的三维结构 ,一维的数据结果难以真正充分体现人体或骨骼的某些特征 ,为此…     

甘肃裕固族体质特征初步研究

本文调查了甘肃省裕固族成年人409人(男210人,女199人)的体质特征。其中活体测量51项,活体观察8项。结果表明:裕固族既具有黄种人的特征,也有本民族的特点,例如头部较圆较高;面部较长偏狭;鼻子高;鼻梁直,属狭鼻型;身材普遍较高,体质较好。这些特征与华北地区的汉族和达斡尔族,羌族及锡伯族的特征比较接近,而与苗族、黎族较远。     

Dermatoglyphics from All Chinese Ethnic Groups Reveal Geographic Patterning

Completion of a survey of dermatoglyphic variables for all ethnic groups in an ethnically diverse country like China is a huge research project, and an achievement that anthropological and dermatoglyphic scholars in the country could once only dream of. However, through the endeavors of scientists in China over the last 30 years, the dream has become reality. This paper reports the results of a comprehensive analysis of dermatoglyphics from all ethnic groups in China. Using cluster analysis and principal component analysis of dermatoglyphics, it has been found that Chinese populations can be generally divided into a southern group and a northern group. Furthermore, there has been considerable debate about the origins of many Chinese populations and about proper assignment of these peoples to larger ethnic groups. In this paper, we suggest that dermatoglyphic data can inform these debates by helping to classify a Chinese population as a northern or southern group, using selected reference populations and quantitative methods. This study is the first to assemble and investigate dermatoglyphics from all 56 Chinese ethnic groups. It is fortunate that data on population dermatoglyphics, a field of physical anthropology, have now been collected for all 56 Chinese ethnic groups, because intermarriage between individuals from different Chinese ethnic groups occurs more frequently in recent times, making population dermatoglyphic research an ever more challenging field of inquiry.     

Functional consequences of adult malnutrition in developing countries: a review

Credible concepts of malnutrition depend critically on evidence that functional impairment differentiates variation in size from unacceptable abnormality. This paper reviews functional studies on capacity for work, mortality, reproductive outcomes, competitive success, and cultural preferences. Future research priorities should include the comparative significance of simple physical dimensions in distinct ethnic groups for long-term biological and socioeconomic outcomes, and the relationships between the biological and cultural significance of variation in physique.     

亚洲21个人群体部特征的比较研究

本文通过对亚洲群体体部测量资料的聚类分析与主成分分析 ,认为亚洲群体可分为北方类群与南方类群。北方类群人体格较粗壮 ,如身材高、骨盆宽、体重大、胸围大、四肢相对短。南方类群人体格较为纤细。我国南方一些少数民族从体部特征来说属于南方类群。北方类群还可分为 5个组。每个组都具有各自独特的体部特征。     

Classification of the peripubertal stage of ontogeny in girls: a multivariate statistical solution

Using the cluster analysis of objects in the space of physique factors the objective classification of peripubertal stage of ontogenesis in girls has been constructed. The factors were obtained by factor analysis of 26 anthropometric traits from a joint sample of girls aged 7 to 17 years. Four age groups (7-9, 10-11, 12-13, 14-17 years) distinguished by the factors and by the informative criteria of physique in total have been picked out. The diagnostic ability of the linear discriminant functions constructed by the stepwise discriminant analysis averages 80.0%. This level is in the limits determined in resolving problems of classification by using the anthropometric traits.     

A comparison of anthropometric and training characteristics among recreational male ironman triathletes and ultra-endurance cyclists

"The physique of Ironman triathletes was considered to be similar to that of cyclists. We intended to investigate differences and similarities in anthropometry and training between 83 Ironman triathletes competing in a qualifier for 'Ironman Hawaii' and 84 ultra-endurance cyclists competing in a qualifier for the 'Race across America'. The anthropometric and training characteristics were compared between these two groups of athletes; associations of anthropometric and training characteristics with race time were investigated using bi- and multi-variate analysis. The Ironman triathletes had shorter legs, lower circumferences of upper arm, thigh and calf and a lower skeletal muscle mass compared to the ultra- cyclists. The Ironman triathletes invested more weekly training hours but fewer weekly cycling hours than the ultra-cyclists; the ultra-cyclists completed more cycling kilometres per week. In the multi- variate analysis, the skin-fold thicknesses at abdominal (P = 0.02) and iliacal site (P = 0.02) as well as percent body fat (P = 0.0008) were associated with race time for the Ironman triathletes. The abdominal (P = 0.003) and the iliacal (P = 0.02) skin-fold thicknesses, percent body fat (P = 0.001) and cycling speed during training (P = 0.01) were related to cycling split time in the Ironman race. For the ultra-cyclists, percent body fat (P = 0.04) was related to race time. We concluded that anthropometry and training of Ironman triathletes were different when compared to ultra-endurance cyclists."     

Physical anthropology and ethnicity in Asia: the transition from anthropometry to genome-based studies

Initial physical anthropology studies into ethnic diversity were largely dependent on comparative whole body and craniometric measurements, and through time assessments of ethnic diversity based on these measures exhibited increasing statistical sophistication. Since the 1990s, in Asia as elsewhere in the world, human diversity studies have increasingly utilized DNA-based analyses, with Y-chromosome and mtDNA markers providing complementary perspectives on the origins and gene pool structures of different ethnic groups. This approach is illustrated in a study of population genetic structure in PR China, in which DNA samples from the Han majority and eight ethnic minorities were analyzed. The Y-chromosome and mtDNA data showed multiple paternal geographical and ethnic origins but restricted maternal ancestries. However, interpretive problems were apparent in the definition of a number of the ethnic study populations, which appear to reflect political as well as genetic influences. In all anthropological studies, whether based on anthropometry or genomic analysis, unambiguous and appropriate community identification is a prerequisite.     

Relationship between physical fitness and playing ability in rugby league players

This study investigated the physiological, anthropometric, and skill characteristics of rugby league players and determined the relationship between physical fitness and playing ability in these athletes. Eighty-six rugby league players (mean +/- SD age, 22.5 +/- 4.9 years) underwent measurements of standard anthropometry (height, body mass, and sum of 4 skinfolds), muscular power (vertical jump), speed (10-, 20-, and 40-m sprint), agility (L run), and estimated maximal aerobic power (multistage fitness test). In addition, 2 expert coaches independently assessed the playing ability of players using standardized skill criteria. First-grade players had significantly greater (p < 0.05) basic passing and ball-carrying ability and superior skills under fatigue, tackling and defensive skills, and evasion skills (i.e., ability to beat a player and 2 verse 1 skills) than second-grade and third-grade players. While no significant (p > 0.05) differences were detected among playing levels for body mass; skinfold thickness; height; 10-, 20-, or 40-m speed; agility; vertical jump height; or estimated maximal aerobic power, all the physiological and anthropometric characteristics were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with at least 1 measure of playing ability. The results of this study demonstrate that selected skill characteristics but not physiological or anthropometric characteristics discriminate between successful and less successful rugby league players. However, all physiological and anthropometric characteristics were related to playing ability. These findings suggest that while physiological and anthropometric characteristics do not discriminate between successful and less successful rugby league players, a high level of physical fitness contributes to effective playing ability in these athletes. A game-specific training program that incorporates both physical conditioning and skills training may facilitate a greater transfer of physical fitness to competitive performances in rugby league.     

中国夏尔巴人的体质特征研究

为分析夏尔巴人的体质特征,2016年在西藏测量了182例(男性98例,女性84例)夏尔巴人成人的头面部及体部指标。运用Excel 2010和SPSS 21.0对数据进行统计分析。夏尔巴人的分析结果显示,根据头面部指标均数,夏尔巴人男性和女性属于圆头型、高头型、阔头型、中鼻型。根据体部指标均数,夏尔巴人男性和女性属于中躯干型、中肩型、窄骨盆型和亚中等身高,男性为亚长腿型,女性为中腿型。与其他族群对比发现,夏尔巴人体质特征与门巴族最接近,其次是珞巴族,属于藏彝走廊类型。国内目前尚无夏尔巴人的体质特征报道,本研究丰富了民族体质数据资料库,为研究夏尔巴人的族源提供了一定的数据支持。     

Meaning of biodistance statistics: a test case using adult monozygotic twins

Anthropometry, historically one of the primary research techniques in physical anthropology, has been widely utilized in biodistance studies. The complex genetic and environmental interaction that governs the expression of anthropometric dimensions, together with concerns over measurement error, have sometimes clouded the interpretation of biodistances based upon anthropometry. In this study, 51 pairs of adult monozygotic twins were analysed using discriminant analysis and Mahalanobis' generalized distance. Both male and female twins, grouped by first- versus second-born, displayed very small, statistically insignificant distances between groups. When literature estimates of intra-observer measurement errors were used as a frame of reference, the average absolute differences between the twin pairs were approximately twice the size of the measurement error estimates. The results of this study suggest that, first, the environmental effect upon the genetically influenced traits measured by anthropometry is not large enough to bring about significant multivariate differences between identical twin pairs; and, second, biodistance studies based upon anthropometry can be reliable so long as measurement error is minimized.     

Integral evaluation of the population variability of human behavioral markers

In eight human populations with different extent of isolation and different ethnic belonging, four groups of cues have been studied: Mendel and anthropogenetic markers, anthropometry, neurodynamics and psychodynamics. Integral estimates are obtained of phenotypic and genetic correlation of groups of anthropometric, neurodynamic and psychodynamic cues in examined populations. Their values vary significantly in different populations; in isolates they are higher than in heterogeneous populations. Multidimensional dispersion analysis of the studied groups of cues allows to establish significantly higher intrapopulation variability than interpopulation one (about 14%). The revealed interpopulation differences are presented in the form of generalized values of phenotypic and genetic resemblance of examined populations by four groups of cues.