高温培养条件下爪哇伪枝藻的生理特性和超微结构特征

荒漠生物结皮广泛分布于干旱区环境,高温是影响生物结皮中藻类生存的重要环境因子。在实验室培养条件下,以生物结皮形成和发育中的重要优势种爪哇伪枝藻(Scytonema javanicum Born et Flah)为材料,研究高温胁迫对伪枝藻生理生化特性和细胞结构的影响。设置了25℃(对照)、35℃、40℃和45℃等不同高温处理,测定了短期(6h)和长期(15d)高温条件下,S.javanicum的光合活性、光合色素、多糖含量和丙二醛含量以及细胞超微结构的变化。结果表明,S.javanicum最大光化学量子产量Fv/Fm和PSII有效光化学量子产量ΦPSII在35℃下表现出最大值。40℃高温明显抑制藻体叶绿素a合成,35℃处理促进了叶绿素a合成(高于对照值),而40℃处理明显促进了藻体类胡萝卜素合成,高于对照处理和35℃处理。随温度升高,S.javanicum丙二醛、胞内可溶性糖和胞外多糖含量呈现出逐渐增大的趋势。透射电镜切片显示,40℃高温明显破坏了藻体细胞超微结构,如原生质体出现絮状形态和空泡化,35℃处理则有利于细胞形态结构的保持和稳定。以上结果初步证实了S.javanicum能够较好地耐受适当的高温(35℃)。研究对于了解S.javanicum对高温环境的耐受程度及对高温的适应性具有一定的理论意义,并对利用荒漠蓝藻治理荒漠化具有实际指导价值。     

失水-吸水过程中集球藻的生理生化特性研究

荒漠结皮藻类广泛分布于干旱、半干旱地区,经常面临生存水源的短缺。以一种从荒漠结皮中分离的典型绿藻-集球藻(Palmellococcus sp.)为材料,研究其在失水-吸水过程中的某些生理生化特性。即在温室模拟条件下设置相对湿度分别为0%(极度失水)、43%(适度失水)和98%(水合,对照),测定不同失水处理对集球藻光合活性、膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛含量、细胞内可溶性物质含量和抗氧化酶活性的影响,并测定蒸馏水、BBM培养基、0.2 g/L蔗糖溶液、0.2 g/L蓝藻多糖、0.2 g/L脯氨酸和2.5 mmol/L氯霉素及50μmol/L敌草隆进行吸水处理时对失水藻体光合活性的恢复效果。结果表明,与对照处理相比,集球藻在失水过程中光合活性迅速降低,SOD和CAT活性大量升高,细胞内可溶性糖含量和可溶性蛋白含量明显增加,并且膜脂丙二醛含量出现大量积累。不同的失水-吸水处理发现,外源蔗糖和胞外多糖吸水对集球藻的光合活性有较好的恢复作用,添加脯氨酸和氯霉素吸水时光合活性也获得了一定程度的恢复,采用敌草隆吸水时则出现光合活性的明显抑制。研究结果对于更好地理解荒漠结皮绿藻对干旱的生理适应机制提供了有意义的参考。     

24-表油菜素内酯和盐度对浒苔生长和生理活性的影响

为探讨低温条件下外源植物激素和盐度变化对浒苔光合生理的影响,本文选取浒苔为供试材料,研究24-表油菜素内酯和盐度对其生长、光合色素、叶绿素荧光参数、抗氧化活性和可溶性蛋白含量的影响.结果表明: 与正常盐度(近岸海水盐度为25)相比,浒苔的生长在盐度10处理下显著增加,增幅为45.9%,但在盐度5处理下显著降低.盐度5处理的浒苔比其他盐度处理具有较高的Chl a和可溶性蛋白.24-表油菜素内酯(0.2 mg·L^-1)的加入显著抑制了浒苔的生长,尤其在盐度25处理下,浒苔呈现负增长的趋势,并大量释放孢子(配子),有效光化学效率、超氧化物歧化酶酶活性和可溶性糖含量明显降低,但可溶性蛋白含量显著增加.即在温度15 ℃条件下,可通过适当降低盐度促进浒苔的生长;在盐度25条件下,可通过添加24-表油菜素内酯促进孢子(配子)释放,为浒苔的大规模养殖提供原材料.     

高强光下SO_3~(2-)和F~-对盐藻叶绿素荧光特性的影响

高强光（1000μmol·m－2·s－1）下，盐藻（1）以50mol·L－1的SO32-和F-处理1h后，其体内MDA含量上升，SOD活性、Fv／Fm、Fv／Fo、PSII电子传递活性（φPSII）和游离-SH含量均下降；（2）以SO32-处理后转置于低强光（40μmol·m-2·m－2·s-1）下3h，MDA含量下降，Fv／Fm、Fv／Fo、φPSII和SOD活性回升，游离-SH含量增加，暗下不能恢复；（3）以F-处理后无论在低强光或暗下上述指标都不能恢复，甚至继续发展。     

毛尖紫萼藓(Grimmia pilifera P.Beauv) PSII光化学效率对脱水和复水的响应

利用快速叶绿素荧光动力学技术研究了毛尖紫萼藓脱水和复水过程中叶绿素荧光变化,结果显示在脱水过程中毛尖紫萼藓PSⅡ的最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、光合机构电子传递的量子产额（ETo／ABS）、捕获的激子将电子传递到电子传递链中超过QA的其它电子受体的概率（ETo／TRo）、单位叶面积的反应中心的数量（RC／CSo）以及PSⅡ受体库（Area）对叶片含水量的响应等均存在相对含水量阈值。在阈值范围内脱水,对以上荧光参数影响不大,低于阈值后,各荧光参数值迅速下降,直至PSⅡ反应中心完全关闭以及光化学过程结束。再复水后,毛尖紫萼藓光合机构的最大捕光效率、实际光化学效率、PSⅡ反应中心受体侧的电子传递链以及反应中心均能得到快速而有效的恢复。表明一定时间内脱水不会对毛尖紫萼藓的光合器官造成严重伤害,光合系统仍维持在可恢复状态。     

持续脱水下海藻叶绿素瞬变荧光模式的三阶段转换及临界水量的发现

在自然干燥条件下,跟踪研究了海洋红藻带形蜈蚣藻（Grateloupia turuturu Yamada),绿藻石莼（Ulva pertusa Kjellm)和褐藻海带（Laminaria japonica Aresch)的叶绿素荧光动力学曲线的变化,并用脉冲调制荧光仪分析了藻体脱水过程中的各个荧光参数。结果表明,在持续脱水过程中,3类海藻的荧光动力学曲线都显示出3个阶段的变化,即：1）在脱水开始时正常的峰形曲线;2）荧光上升至最高时持平、形成了高原型曲线;3）荧光跌落变成平台型曲线,发现荧光跌落前藻体的含水百分数是一个重要的生理指标,称为临界水量（CWC）。一旦藻体失水至低于此临界水量时,即便复水也不能使原来的峰形曲线得以恢复,说明脱水可能引起了叶绿体类囊体膜的不可逆损伤。临界水量可以用来衡量不同海藻的耐旱力,其数值高低随不同海藻而不同,并与其耐旱力成负相关。如在上述3大类海藻中,海带的CWC值最高（约90％）,但其耐旱性最差。此外,在红藻（只有红藻）经受干燥后作复水处理时,观察到有荧光急剧上升（爆发）的现象。对海膜脱水前后的几个荧光参数（F0、Fv、Fv/Fm)作了测定和比较,发现F0和Fv在脱水的第一阶段都上升,而v/Fm值维持基本不变。因此可以得出结论,活体叶绿素荧光对干旱的最初响应是立即增强,当继续失水时,F0保持上升而Fv却下降并越来越低,故此时总荧光的变化（包括荧光的跌落和爆发）主要是由F0的变化所引起的,因而进一步研究F0与脱水时类囊体膜状态变化的关系具有重要意义。     

Three-stage Transformation of Chlorophyll Transient Fluorescence Pattern Under Sustained Dehydration and the Discovery of Critical Water Content in Seaweeds (in English)

The chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics of marine red alga Grateloupia turuturu Yamada, green alga Ulva pertusa Kjellm and brown alga Laminaria japonica Aresch during natural sustained dehydration were monitored and investigated. The pulse amplified modulation (PAM) system was used to analyze the distinct fluorescence parameters during thallus dehydration. Results proved that the fluorescence kinetics of different seaweed all showed three patterns of transformation with sustained water loss. These were: 1) peak kinetic pattern (at the early stage of dehydration fluorescence enhanced and quenched subsequently, representing a normal physiological state). 2) plateau kinetic pattern (with sustained water loss fluorescence enhanced continuously but quenching became slower, finally reaching its maximum). 3) Platform kinetic pattern (fluorescence fell and the shape of kinetic curve was similar to plateau kinetic pattern). A critical water content (CWC) could be found and defined as the percentage of water content just prior to the fluorescence drop and to be a significant physiological index for evaluation of plant drought tolerance. Once thallus water content became lower than this value the normal peak pattern can not be recovered even through rehydration, indicating an irreversible damage to the thylakoid membrane. The CWC value corresponding to different marine species were varied and negatively correlated with their desiccation tolerance, for example. Laminaria japonica had the highest CWC value (around 90%) and the lowest dehydration tolerance of the three. In addition, a fluorescence “burst” was found only in red algae during rehydration. The different fluorescence parameters Fo , Fv and Fv/ Fm were measured and compared during water loss. Both Fo and Fv increased in the first stage of dehydration but Fv / Fm kept almost constant. So the immediate response of in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence to dehydration was an enhancement. Later with sustained dehydration Fo increased continuously while Fv decreased and tended to become smaller and smaller. The major changes in fluorescence (including fluorescence drop during dehydration and the burst during rehydration) were all attributed to the change in Fo instead of Fv . This significance of Fo indicates that it is necessary to do more research on Fo as well as on its relationship with the state of thylakoid membrane.     

Comparative Study on the Changes in Photosynthetic Activity of the Homoiochlorophyllous Desiccation-Tolerant Haberlea Rhodopensis and Desiccation-Sensitive Spinach Leaves During Desiccation and Rehydration

The functional peculiarities and responses of the photosynthetic system in the flowering homoiochlorophyllous desiccation-tolerant (HDT) Haberlea rhodopensis and the non-desiccation-tolerant spinach were compared during desiccation and rehydration. Increasing rate of water loss clearly modifies the kinetic parameters of fluorescence induction, thermoluminescence emission, far-red induced P700 oxidation and oxygen evolution in the leaves of both species. The values of these parameters returned nearly to the control level after 24 h rehydration only of the leaves of HDT plant. PS II was converted in a non-functional state in desiccated spinach in accordance with the changes in membrane permeability, malondialdehyde, proline and H₂O₂ contents. Moreover, our data showed a strong reduction of the total number of PS II centers in Haberlea without any changes in the energetics of the charge recombination. We consider this observation, together with the previously reported unusually high temperature of B-band (S₂Q_B-) emission of Haberlea to reflect some specific adaptive characteristics of the photosynthetic system. As far as we know this is the first time when such adaptive characteristics and mechanism of the photosynthetic system of a flowering HDT higher plant is described. These features of Haberlea can explain the fast recovery of its photosynthesis after desiccation, which enable this HDT plant to rapidly take advantage of frequent changes in water availability.     

低温下壳聚糖处理对黄瓜幼苗生理生化特性的影响

50 mg/L的壳聚糖处理减轻了低温对黄瓜幼苗膜的伤害,低温(6℃)处理4 d后,幼苗膜透性和MDA含量明显低于对照,并且显著减缓了低温导致的光合速率、实际光化学效率(ФPS Ⅱ)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)和1光系数(F’v /Em’)的下降;同时,处理使抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性提高,可溶性蛋白和脯胺酸含量增加.因此,壳聚糖处理增强了黄瓜幼苗的抗冷性,保护了膜系统,提高了活性氧清除能力,减轻了低温对光合机构的破坏.     

水稻种衣剂对秧苗生理生化及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以‘深两优5814’水稻种子为试验材料,用2.5%吡·咪、3%恶·咪、锐胜和适乐时分别包衣种子,测定水稻幼苗抗氧化酶活性、MDA含量、GSH含量、叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光参数,探讨种衣剂对幼苗的胁迫机理,为种衣剂的安全高效应用提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)种衣剂能提高水稻幼苗的抗氧化酶活性,播种后14d,2.5%吡·咪和锐胜处理组叶片的SOD活性上升,3%恶·咪处理组叶片的POD活性上升;播种后22d,2.5%吡·咪和3%恶·咪处理组叶片的CAT活性上升;播种后26d,锐胜和适乐时处理组叶片的CAT活性上升;2.5%吡·咪和3%恶·咪显著提高了播种后22d叶片的MDA含量。4种种衣剂均能提升幼苗叶片GSH含量,并以3%恶·咪的提升效果最为明显。(2)4种种衣剂均能降低叶绿素含量,但随培养时间的延长叶片内叶绿素含量逐渐恢复到正常水平。(3)4种种衣剂对水稻叶片最大光化学效率φPo无显著影响,吸光性能指数PIABS值也未呈下降趋势,比活性参数ABS/CSM值随培养时间的延长出现下降趋势,其中以3%恶·咪处理组下降最为明显;同时,3%恶·咪处理组叶片的热耗散DIo/CSM值也显著高于对照。研究认为,各种衣剂对水稻幼苗生长造成了一定的胁迫,但水稻自身防御体系能有效缓解农药胁迫作用,种衣剂的使用处于安全水平,但3%恶·咪的胁迫较严重,使用效果较差。     

模拟酸雨对濒危物种夏蜡梅幼苗生理生态特性的影响

以濒危物种夏蜡梅(Sinocalycanthus chinensis)幼苗为对象,研究了不同强度酸雨（pH2.5、pH3.5、pH4.5和pH5.6（CK））对其生理生态特性的影响。结果表明：7月,不同强度酸雨处理下,净光合速率日变化均呈单峰曲线;随着酸雨pH值的降低,日均P_n值下降,各处理组之间均差异极显著。随着酸雨pH值的降低,夏蜡梅幼苗最大净光合速率(P_nmax)、光饱和点（LSP）、叶绿素相对含量（SPAD）逐渐下降。而光补偿点（LCP）、暗呼吸速率（R_d）随着酸雨pH值的降低而升高。pH3.5、pH2.5处理夏蜡梅幼苗表观量子效率（AQE）比对照低,而pH4.5处理比对照高。F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o随着酸雨pH值的降低而减小。酸雨胁迫增强了超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性,增加了丙二醛（MDA）的含量、提高了质膜的透性。总之,酸雨胁迫降低了夏蜡梅的光合能力,对其它生理指标产生不利的影响。     

Differential response of Brassica juncea cultivars to Al; consequences for chlorophyll a fluorescence,antioxidants and psb A gene

The present study was undertaken to identify the aluminum (Al) tolerant cultivar of Brassica juncea. We examined the changes in antioxidant enzymes, proline level, chlorophyll a fluorescence and psb A gene expression at vegetative and reproductive growth stages of B. juncea cultivars (Bio-902, CS-14, Pusa-Tarak and Laxmi). The selected cultivars were exposed to soil (pH 5.2) supplemented with Al (0, 50, 100 and 150?mg?kg^?1). We observed the lowest decline in photosynthetic efficiency (ΔF/Fm′), ETR, PPFD values and psb A expression to Al stress in the cultivar Bio-902 (tolerant cultivar) followed by CS-14 and Pusa-Tarak whereas the highest decline was observed in the cultivar Laxmi (sensitive cultivar). The improved performance of the cultivar Bio-902 under Al stress was accompanied by an increase in proline level, CAT and APX activities but without any increase in SOD activity. However, significant increase in SOD activity was observed in Laxmi.     

叶面喷施6-BA对高温胁迫下甜椒幼苗生长和叶片生理生化指标的影响

以‘P13201’甜椒品种为材料,在光照培养箱内采用营养液栽培法,研究了叶面预喷施不同浓度6-BA(5、10、20、50μmol/L)溶液对高温胁迫(40℃/30℃昼/夜)下甜椒幼苗的生长及生理生化指标的影响,探讨缓解甜椒高温胁迫的最佳6-BA浓度。结果显示:(1)高温胁迫致使甜椒幼苗的各生长指标及叶绿素含量显著下降,且10μmol/L 6-BA处理下的株高、茎粗、地上干重、根干重与常温对照(28℃/18℃昼/夜)差异不显著,其幼苗的地上鲜重、根鲜重、叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素总含量在各处理中降幅也最小。(2)高温胁迫下甜椒幼苗叶片的PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量(Yield)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ФPSⅡ)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)显著下降,非光化学猝灭(NPQ)显著升高;相比其他处理组,10μmol/L 6-BA溶液处理下的各荧光参数变化幅度最小,特别是NPQ与对照差异不显著。(3)甜椒叶片中O-·2产生速率、抗氧化酶(SOD、APX、POD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量及相对电导率受高温胁迫后显著增大,但10μmol/L 6-BA溶液处理下O-·2产率、MDA含量及相对电导率显著小于T0处理(蒸馏水+高温)下的各值,而其SOD、APX、POD活性则表现相反,相比T0处理,显著升高了50.5%、79.4%、50.3%。研究表明,高温显著抑制了甜椒幼苗正常生长,致使叶片中各抗逆生理生化指标变幅大增,而叶面喷施适宜浓度的6-BA有利于高温胁迫下抗氧化酶活性的升高及光能的捕获与转换,有效缓解高温胁迫伤害,维持甜椒幼苗的正常生长,并以10μmol/L 6-BA溶液处理效果最好。     

萝卜对铀及其伴生金属镉的富集特征与光合生理响应

该研究以萝卜(Raphanus sativus)幼苗为试材,在溶液培养条件下测定了铀(U,50 μmol·L-1)、镉(Cd,10μmol·L-1)单一及复合处理后萝卜幼苗对U、Cd的富集特征及其生物量、光合气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光特性等,探究U单一存在以及与Cd伴生时的生物学效应.结果显示:(1)U、Cd主要分布在萝...