Structures of the O-linked oligosaccharides of the major cell surface sialoglycoprotein of MAT-B1 and MAT-C1 ascites sublines of the 13762 rat mammary adenocarcinoma

Structures of the principal O-glycosides from the major cell surface sialoglycoprotein (ASGP-1) of the MAT-B1 and MAT-C1 ascites sublines of the 13762 rat mammary adenocarcinoma have been determined. Oligosaccharitols were released by alkaline borohydride treatments of ASGP-1 and purified by gel filtration, DEAE-Sephadex ion exchange chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography. On the basis of carbohydrate composition, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and exoglycosidase digestion, the five major oligosaccharides released by mild alkaline borohydride were assigned the following structures: Component II-3: (NeuAc alpha 2----3Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----6)Ga 1 NAcOH(3----1 betaGa 1 3----2 alpha NeuAc) III-2a: (Ga 1 beta 1----4G1cNAc beta 1----6)Ga 1 NAcOH(3----1 beta Ga 1 3----2 alpha NeuAc) III-2c: (Ga 1 alpha 1----3Ga 1 beta 1----4G1cNAc beta 1----6) Ga 1 NAcOH(3----1 beta Ga 1 3----2 alpha NeuAc) IV-1a: (Ga 1 beta 1----4G 1 cNAc beta 1----6)Ga 1 NAcOH(3----1 beta Ga 1) IV-1c: (Ga 1 alpha 1----3Ga 1 beta 1----4G 1 cNAc beta 1----6) Ga 1 NAcOH(3----1 beta Ga 1) Fucosylated derivatives of III-2a, IV-1a, and IV-1c were found in smaller amounts with the fucose tentatively assigned to the 2-position of the lactosamine galactose. Components II-3, III-2a, and the fucosylated derivative of III-2A were found in both MAT-B1 and MAT-C1 sublines. The alpha-galactosides were found in detectable quantities only in subline MAT-B1. Oligosaccharides from MAT-C1 cells were enriched in sialic acid when compared to those from MAT-B1 cells. These results suggest that the 13762 ascites sublines, which bear different oligosaccharides, will provide models useful for the investigation of mechanisms regulating the expression of structures of the larger O-linked oligosaccharides.     

The structures of the carbohydrate moieties of bovine blood coagulation factor X

Bovine blood coagulation factor X contains both asparagine-linked and threonine-linked oligosaccharides. The asparagine-linked chain is a mixture of a tridecasaccharide NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 3(NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6)GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 6[NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 3(NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6)GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 3]Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc and a dodecasaccharide NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6 Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 6[NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 3(NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6)GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 3]Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc and their partial desialylation products. The threonine-linked chain is a mixture of NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 3(NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6)GalNAc, NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 3(NeuGly alpha 2 leads to 6)GalNAc, NeuGly alpha 2 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 3 (NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6)GalNAc, and NeuGly alpha 2 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 3(NeuGly alpha 2 leads to 6)GalNAc, and their partial desialized forms. The carbohydrate moieties of the factor X subgroups, factors X1 and X2, are identical.     

Biosynthesis of a tumor cell surface sialomucin. Maturation and effects of monensin

The major cell surface glycoprotein (ascites sialoglycoprotein-1 (ASGP-1] of ascites 13762 rat mammary tumor cells is a large (Mr greater than 500,000), highly glycosylated sialomucin which is present in great abundance (greater than 0.5% of total cell protein). Thus, these tumors provide a useful system for investigating the biosynthesis of O-glycosylated glycoproteins. Previous studies in this system have demonstrated that initiation of O-linked oligosaccharides occurs throughout most of the transit period of ASGP-1 from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. By pulse-chase threonine labeling and precipitation with peanut agglutinin, ASGP-1 is first observed as an immature lightly glycosylated form (Mr approximately 200,000) which is converted to a more mature, more heavily glycosylated form (designated the premature or P form) with a half-time of about 30 min. The P form is then more gradually converted into the mature ASGP-1. Analysis of glucosamine-labeled oligosaccharitols obtained from the immature form showed primarily unsialylated derivatives consisting of the structures of the size of the tetrasaccharide Gal beta 1,4GlcNAc beta 1,6(Gal beta 1,3)GalNAc and smaller, whereas the mature form showed a mixture of sialylated and unsialylated structures. Desialylation of glucosamine-labeled mature form resulted in a glycoprotein intermediate in size between the immature and mature forms, indicating that the size change with maturation is not solely due to sialylation. Treatment of the cells with 10(-6) M monensin significantly reduced the conversion of immature to mature form without inhibiting initiation of O-linked oligosaccharides and without preventing sialylation. Analysis of oligosaccharitols obtained from ASGP-1 of monensin-treated cells showed that the major oligosaccharides are trisaccharide GlcNAc beta 1,6(Gal beta 1,3)GalNAc and sialylated trisaccharide GlcNAc beta 1,6(NeuAc alpha 2,3-Gal-beta 1,3) GalNAc. These results suggest that monensin specifically disrupts the compartment of the biosynthetic pathway which adds most of the beta 1,4-Gal to the oligosaccharides of ASGP-1 and that this compartment is separate from the primary site of sialylation.     

Rabbit antibodies against the human milk sialyloligosaccharide alditol of LS-tetrasaccharide a (NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-3GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4GlcOH)

The sialyloligosaccharide, NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-3GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc (LS-tetrasaccharide a), a minor component of human milk, is obtained in relatively large quantities from autohydrolysates of the major milk disialyloligosaccharide, NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-3[NeuAc alpha 2-6]GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc (disialyllacto-N-tetraose). Rabbits immunized with an oligosaccharide-protein conjugate prepared from keyhole limpet hemocyanin and LS-tetrasaccharide a produce antibodies directed against the corresponding oligosaccharide alditol. The anti-LS-tetrasaccharide a sera bind 3H-labeled LS-tetrasaccharide a in a direct-binding radioimmunoassay on nitrocellulose filters. The specificities of these antibodies are determined by comparing inhibitory activities of structurally related oligosaccharides. Strong hapten-antibody binding (Ka greater than 10(6) M-1) requires sialic acid linked alpha 2-3 to the nonreducing terminal galactose residue of reduced lacto-N-tetraose (Gal beta 1-3GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4GlcOH). Specificities of antibodies prepared against keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugates of LS-tetrasaccharide b (Gal beta 1-3[NeuAc alpha 2-6]GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc) and LS-tetrasaccharide c (NeuAc alpha 2-6Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc) differ only slightly from rabbit antibodies prepared against the corresponding bovine serum albumin conjugates described previously [D. F. Smith and V. Ginsburg (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 55-59].     

Sialoglycoprotein differences between xenotransplantable and nonxenotransplantable ascites sublines of the 13762 rat mammary adenocarcinoma

MAT-B1 and MAT-CI rat ascites mammary adenocarcinoma cells differ in morphology, lectin receptor mobility, and xenotransplantability. Since these properties may be related to cell surface organization, the predominant sialoglycoproteins of these sublines have been investigated by chemical labeling, proteolysis, and alkaline borohydride elimination. Treatment of both sublines with periodate and tritiated borohydride labels one major sialoglycoprotein (ASGP-1) with a low electrophoretic mobility on polyacrylamide gels in dodecyl sulfate. Treatment of labeled or unlabeled cells with trypsin releases about 30% of the total cell sialic acid without significant decrease in cell viability. Gel filtration in pyridine-acetate buffer or in dodecyl sulfate indicates that the released materials are very heterogeneous, and that most of the MAT-C1 sialoglycopeptides are larger than sialoglycopeptides of MAT-B1. Amino acid compositions are quite similar for the released material from the two sublines, but they differ substantially in sialic acid. Further degradation of trypsin-released material with Pronase gives products which are included in a column of mixed Bio-Gel P-10 and P-30 and which also indicate a larger average size for MAT-C1 sialoglyco-peptides. Oligosaccharides from the sialoglycopeptides were obtained by alkaline borohydride treatment of trypsin-released, labeled material and fractionated by chromatography on Bio-Gel P-2. The oligosaccharide(s) comprising the major peak from MAT-C1 cells was larger in size than most of the material from MAT-B1 cells and contained galactosaminitol, galactose, glucosamine, sialic acid, and fucose. These results suggest that MAT-C1 ASGP-1 has more complex oligosaccharides than MAT-B1 ASGP-1, a difference which may play an important role in the differences in cell behavior between the sublines, including transplantability. Regardless of whether the ASGP-1 plays a role in transplantation, investigations of the sialoglycoproteins of these sublines provide a potentially valuable tool for understanding some of the mechanisms by which tumor cells control their cell surface properties.     

Oligosaccharides at individual glycosylation sites in glycoprotein 71 of Friend murine leukemia virus

Glycoprotein 71 from Friend murine leukemia virus was digested with proteases and the glycopeptides obtained were isolated and assigned, by amino acid sequencing, to the eight N-glycosylated asparagines in the molecule; only Asn334 and Asn341 could not be separated. The oligosaccharides liberated from each glycopeptide by endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H, or by peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase F, were fractionated and subjected to structural analysis by one- and two-dimensional 1H NMR, as well as by methylation/gas-liquid-chromatography/mass-fragmentography. At each glycosylation site, the substituents were found to be heterogeneous including, at Asn334/341 and Asn410, substitution by different classes of N-glycans: oligomannosidic oligosaccharides, mainly Man alpha 1----6(Man alpha 1----3)Man alpha 1----6(Man alpha 1----3)Man beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----, were detected at Asn168, Asn334/341 and Asn410. Hybrid species, partially sialylated, intersected and (proximally) funcosylated Man alpha 1----6(Man alpha 1----3)Man alpha 1----6 and Man alpha 1----3Man alpha 1----6 and Man alpha 1----3Man alpha 1----6(Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----2Man alpha 1----3)Man beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----, were found at Asn12, as previously published [Schlüter, M., Linder, D., Geyer, R., Hunsmann, H., Schneider, J. & Stirm, S. (1984) FEBS Lett. 169, 194-198] and at Asn334/341. N-Acetyllactosaminic glycans, mainly partially intersected and fucosylated NeuAc alpha 2----3 or Gal alpha 1----3Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----2Man alpha 1----6(NeuAc alpha 2----6 or NeuAc alpha 2----3Gal-beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----2Man alpha 1----3)Man beta 1----4GlcNac beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1---- with some bifurcation at ----6Man alpha 1----6, were obtained from Asn266, Asn302, Asn334/341, Asn374 and Asn410. In addition, Thr268, Thr277, Thr279, Thr304/309, as well as Ser273 and Ser275, were found to be O-glycosidically substituted by Gal beta 1----3GalNAc alpha 1----, monosialylated or desialylated at position 3 of Gal or/and position 6 of GalNAc.     

Oligosaccharides obtained from a blood-group-Sd(a+) Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein. An n.m.r. study.

Treatment of Tamm-Horsfall urinary glycoprotein with Bacteroides fragilis endo-beta-galactosidase over a range of enzyme concentrations, pH and temperature resulted in the release of a small but constant proportion of the terminal sugars, which indicates the presence in the glycoprotein of relatively few enzyme-susceptible -GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc- units. Three oligosaccharides were isolated from the enzyme digest and characterized as Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal, NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-4 GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal and GalNAc beta 1-4(NeuAc alpha 2-3)Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal by methylation analysis and exo-glycosidase digestion. The alditols of these oligosaccharides and related structures were examined by 500 MHz 1H-n.m.r. spectroscopy aided by spin-spin decoupling and two-dimensional correlated spectroscopy. An almost complete assignment of proton shifts was possible, and significant differences between the signals of some of the protons in the blood-group-Sda-active oligosaccharide III and literature values for the corresponding signals in the structurally related Cad-blood-group determinant are noted.     

A new ganglioside of the lactotetraose series, GalNAc-3'-isoLM1, detected in human meconium

A monoclonal antibody produced by immunization with cells of the human glioma cell line D-54 MG reacted with ganglioside GM2. The binding epitope of the antibody was found to be GalNAc beta 1-4(NeuAc alpha 2-3)Gal. Immunological detection of glycolipid antigens on thin-layer plates with this monoclonal antibody, DMAb-1, revealed the presence of a new ganglioside. This ganglioside, co-migrating with NeuAc alpha 2-6Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1-1Cer(6'-LM1) and GalNAc beta 1-4(NeuAc alpha 2-3)Gal beta 1-3GalNAc beta 1-4Gla beta 1-4Glc beta 1-1Cer (GalNAc-isoGM1) at chromatographic separation was isolated from human meconium. Its structure was determined by permethylation and fast atom bombardment-mass spectometry analyses. The new ganglioside was found to be a combination of the lacto and ganglio series gangliosides, and the structure found to be GalNAc beta 1-4(NeuAc alpha 2-3)Gal beta 1-3GlcNAc alpha 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1-1Cer(GalNAc-3'-isoLM1).     

Sulfation of the tumor cell surface sialomucin of the 13762 rat mammary adenocarcinoma

ASGP-1, the major cell surface sialomucin of the 13762 ascites rat mammary adenocarcinoma, is at least 0.5% of the total ascites cell protein and has sulfate on 20% of its O-linked oligosaccharide chains. We have used this system to investigate the O-glycosylation pathway in these cells and to determine the temporal relationship between sulfation and sialylation. The two major sulfated oligosaccharides (S-1 and S-2) were isolated as their oligosaccharitols by alkaline borohydride elimination, anion exchange HPLC, and ion-suppression HPLC. From structural analyses S-1 is proposed to be a branched, sulfated trisaccharide -O4S-GlcNAc beta 1,6-(Gal beta 1,3)-GalNAc and S-2 its sialylated derivative -O4S-GlcNAc beta 1,6-(NeuAc alpha 2,3-Gal beta 1,3)-GalNac. Pulse labeling with sulfate indicated that sulfation occurred primarily on a form of ASGP-1 intermediate in size between immature and mature sialomucin. Pulse-chase analyses showed that the intermediate could be chased into mature ASGP-1. The concomitant conversion of S-1 into S-2 had a half-time of less than 5 min. Monensin treatment of the tumor cells led to a 95% inhibition of sulfation with the accumulation of unsulfated trisaccharide GlcNAc beta 1,6-(Gal beta 1,3)-GalNAc and sialylated derivative GlcNAc beta 1,6-(NeuAc alpha 2,3-Gal beta 1,3)-GalNAc. These data suggest that sulfation of ASGP-1 is an intermediate synthetic step, which competes with beta-1,4-galactosylation for the trisaccharide intermediate and thus occurs in the same compartment as beta-1,4-galactosylation. Moreover, sulfation precedes sialylation, but the two are rapidly successive kinetic events in the oligosaccharide assembly of ASGP-1.     

The carbohydrate of bovine prothrombin. Occurrence of Gal beta 1 leads to 3GlcNAc grouping in asparagine-linked sugar chains.

Bovine prothrombin contains three asparagine-linked sugar chains in 1 molecule. The sugar chains were quantitatively released from the polypeptide backbone by hydrazinolysis. All of the oligosaccharides thus obtained contain N-acetylneuraminic acid. Sialidase treatment of these acidic oligosaccharides released three isomeric oligosaccharides, N-1, N-2 and N-3. N-3 was a typical complex type asparagine-linked sugar chain widely found in other glycoprotein, while N-1 and N-2 were unique, because they contain Gal beta 1 leads to 3GlcNAc grouping in the outer chain moiety. By comparing the data of methylation analysis of the acidic oligosaccharides before and after sialidase treatment, the structures of the sugar chains of bovine prothrombin were confirmed as a mixture of NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 6(NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 3)Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc leads to Asn, NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 6[NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 3(NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6)GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 3]Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc leads to Asn, NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 3(NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6)GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 6[NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 3(NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6)GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 3]Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc leads to Asn and their partially desialized forms.     

Structural studies on a binding site for Dolichos biflorus agglutinin in the small intestine of the mouse

Glycoproteins which bound to Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) were isolated from the small intestine of 129/Sv mice. Among oligosaccharides released from the carbohydrate moieties of the glycoproteins by endo-beta-galactosidase, the major one with N-acetylgalactosamine at the non-reducing end was isolated by QAE-Sephadex A-25 column chromatography. The structure of the oligosaccharide was elucidated to be GalNAc beta 1----4(NeuAc alpha 2----3)Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----3Gal by compositional analysis, methylation analysis before and after mild acid hydrolysis, sequential glycosidase digestion, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The SIMS signal of m/z 1,071 was consistent with the presence of the branched sequence, GalNAc(NeuAc)GalGlcNAc, and the signal was also detected in the high-molecular-weight fraction obtained after endo-beta-galactosidase digestion. The pentasaccharide identified here has the terminal structure of ganglioside GM2, and an apparently identical one has been identified as the epitope of blood group Sda and the DBA binding site in human T-H urinary glycoprotein. Thus, the present result has extended our knowledge of the biological meaning of the oligosaccharide structure and has established that GalNAc beta 1----4(NeuAc alpha 2----3)Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc is a DBA binding site in the small intestine of the mouse.     

Assignment of the1H- and13C-NMR spectra of eight oligosaccharides of the lacto-N-tetraose and neotetraose series

The assignment of the 13C- and 1H-NMR spectra of eight oligosaccharides of the lacto-N-tetraose and neotetraose series was obtained from homonuclear and heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy. These analyses were performed on the following compounds: 1. Gal beta 1-3GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc; 2. NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-3GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc; 3. Gal beta 1-3[NeuAc alpha 2-6]GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc; 4. NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-3[NeuAc alpha 2-6]GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc; 5. NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-3[Fuc alpha 1-4]GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc; 6. Fuc alpha 1-2Gal beta 1-3[NeuAc alpha 2-6]GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc; 7. Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc; 8. NeuAc alpha 2-6Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc.     

Primary structure of the glycan chains of normal C 1 esterase inhibitor (C 1-INH) after NMR analysis at 400 MHz

The primary structural analysis of O- and N-linked carbohydrate chains of the C-1-esterase inhibitor purified from normal serum was carried out by 400-MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy. C-1-esterase inhibitor protein of a molecular weight of 116,000 daltons contains 24 O-glycans: NeuAc (alpha 2-3) Gal (beta 1-3) GalNAc, 4 N-glycans: NeuAc (alpha 2-6) Gal (beta 1-4) (GlcNAc (beta 1-2) Man (alpha 1-3) [NeuAc (alpha 2-6) Gal (beta 1-4) GlcNAc (beta 1-2) Man (alpha 1-6)] Man (beta 1-4) GlcNAc (beta 1-4) GlcNAc and 2 N-glycans: NeuAc (alpha 2-3) Gal (beta 1-4) GlcNAc (beta 1-2) Man (alpha 1-3) [NeuAc (alpha 2-3) Gal (beta 1-4) GlcNAc (beta 1-2) Man (alpha 1-6)] Man (beta 1-4) GlcNAc (beta 1-4) GlcNAc. 30% of the N-glycans are fucosylated.     

Structures of the asparagine-linked sugar chains of human chorionic gonadotropin.

The asparagine-linked sugar chains of human chorionic gonadotropin were released from the polypeptide moiety by hydrazinolysis followed by N-acetylation and NaB3H4 reduction. More than 90% of the released radioactive oligosaccharides contained N-acetylneuraminic acid residues. After removal of N-acetylneuraminic acid residues by sialidase treatment, two neutral oligosaccharide fractions were obtained by paper chromatography. Sequential exoglycosidase digestion revealed that one of them was a mixture of two neutral oligosaccharides. The complete structures of the three oligosaccharides were elucidated by methylation analysis. It was confirmed that all the N-acetylneuraminic acid residues of the asparagine-linked sugar chains of human chorionic gonadotropin occur as NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 3Gal groupings by comparing the methylation analysis data for the acidic oligosaccharide mixture before and after sialidase treatment. Based on these results, the structures of the asparagine-linked sugar chains of human chorionic gonadotropin were confirmed to be +/- NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 6(NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 3)Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4(+/- Fuc alpha 1 leads to 6)GlcNAc and Man alpha 1 leads to 6(NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 3 Gal beta 1 leads to 4 GlcNAc beta 1 leads to Man alpha 1 leads to 3)Man beta 1 leads to 4 GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc.     

Identification of an O-glycosidic mannose-linked sialylated tetrasaccharide and keratan sulfate oligosaccharides in the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan of brain

The chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan of rat brain was digested with Pronase, and after removal of glycosaminoglycans, the resulting glycopeptides were treated with alkaline borohydride to release O-glycosidically linked oligosaccharides. These were fractionated by ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration, and preparative thin layer chromatography, and their structural properties were studied by specific enzymatic degradations, methylation analysis, and gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of disaccharides as their trimethylsilylated and permethylated derivatives. In addition to the previously characterized N-acetyl-galactosamine-linked oligosaccharides and neutral mannitol-containing oligosaccharides [GlcNAc(beta 1-3) Manol and Gal(beta 1-4)[Fuc(alpha 1-3)]GlcNAc(beta 1-3)Manol] (where Fuc is fucose), we have now identified the sialylated tetrasaccharide NeuAc(alpha 2-3)Gal(beta 1-4)GlcNAc (beta 1-3)Manol, which accounts for approximately 20% of the mannitol-containing oligosaccharides. The proteoglycan also contains mannose-linked keratan sulfate chains (with a molecular size of 3,000 to 10,000 Da) composed of disaccharide repeating units consisting of Gal(beta 1-4)GlcNAc-6-O-SO4(beta 1-3), with a small proportion of branch points at C-6 of galactose residues. There is approximately one keratan sulfate chain per four chondroitin sulfate chains of 18,000-19,000 Da. After alkaline borohydride treatment of the neutral and monosialyl glycopeptide fractions, the combined decrease in mannose and N-acetylgalactosamine was very close to the observed destruction of serine + threonine and was accompanied by an equimolar increase in alanine and alpha-aminobutyric acid. One half of the mannose was destroyed by alkaline borohydride treatment of the glycopeptides and stoichiometrically converted to mannitol, while there were only small changes in the relative amounts of the other sugars and amino acids. The data demonstrate that over half of the carbohydrate-peptide linkages in the proteoglycan are of the mannosyl-O-serine/threonine type.     

Isolation and NMR spectroscopic characterization of sialic acid compounds and hemofiltrate of chronic uremia patients

Eight sialyloligosaccharides have been isolated from the hemofiltrate of a patient with end stage renal disease using reverse osmosis, gel filtration, ion-exchange and high-performance liquid chromatography. The structures were predominantly elucidated by one- and two-dimensional 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy: 1 NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-4Glc; 2 NeuAc alpha 2-6Gal beta 1-4Glc; 3 NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc; 4 NeuAc-alpha 2-6Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc; 5 NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-4-GlcNAc alpha 1-P; 6 NeuAc alpha 2-6Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc alpha 1-P; 7 NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-3GalNAc alpha 1-P; 8 NeuAc alpha 2-8NeuAc. While compounds 1-7 are also components of normal human urine, di-N-acetyl-D-neuraminic acid (8) could be isolated for the first time from biological material. The origin and possible clinical relevance of these compounds have to be proved in further investigations.     

Comparative study of the mucin-type sugar chains of human chorionic gonadotropin present in the urine of patients with trophoblastic diseases and healthy pregnant women

Human chorionic gonadotropins (hCGs) highly purified from the urine of patients with trophoblastic diseases and of healthy pregnant women contain approximately four mucin-type sugar chains in one molecule. The structures of these sugar chains were studied comparatively by using a new sensitive method to obtain mucin-type sugar chains quantitatively as radioactive oligosaccharides from a small amount of glycoproteins. The mucin-type sugar chains of all hCGs include sialylated and nonsialylated Gal beta 1----3GalNAc and Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----6(Gal beta 1----3)GalNAc. In the case of normal hCG and hydatidiform mole hCG, oligosaccharides containing the tetrasaccharide core occupy approximately 10% of the total mucin-type sugar chains. The ratio of the tetrasaccharide containing oligosaccharides is increased prominently to approximately 60% in choriocarcinoma hCG. The proportion in invasive mole hCG was also increased, but less than the proportion of choriocarcinoma hCG.     

Structures of asparagine-linked oligosaccharides of the glycoprotein fetuin having sialic acid linked to N-acetylglucosamine

In the accompanying paper (Bendiak et al., 1989), the separation of a series of oligosaccharides released from asparagine residues of fetuin was described. A series of NMR experiments, which included one- and two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement, two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy, and two-dimensional relayed-coherence spectroscopy, as well as permethylation analyses, established a Gal beta 1----3(NeuAc alpha 2----6)GlcNAc beta 1----4Man unit common to a series of purified structures. These oligosaccharides contained either three, four, or five glycosidically linked sialic acid residues. The NeuAc residue in alpha 2----6 linkage to GlcNAc gives rise to diagnostic chemical shift perturbations of particular proton signals in the oligosaccharides.     

Isolation and structural characterization of the smaller-size oligosaccharides from desialylated human kappa-casein. Establishment of a novel type of core for a mucin-type carbohydrate chain

Alkaline borohydride reductive cleavage (beta-elimination) of desialylated human kappa-caseinoglycopeptide resulted in the release of a series of oligosaccharides. The smaller-size compounds among them were purified to virtual homogeneity by gel filtration followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The structures of 9 oligosaccharides were determined by 1H-NMR spectroscopy in conjunction with sugar analysis. The tetrasaccharide Gal beta(1----3)[Gal beta(1----4)GlcNAc beta(1----6)] GalNAc-ol and various partial structures thereof were characterized. Notably, the disaccharide GlcNAc beta(1----6)GalNAc-ol and the trisaccharide Gal beta(1----4)GlcNAc beta(1----6)GalNAc-ol were identified; they represent a novel type of core structure for mucin-type carbohydrate chains, namely a peptide-linked GalNAc that is mono-substituted at C-6. In addition, some oligosaccharides ending in GlcNAc-ol could be characterized. Their possible origin is discussed.     

Gangliosides as paramyxovirus receptor. Structural requirement of sialo-oligosaccharides in receptors for hemagglutinating virus of Japan (Sendai virus) and Newcastle disease virus

A sensitive assay system for receptor activity of gangliosides to paramyxovirus was developed. This system involves incorporation of gangliosides into neuraminidase-treated chicken erythrocytes (asialoerythrocytes) followed by estimation of virus-mediated agglutination and hemolysis. The asialoerythrocytes coated with I-active ganglioside (Sia alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-3(Gal alpha 1-3Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-6)Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1-Cer) were effectively agglutinated by hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ, Sendai virus). The hemolysis of the asialoerythrocytes mediated by HVJ was restored to the highest level by labeling the cells with gangliosides possessing lacto-series oligosaccharide chains, i.e., I-active ganglioside, N-acetylneuraminosylparagloboside (SiaPG(NeuAc)), and i-active ganglioside (Sia alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1-Cer). The specific receptor activity of ganglioside GD1a possessing a gangliotetraose chain was lower than those of the gangliosides described above. Gangliosides GM3, GD3, GM1a, GD1b, SiaPG(NeuGc) showed little effect on the restoration of HVJ-mediated hemolysis. On infection with Newcastle disease virus (NDV), the highest specific restoration of lysis was found in chicken asialoerythrocytes coated with SiaPG(NeuAc or NeuGc) and GM3(NeuAc or NeuGc), whereas those coated with I-active ganglioside, GD3, GM1a, and GD1b showed very low NDV-mediated hemolysis. The above results indicate that the determinants of receptor for HVJ contain sialylated branched and/or linear lacto-series oligosaccharides carried by I,i-active gangliosides and SiaPG(NeuAc) and sialosylgangliotetraose chain carried by GD1a. The determinants for NDV are carried by SiaPG(NeuAc or NeuGc) containing linear lacto-series oligosaccharide and GM3(NeuAc or NeuGc). The absence of detectable binding of free oligosaccharides obtained from I-active ganglioside and sialoglycoprotein GP-2 isolated from bovine erythrocyte membranes as HVJ receptor (Suzuki, Y., et al. J. Biochem. (1983) 93, 1621-1633; (1984) 95, 1193-1200) indicates that HVJ recognizes the sialooligosaccharides oriented out of the lipid bilayer in the cell membranes where the hydrophobic ceramide or peptide backbone of the receptor is integrated.