Identification of noncoding transcripts from within CENP-A chromatin at fission yeast centromeres

The histone H3 variant CENP-A is the most favored candidate for an epigenetic mark that specifies the centromere. In fission yeast, adjacent heterochromatin can direct CENP-A(Cnp1) chromatin establishment, but the underlying features governing where CENP-A(Cnp1) chromatin assembles are unknown. We show that, in addition to centromeric regions, a low level of CENP-A(Cnp1) associates with gene promoters where histone H3 is depleted by the activity of the Hrp1(Chd1) chromatin-remodeling factor. Moreover, we demonstrate that noncoding RNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) from CENP-A(Cnp1) chromatin at centromeres. These analyses reveal a similarity between centromeres and a subset of RNAPII genes and suggest a role for remodeling at RNAPII promoters within centromeres that influences the replacement of histone H3 with CENP-A(Cnp1).     

超声处理对PRC2相关蛋白染色质免疫共沉淀测序结果的影响

超声处理是染色质免疫共沉淀(Chromatin immunoprecipitation,Ch IP)实验过程中染色质片段化的重要手段之一。选用多梳抑制复合物2 (Polycomb repressive complex 2,PRC2)相关蛋白组蛋白甲基转移酶EZH2及其催化产物H3K27me3为代表,研究不同分子量大小的蛋白在不同超声处理时间下对染色质免疫共沉淀测序(Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing,Ch IP-seq)实验的影响,结果表明在启动子区或非启动子区,不同超声时间下小分子量组蛋白H3K27me3结合位点的注释基因均无明显差异,说明超声时间对组蛋白Ch IP-seq数据影响不大。与组蛋白不同,超声时间从10 min延长至20 min后启动子区EZH2新增结合位点的注释基因能够显著聚类在与肌动蛋白丝组装等相关通路上。超声20min相比10min,非启动子区EZH2新增基因的GO(Gene ontology)聚类通路要远多于丢失基因,且超声30 min相比20 min,非启动子区丢失基因的GO聚类通路要远多于新增基因,这些通路大多与RNA聚合酶Ⅱ(RNApolymeraseⅡ,RNAPII)、器官发育、细胞形态发生相关。这表明超声时间不足或过长均会导致EZH2的基因组定位信息的不全。另外,超声主要影响启动子区中的PRC2非结合区域及二价启动子区域的EZH2结合位点,还影响非启动子区中PRC2结合区域、PRC2不结合区域以及活化态增强子区域的EZH2结合位点。综上,建议对大分子量的染色质修饰相关蛋白优化超声处理时间,使形成的染色质片段聚集在100–500 bp可获得比较全面的基因组信息。对小分子量的组蛋白来说,超声时间对Ch IP-seq结果影响不大。     

State of histone modification in the rat Ig-beta/growth hormone locus.

The state of acetylation in H3 and H4 histones and dimethylation in the H3 histone Lys4 residue were examined by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) at 11 targets in the rat Ig-beta/growth hormone locus. Marked enhancement of the acetylation of histones H3 and H4 and the dimethylation of H3 Lys4 was observed in the chromatin situated close to the promoter of an actively transcribed gene. Chromatin positioned near a cell-type-specific DNase I-hypersensitive site with enhancer activity had the same histone modifications as the active promoter. In one transcribed intron, chromatin with fewer histone modifications was found, and in another transcribed intron, chromatin with markedly enhanced modifications was found. In most cases, no appreciable difference in the acetylation of histones H3 and H4 was found at prominently enhanced targets. However, different acetylation levels of H3 and H4 were found at one target. The targets with enhanced dimethylation of the H3 Lys4 residue coincided with those with prominently enhanced acetylation of histones H3 and H4.