POLYAMINES OF THE HUMAN BRAIN DURING NORMAL FETAL AND POSTNATAL GROWTH AND DURING POSTNATAL MALNUTRITION

Abstract— The concentrations of the polyamines and putrescine were measured in the brains of human infants during fetal and early postnatal development. The concentrations of the amines were also measured in the brains of children who were malnourished during the first 2 years of life. In the brains of the adequately-nourished infants there were differences in the developmental profiles of the amines between different regions of the brain, and the changes in polyamine concentrations paralleled changes in nucleic acid accumulation. The concentration of putrescine was much higher than that of the polyamines in all regions of the brain, and in the brain stem there were marked increases in putrescine concentration at the time of most rapid rate of myelination. Putrescine also increased markedly in the forebrain at the time of neuroblast multiplication in the fetus. In children malnourished during the first year of life there were reductions in the concentrations of spermidine and putrescine in the forebrain and brainstem, but spermine was unaffected. Malnutrition had no effect on the concentration of any of the amines in the cerebellum.     

大鼠生后发育过程中胃肠胰生长抑素基因的表达

本实验采用地高辛精标记ｃＲＮＡ探针原位杂交技术和ＡＢＣ免疫组织化学方法,研究了大鼠生后发育过程中胃肠胰组织生长抑素（ＳＳ）基因的表达。结果显示,大鼠生后发育过程中,胃腺ＳＳ杂交阳性细胞及ＳＳ－ＩＲ细胞的密度（细胞数／ｍｍ粘膜肌长）均随天龄增长而增大,至第１５天前后达高峰,随后开始下降,至成年时,与出生时水平接近;十二指肠则在生后初期细胞密度较高,５天以后开始降低,第２０天后降至成年水平。胰腺的ＳＳ杂交阳性细胞及ＳＳ－ＩＲ细胞密度（细胞数／ｍｍ２）变化规律与胃腺相似,随天龄增大,至第１０天前后达高峰,第２０天左右降至成年水平,与出生水平接近。研究结果表明,胃肠胰组织ＳＳ基因表达与胃肠胰的生长发育具有一定的相关性。     

根田鼠哺乳期的同化能及产后生长发育过程中的能量分配

本文以食物平衡法测定了栖息于青海高原的根田鼠（Ｍｉｃｒｏｔｕｓ　ｏｅｃｏｎｏｍｕｓ）哺乳期的同化能及幼 体产后生长发育过程中的能量分配。结果显示哺乳高峰期同化能量为 ２．３ × ＢＭＲ（基础代谢率）, 很少达到其生理极限,而消化率和同化率维持在较高水平上,表明消化道形态可能有一定调节;幼 体生长发育过程中,断乳前（变温阶段）母鼠投入幼鼠生长的能量占哺乳代价（ｃｏｓｔ ｏｆ ｌａｃｔａｔｉｏｎ）的 ２５％;断乳后恒温能力发育较快时期,幼体投入生产的能量占同化能的 ８％;在恒温能力发育完善 时期,投入生产的能量占同化能的６％,表明动物自身的维持占重要地位。     

胚胎及生后不同发育时期大鼠睾丸生殖细胞的凋亡

目的 探索雄性生殖细胞在发育过程中凋亡的特征和规律。方法 利用改进的石蜡切片原位末端标记法（TUNEL法）观察SD大鼠睾丸生殖细胞,对胚胎及生后不同阶段生殖细胞凋亡进行研究。结果 胚胎第13.5天原始生殖细胞即有较高的凋亡率,胚胎第19.5天到出生后第1天,未检测到凋亡生殖细胞,出生后第7天精原细胞分裂增生,伴有较高的凋亡率,与其他各年龄组有显著性差异。出生后第14天精母细胞凋亡率最高,与其他日龄组有显著性差异。结论 SD大鼠雄性生殖细胞发生,发育,成熟过程中都存在凋亡,主要发生在处于细胞增殖过程中的原始生殖细胞,精原细胞和初级精母细胞。     

NUCLEAR RIBONUCLEASE ACTIVITIES OF RAT BRAIN DURING POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT

Abstract— The activities of alkaline and acidic RNAses were determined in soluble and insoluble fractions from nuclei of brain hemispheres of rats, aged from 1 day to adult. The activities increased rapidly and reached a maximum, at 30 days, of about 10 times (alkaline RNAsel or 5 times (acidic RNAse) that seen at day 1.     

雄激素受体在肝癌发生过程中的表达及意义

为了进一步探讨雄激素受体（ＡｎｄｒｏｇｅｎＲｅｃｅｐｔｏｒ,ＡＲ）作为肝癌标志物的意义,本文采用免疫组织化学ＡＢＣ法,对二乙基亚硝胺（ＤＥＮ）诱发大鼠肝癌发生过程中肝细胞雄激素受体（ＡＲ）的表达进行了系统观察。结果显示：正常大鼠的ＡＲ阳性肝细胞极少,ＤＥＮ诱癌第４周可见少量肝细胞呈ＡＲ阳性表达,细胞散在分布,胞质和／或胞核内可见棕褐色阳性反应颗粒。随着肝癌发展进程,ＡＲ阳性肝细胞数逐渐增多,呈簇状或片状分布。至诱癌第１８周,肝癌结节内肝癌细胞大多呈ＡＲ阳性表达。本实验结果表明,ＡＲ与肝癌的发生和发展具有密切关系     

METABOLISM OF HIGHLY BASIC PROTEINS OF RAT BRAIN DURING POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT

Abstract— (1) The encephalitogenic basic protein obtained from adult rat brain by treatment with 0·03 N-HCl was demonstrable in the brain on the 10th day after birth. It showed a marked increase in quantity during the phase of active myelination.
(2) The proteins extracted under similar conditions from 5-day old rat brain contained several highly basic proteins other than the encephalitogenic basic protein. These basic proteins, which were electrophoretically similar to highly basic proteins extracted similarly from adult rat liver, are histones.
(3) For metabolic studies the entire group of highly basic proteins in the acid extract was obtained after one-step adsorption of other proteins on DEAE-cellulose equilibrated at pH 9·8
(4) After injection of [¹⁴C]lysine the fractions containing highly basic proteins, water soluble non-basic proteins and other tissue proteins of the brain showed higher relative specific radioactivities during the period 1–10 days after birth than during later stages of postnatal development. The fraction containing proteolipid protein, another myelin protein, showed a low relative specific radioactivity throughout the whole period of postnatal development. The relative specific radioactivity of proteolipid protein was somewhat higher in young than in adult rat brain.     

促甲状腺激素释放激素受体-1(TRH-R1)蛋白在大鼠出生后睾丸不同发育阶段的表达和定位

目的研究促甲状腺激素释放激素受体-1(thyrotrophin-releasing hormone receptor type-1, TRH-R1)在大鼠睾丸出生后不同发育阶段的表达,探讨其在生殖发育调节中的作用.方法应用蛋白质免疫印迹杂交技术以及免疫组织化学ABC法检测TRH-R1在8d、15d、20d、35d、60d和90d大鼠睾丸中的表达和定位,并结合图像分析技术对免疫组化结果进行统计学分析观察其在发育过程中的变化.结果免疫印迹杂交发现TRH-R1蛋白表达于15d以后各阶段的大鼠睾丸;而运用免疫组化在第8d即检测到TRH-R1的表达,以后发育过程中的各个阶段均有阳性反应细胞, TRH-R1定位于大鼠睾丸的间质细胞;免疫反应阳性物均位于胞膜和胞质,胞核区为阴性;图像分析结果表明,随着大鼠睾丸的发育,TRH-R1表达量呈增多趋势,且具有统计学差异(P＜0.01).结论本实验证明TRH-R1在出生后8d大鼠的睾丸内即有表达,并持续表达于其后各个发育阶段;TRH-R1定位于睾丸的间质细胞,其表达量随着增龄变化呈增多趋势,即同发育过程相关.     

EFFECTS OF PRE- OR POSTNATAL DEXAMETHASONE, ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE AND ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS ON PHENYLETHANOLAMINE N-METHYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY AND CATECHOLAMINES IN SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA OF NEONATAL RATS

Abstract— Injections of dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg/day, s.c.) on the first 2–3 days of life increased the phenylethanolamine- N -methyltransferase (PNMT) activity and epinephrine content of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) and stellate ganglion of neonatal rats; the dopamine content was unaltered while norepinephrine was slightly reduced in these ganglia. Dexamethasone did not alter the PNMT activity or epinephrine content of the salivary glands or heart. The PNMT activity and epinephrine content of the SCG remained elevated for 10–14 days. Pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine did not alter the dexamethasone effects.
Injections of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) (25 munits/rat twice a day) or exposure to a cold stress (4°C, 3 times a day) on the first 2–3 days of life, elevated the plasma concentration of corticosterone, and also increased the PNMT activity and epinephrine content in SCG of neonatal rats. Injecting pregnant rats with dexamethasone or ACTH, or exposing them to cold or restraint stress on the last 3 days of gestation increased the PNMT activity and epinephrine content in the SCG of their pups. These results indicate that the actions of dexamethasone on neonatal sympathetic ganglia may be mimicked by increasing the plasma concentration of endogenous adrenocortical steroids.     

COORDINATED DEVELOPMENT OF THE SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM AND T SYSTEM DURING POSTNATAL DIFFERENTIATION OF RAT SKELETAL MUSCLE

An electron microscope study has been carried out on rat psoas muscle, during the early postnatal stages of development. Among the several subcellular components, the sarcotubular system undergoes the most striking modifications during this period. In muscle fibers of the newborn rat, junctional contacts between the T system and the SR are sparse and are, mostly, longitudinally or obliquely oriented. The T tubules do not penetrate deeply into the muscle cell, as indicated by the predominantly peripheral location of the triads and the persistence, at these stages of development, of a highly branched subsarcolemmal system of tubules. Diadic associations of junctional SR elements with the plasma membrane are also occasionally observed. The early SR elaborations incompletely delineate the myofibrils, at both the A- and I-band level. Longitudinal sections show irregularly oriented SR tubules, running continuously over successive sarcomeres. Flattened junctional cisterns filled with granular material are sparse and laterally interconnected, at circumscribed sites, with the SR tubules. Between 1 and 2 wk postpartum, transversal triadic contacts are extensively established, at the A-I band level, and the SR network differentiates into two portions in register with the A and I band, respectively. At 10–15 days after birth, the SR provides a transversely continuous double sheet around the myofibrils at the I-band level, whereas it forms a single discontinuous layer at the A-band level. The relationship that these morphological modifications of the sarcotubular system may bear to previously described biochemical and physiological changes of rat muscle fibers after birth is discussed.     

大鼠生后发育期间胰腺IAPP免疫组织化学定位研究

本文应用免疫组织化学ＰＡＰ法对正常雄性Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠生后发育期间胰腺ＩＡＰＰ－ＩＲ阳性细胞进行了定位研究。结果表明;生后１天的大鼠胰岛内即已存在ＩＡＰＰ－ＩＲ阳性细胞,双染法证实ＩＡＰＰ与胰岛素共存于胰岛Ｂ细胞的胞质内。ＩＡＰＰ细胞免疫反应强度随生后发育而变化,２８天以后趋于稳定。胰腺外分泌部也有散在的ＩＡＰＰ－ＩＲ细胞。本文初步探讨了上述结果的生物学意义。     

MEMBRANE PROTEINS OF RAT BRAIN: COMPOSITIONAL CHANGES DURING POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT

Abstract— Membrane fractions from forebrain of rat were isolated at ages ranging from 5 to 93 days. Among these fractions were total membranes, three fractions isolated by density gradient centrifugation, and three subfractions which consisted of purified myelin and of two supernatant fractions. All membrane fractions showed an increase in protein content during the first postnatal month; however, only the myelin fraction and one of its supernatant fractions showed a prolonged accumulation. Myelin protein increased continually from 0.17 mg/g brain at 15 days to 8.3 mg/g brain at 93 days.
All fractions were analysed for protein composition by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Characteristic changes in protein composition were noted during postnatal development, most of which were pronounced up to the age of 20 days. Among others was a decrease in histones as compared to other proteins, with a concomitant shift in preponderance from the slow- to the fast-migrating histone band. In parallel, other proteins of high molecular weight became more prominent. No myelin could be isolated at 5 and 10 days. The deposition of myelin proteins was parallelled by the appearance of the Wolfgram protein which points to a close correlation of the Wolfgram protein to the process of myelination.     

EFFECT OF CORTISONE AND THYROXINE ON ACID GLYCOSIDASES IN RAT FOREBRAIN AND CEREBELLUM DURING EARLY POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT

Abstract— l -Thyroxine (200 μg/100 g B.W.) or cortisone-acetate (5 mg/100 g B.W.), administered for 4 consecutive days, affected several lysosomal enzymes in forebrain and cerebellum of rats during various periods of the first month of postnatal development; their effect was age dependent as well as organ specific. Extending thyroxine or cortisone treatment to 7 days (from day 2 to 9) affected enzyme activity more than the 4-day treatment period.     

THE DEVELOPMENT OF MICROBODIES AND PEROXISOMAL ENZYMES IN GREENING BEAN LEAVES

The ontogeny of leaf microbodies (peroxisomes) has been followed by (a) fixing primary bean leaves at various stages of greening and examining them ultrastructurally, and (b) homogenizing leaves at the same stages and assaying them for three peroxisomal enzymes. A study employing light-grown seedlings showed that when the leaves are still below ground and achlorophyllous, microbodies are present as small organelles (e.g., 0.3 µm in diameter) associated with endoplasmic reticulum, and that after the leaves have turned green and expanded fully, the microbodies occur as much larger organelles (e.g., 1.5 µm in diameter) associated with chloroplasts. Specific activities of the peroxisomal enzymes increase 3- to 10-fold during this period. A second study showed that when etiolated seedlings are transferred to light, the microbodies do not appear to undergo any immediate morphological change, but that by 72 h they have attained approximately the size and enzymatic activity possessed by microbodies in the mature primary leaves of light-grown plants. It is concluded from the ultrastructural observations that leaf microbodies form as small particles and gradually develop into larger ones through contributions from smooth portions of endoplasmic reticulum. In certain aspects, the development of peroxisomes appears analogous to that of chloroplasts. The possibility is examined that microbodies in green leaves may be relatively long-lived organelles.     

ACTIVITY OF CYCLIC AMP-DEPENDENT MICROSOMAL PROTEIN KINASE AND PHOSPHORYLATION OF RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN IN RAT BRAIN DURING POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT

Abstract— Microsomes from rat brain exhibited protein kinase activity which was stimulated by cyclic AMP when assayed in the presence of exogenous protein substrate, such as thymus histone. In the absence of exogenous substrate some phosphorylation of microsomal protein occurred, but no stimulation by cyclic AMP could be discerned, probably because of limitations of substrate. The maximal activity of microsomal protein kinase observed in the presence of saturating concentrations of histone and the optimal concentration (5 μ m ) of cyclic AMP remained essentially unchanged from birth to early adulthood, but the magnitude of the stimulation by cyclic AMP was significantly higher at birth than at 30 days of age. Brain ribosomal proteins could be phosphorylated by the cyclic AMP-dependent brain protein kinase. Their total capacity for acceptance of phosphate by means of this phosphorylation reaction remained unchanged throughout the postnatal development of the brain. Our results are consistent with the possibility that phosphorylation of ribosomal protein mediated by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase may play a a role in the postnatal regulation of cerebral protein synthesis, as a result of the changes in the levels of cyclic AMP known to occur in brain during postnatal maturation.     

在生长、功能和萎退各期,大鼠乳腺磷酸酶的研究

前言虽然乳腺在生长、功能和萎退过程中形态上的变化是很大的(姚曾序、顾国彦,1957),可是和形态变化相伴随的化学和生物化学变化却研究得少。关于碱性磷酸酶(以下简称 AKP)方面,Kay(1925),Folley 和 Kay(1935)最早证明牛、羊和豚鼠乳腺含有相当量的这种酶。以后 Folley 和 Greenbaum(1947)进一步用生化方法研究了大鼠在怀