中国野牡丹科植物补充订正

报道了中国野牡丹科Melastomataceae尖子木属Oxyspora一新记录种——柑叶尖子木O. curtisii King,并绘制了特征线条图。另基于花序和花特征的不同, 将翅茎异形木Allomorphia eupteroton Guillaumin var. teretipetiolata C. Y. Wu ＆ C. Chen由变种提升为种, 归入尖子木属, 即翅茎尖子木Oxyspora teretipetiolata （C. Y. Wu ＆ C. Chen） W. H. Chen ＆ Y. M. Shui, 并补充描述了其花部特征。通过扫描电镜观察了它们的花粉和种子形态, 为分类处理提供了佐证。     

On the reported occurrence of a fusicoccin conjugate in maize cobs

The occurrence in immature maize cobs of a fusicoccin derivative, reported in 1980 by Russian workers, could not be confirmed. Extraction and fractionation procedures were identical to those used by the Soviet authors and the analysis of the fractions mainly relied on a very sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay. Possible reasons for these contradictory results are discussed.     

Chemical composition,digestibility and feeding value of maize cobs

The digestibility of treated maize cobs was studied using Romney Marsh wether sheep in a 2 × 3 factorial design; maize cobs were ground through a 10- or 6-mm screen and three chemical treatments were applied to each grinding: distilled water (control); sodium hydroxide (4.5 g per 100 g cob dry matter); and Magadi soda (9.0 g per 100 g cob dry matter). Cobs were treated for 24 h using one litre of solution per kg of maize cobs.The digestion coefficient of crude protein was lowered (P< 0.01) by finer grinding of the maize cobs. Dry matter digestibility coefficients were 44.7, 54.2 and 61.6% for maize cobs treated with water, NaOH and Magadi soda, respectively. Digestibility of energy, cell walls and cellulose was increased more by Magadi soda than by NaOH. Digestibility of acid detergent fibre (ADF) was depressed (P< 0.05) by NaOH but improved (P< 0.05) by Magadi soda. Chemical treatment lowered (P< 0.01) the digestibility of crude protein from 28.0 to 17.0% (NaOH) or to 18.7% (Magadi soda). Grinding and chemical treatment of maize cobs interacted (P< 0.01) in their effects on digestibility of crude protein.Friesian cattle, grazed on a predominantly Nandi Setaria (Setaria sphacelata) and Silver Leaf Desmodium (Desmodium uncinatum) pasture, and supplemented with water-, NaOH- and Magadi soda-treated maize cobs, gained 0.41, 0.55 and 0.51 kg per day, respectively. Daily maize cob intake was higher on NaOH-treated than on water- and Magadi soda-treated cobs. Cattle on NaOH- and Magadi soda-treated cobs required more than 1 month to adapt to the cobs and show superior gain.     

Additional notes on the floral biology of neotropical Lecythidaceae

Observations on the floral biology of seven species of New World Lecythidaceae, including the first report of bat pollination for neotropical members of the family, are presented. The shift from actinomorphic flowers with many stamens to zygomorphic flowers with fewer stamens and the concomitant change from pollen to nectar as the pollinator reward are discussed and related to the respective pollinators. Several mechanisms which operate to reduce competition for pollinators between sympatric species of the family are suggested.     

中国兰科植物资料增补

报道了中国兰科Orchidaceae植物4个新种——短距叉柱兰Cheirostylis calcarata X. H. Jin ＆ S. C. Chen、麻栗坡叉柱兰C. malipoensis X. H. Jin ＆ S. C. Chen、膜翅盆距兰Gastrochilus alatus X. H. Jin ＆ S. C. Chen、麻栗坡盆距兰G. malipoensis X. H. Jin ＆ S. C. Chen和7个新记录种——高山卷瓣兰Bulbophyllum rolfei、卵唇石豆兰Bulbophyllum ovatilabellum、三脊毛兰Eria cristata、二脊盆距兰Gastrochilus affinis、三裂对叶兰Listera micrantha、紫唇钗子股Luisia macrotis、圆柱叶鸢尾兰Oberonia teres。短距叉柱兰C. calcarata与扇唇叉柱兰C. spathulata相似, 但本种的根状茎直立, 唇瓣具距, 蕊柱附属物长于蕊喙等与后者区别; 麻栗坡叉柱兰C. malipoensis与云南叉柱兰C. yunnanensis相似, 不同之处在于该种的根状茎节间两端收狭, 后唇具纵向的隔膜, 蕊柱附属物短于蕊喙; 膜翅盆距兰G. alatus与列叶盆距兰G. distichus形态上相似, 但以花黄色, 前唇宽、膜质并且中部具纵向的脊而易与列叶盆距兰区别; 麻栗坡盆距兰G. malipoensis与盆距兰G. calceolaris相似, 但该种具总状花序, 前唇光滑并为半圆形而易与后者进行分别。高山卷瓣兰Bulbophyllum rolfei的中萼片为侧萼片的一半长, 花序与叶等长或超过叶长, 侧萼片至少有一部分贴生; 卵唇石豆兰Bulbophyllum ovatilabellum中萼片的侧脉分叉, 唇瓣具一U形的胼胝体; 三脊毛兰Eria cristata的花苞片紫色反折, 唇瓣白色到乳黄色并具3条褶片; 二脊盆距兰Gastrochilus affinis的前裂片边缘具齿, 并具2条从基部到顶部的脊; 三裂对叶兰Listera micrantha的唇瓣前部三裂; 紫唇钗子股Luisia macrotis的侧萼片与唇瓣等长, 花瓣不宽于5 mm, 唇瓣紫色, 前唇心形; 圆柱叶鸢尾兰Oberonia teres叶子圆柱形, 唇瓣中裂片先端2裂.     

Effect of level of sodium hydroxide treatment and volume of solution on the nutritive value of maize cobs

Maize cobs were chosen as a test material as these are produced centrally in home-steads during shelling and therefore collection and transport costs are eliminated. The knowledge gained from the improvement of their nutritive value by the dry NaOH treatment method can be adapted easily.The effect of treatment rates was tested with rams in three experiments. In the first experiment, coarsely ground maize cobs were treated at 1.67, 3.33 and 5.0 kg NaOH/100 kg cobs dry matter (DM) and formed 52% of the rations on an air-dry basis. Digestibility increased significantly (P < 0.05) and a regression equation y = 51.57 + 2.28x was calculated in which y = DM digestibility, and x = kg NaOH/100 cobs DM. In the second experiment, maize cobs treated at 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 kg NaOH/100 kg cobs DM formed 67% of the ration and the digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM), cell wall constituents (CWC) and crude fibre (CF) were markedly increased from 2.5 to 5.0 kg NaOH treatment levels and no further responses were obtained thereafter. In the third experiment, maize cobs formed 61% of the rations and the material was treated at 0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 kg NaOH. Digestibility of DM, OM, CF and energy was significantly (P < 0.05) increased at 5.0 and 7.5 kg NaOH levels. Voluntary feed intake followed the same trend, values for g DM intake per kgW^0.75 per day being 60.5, 83.3, 95.7 and 96.0 in the order of increasing NaOH treatment rates. The total digestibility DM, OM and energy intakes were more closely correlated to voluntary feed intake than to digestibility coefficients. It is concluded that 5 kg NaOH/100 kg DM is optimum for both digestibility and voluntary feed intake.The volume of NaOH solution was varied from 25 to 200 l per 100 kg DM of maize cobs in four experiments and the digestibility of DM, OM and CWC with sheep was not affected by this factor, except that the smallest volume (25 l) depressed digestion slightly, apparently because of the difficulty of getting effective mixing with small volumes. It is concluded that 50 l per 100 kg DM of maize cobs is the minimum volume.     

Additional notes on the food of the Common porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)

Investigation of the food (through stomach contents) of Common porpoises caught in Scottish waters, discussed in an earlier paper, has been continued at the Marine Laboratory. The results confirm the earlier conclusions and stress the prominence of fish in the food. They also indicate the comparatively small size of the fish eaten and the predominantly pelagic or semi-pelagic nature of the majority of species in the diet.     

Fractionation of hemicelluloses from maize cell walls with increasing concentrations of alkali

Hemicelluloses were solubilized from depectinated walls of maize coleoptiles and leaves with increasing concentrations of alkali to yield three major fractions of polymers. A highly-substituted glucuronoarabinoxylan released by dilute alkali from walls of coleoptiles was present only in very small amounts in the walls of the leaves. The stepwise extractions with increasing concentrations of alkali resolved a relatively unbranched xylan from a mixture of mixed-linked glucan, xyloglucan and additional xylan from walls of young leaves. Delignification in acidic sodium chlorite solubilized a small amount of substituted xylan from walls of both coleoptiles and leaves, and rendered about one-half of the unextracted hemicellulose soluble in only 0.02 M potassium hydroxide solution. Delignification prevented the detection of highly-substituted xylans released by dilute alkali.     

兜兰属宽瓣亚属（广义）的被充研究

对新种小囊兜兰Paphiopedilum globulosum与新变种扁球兜兰P.micranthum var.oblatum作了描述与绘图。两者均为采自云南东南部的栽培植物,与硬叶兜兰P.micranthum近似。但小囊兜兰具有宽得多的叶（宽2．8－3．4cm),先端多少呈钩状、宽1．1－1．2cm的辱瓣,以及与唇瓣囊口几乎同样大小的退化雄蕊,而扁球兜兰则叶宽2．2－3cm,唇瓣扁球形,囊深不超过1cm,可区别于硬叶兜兰。上述种类均属于宽瓣亚属（广义）。该亚属有16个种产中国、越南或两地共有。本文提供了分种检索表。     

Performance of heifers fed on diets based on NaOH-treated maize cobs and the effect of supplementary urea and source of carbohydrates

Oven drying of maize cobs treated with 5 kg NaOH/100 kg dry matter (DM) did not influence digestibility but improved voluntary feed intake. The incorporation of nitrogen in the form of urea at 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% in the diets was useful in improving the digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM) and cell wall constituents (CWC). The response was linear. In one experiment, sugarcane molasses at 20% of a diet based on NaOH-treated maize cobs was completely replaced by cassava flour, maize meal or maize bran, and these had a detrimental effect both on voluntary feed intake and digestibility. The knowledge gained in the series of experiments was used in formulating complete diets for a 63-day experiment involving 9–15-month-old growing dairy heifers. Six animals per group were assigned to control or NaOH-treated cobs diets, the mean growth rate was significantly (P < 0.01) improved from 0.412 to 0.585 kg per day and the DM consumed per unit gain was reduced from 13.0 to 11.5 kg by NaOH treatment.