农杆菌介导的植物遗传转化研究进展

农杆菌介导的转基因方法是目前植物遗传转化的重要方法之一。本文从农杆菌转化原理、菌株比较及载体发展入手,系统讨论了植物转化受体对转化效率的影响,同时分别综述了农杆菌介导转化技术在双子叶和单子叶植物转化应用中的最新进展。     

农杆菌介导玉米胚性愈伤的遗传转化研究

利用3种不同类型的农杆菌菌株C58、LBA4404和EHA105携带外源GUS基因分别侵染玉米自交系齐319和18(红)胚性愈伤.结果显示,不同的菌株和自交系间的搭配,其遗传转化效率差异很大,GUS瞬时表达率呈极显著差异(F=24.92**),抗性愈伤率也呈极显著差异(F=19.43**).其中,EHAl05-齐319组合遗传转化效率最高,其GUS瞬时表达率平均为55.5%,最高可迭71.1%;其抗性愈伤率平均为14.4%,最高可达20%;对22株转基因To代抗性植株进行PCR检测,其中PCR呈阳性植株有11株,阳性率为50%.进一步对此22株To代抗性植株进行叶片组织化学染色分析,结果显示,PCR呈阳性的植株中均有GUS基因表达.从而证明,外源GUS基因在转基因玉米To代植株中得到稳定表达,而且验证了PCR检测结果和GUS表达分析结果的一致性.     

根癌农杆菌介导大花蕙兰遗传转化的研究

以大花蕙兰原球茎(PLBs)为外植体,采用EHA105和LBA4404 2种根癌农杆菌菌株与pCAMBIA1301质粒构建工程菌介导,以建立大花蕙兰遗传转化体系,并比较不同受体处理方式、菌液浓度和侵染方式等对大花蕙兰转化的影响.结果表明:(1)以切成3 mm左右的PLBs小块作为受体材料,用OD600值为0.6的LBA4404根癌农杆菌菌株,并用MS+1.0 mg/L BA+200μmol/L AS(乙酰丁香酮)的液体培养基将菌液等体积稀释侵染,转化率可达62.5%.(2)大花蕙兰对潮霉素(Hyg)十分敏感,5 mg/L Hyg对转化后的PLBs有较好的筛选效果,筛选后最高成活率为13.0%.(3)PCR检测初步证明,通过根癌农杆菌介导的方法获得了2株转基因大花蕙兰植株.     

农杆菌介导的日本落叶松胚性细胞遗传转化研究

基于体细胞胚胎发生技术平台,利用携带pSuper1300+质粒,以潮霉素为筛选标记基因的农杆菌GV3101介导日本落叶松遗传转化,对植物受体材料生理状态、农杆菌浓度和浸染时间以及共培养时间等影响因素进行了研究、分析和讨论.结果表明:综合优化各影响因素,生长旺盛的日本落叶松胚性细胞,经浓度为0.4(OD600)的农杆菌浸染10min,共培养2d,再用含400mg/L的头孢霉素的液体培养基清洗脱菌,然后在含400mg/L的头孢霉素固体培养基上恢复培养,并置于含5mg/L潮霉素的固体培养基上多次筛选,最终共获得54个抗性细胞系,转化率平均为0.94个/g.PCR检测鉴定,所有抗性细胞系均为阳性转化体,并排除了农杆菌污染导致的假阳性.研究建立并优化了农杆菌介导的日本落叶松遗传转化技术,为进行遗传改良和基因功能鉴定提供有利平台.     

农杆菌介导的紫茎泽兰遗传转化研究

以紫茎泽兰为受体材料,GUS基因为报告基因,对农杆菌介导的遗传转化条件及影响因素进行研究,建立了农杆菌介导的紫茎泽兰遗传转化体系。结果表明,将未经过预培养的幼叶外植体在OD600为0.4的稀释菌液中浸泡12min,共培养3d后,转移到加有卡那霉素50mg/L(筛选压)和羧苄青霉素250mg/L的分化培养基上,经过20d外植体直接分化出不定芽,诱导生根成苗。经PCR和组织化学染色鉴定,可稳定获得较高的阳性转化率。     

影响根癌农杆菌介导的木霉菌遗传转化因素分析

采用根癌农杆菌介导的转化方法,以木霉菌分生孢子为受体材料,对影响转化效率的主要因素进行了分析。结果表明,农杆菌菌株类型、初始菌液量、分生孢子浓度、共培养时间以及乙酰丁香酮的诱导等因素对转化效率都具有重要的影响。通过对这些因素的分析,基本得出了根癌农杆菌转化系统对木霉菌遗传转化的特点和规律,为将该转化系统用于其它丝状真菌的遗传转化提供了重要参考。     

农杆菌介导单子叶植物遗传转化问题与对策

尽管十几年来农杆菌介导的单子叶植物遗传转化研究取得了较大的进步,但仍存在着基因型限制、转化率不高和外源基因表达活性低等问题。本文综述了近几年来此项研究在感受态细胞选择与调节、预培养及共培养体系优化、转化子的筛选及外源基因表达调控等方面的主要进展。     

农杆菌介导单子叶植物遗传转化问题与对策

尽管十几年来农杆菌介导的单子叶植物遗传转化研究取得了较大的进步, 但仍存在着基因型限制、转化率不高和外源基因表达活性低等问题。本文综述了近几年来此项研究在感受态细胞选择与调节、预培养及共培养体系优化、转化子的筛选及外源基因表达调控等方面的主要进展。     

根癌农杆菌介导法在禾本科植物遗传转化中的应用

在植物基因工程中,农杆菌质粒介导的遗传转化是比较完善与有效的基因转移方法,但在单子叶植物中应用较少。文章介绍了农杆菌介导遗传转化技术在禾本科植物改良中的研究进展,并对此法的应用前景作了分析。     

农杆菌介导的甜菜碱醛脱氢酶基因转化甘蓝的研究

为获得抗旱和耐盐性提高的甘蓝植株,通过农杆菌介导法将来自菠菜的甜菜碱醛脱氢酶（Betaine Aldehyde Dehydrogenase,BADH）基因导人甘蓝品系03079,并采用正交设计优化影响转化效率的参数,建立了甘蓝高效转化体系,即以侵染液为AA液体培养基、乙酰丁香酮200μmol L^-1、侵染时间20min、共培养天数2d为最佳转化参数,在该条件下转化率可达54．26％。转基因甘蓝植株经PCR检测初步说明BADH基因已导入甘蓝中,Southern杂交证明BADH基因已稳定整合到甘蓝基因组中。甜菜碱脱氢酶活性测定结果表明,经过聚乙二醇（PEG）、NaCI和干旱处理的转基因甘蓝植株的BADH酶的平均比活力范围在2．1Umg^-1～3．6Umg^-1之间,不同处理的转基因株系酶比活力显著高于相应的未转基因株系。膜的相对电导率测定结果说明,经过PEG、NaCl和干旱处理的转基因植株平均相对电导率在16．2％～32．6％之间,耐逆境胁迫处理后的绝大多数转基因株系相对电导率显著低于相应对照。多数转BADH基因甘蓝植株在干旱、盐胁迫和PEG胁迫条件下生长势强于未转基因植株,表现为大多数转基因株系株高增幅显著高于对照,说明BADH基因的导入能提高转基因甘蓝植株的抗旱和耐盐性。我们获得的抗旱和耐盐能力明显提高的转基因甘蓝植株,可作为培育耐盐、抗旱甘蓝品种的种质材料。     

链格孢ATMT转化体系的构建及弱毒突变株验证

本文利用来自质粒pUCATPH的构巢曲霉色氨酸合成基因trpC的启动子(PtrpC)、终止子(Ttrpc)和潮霉素磷酸转移酶抗性基因(hph)以及植物表达载体pROK Ⅱ成功构建了适用于丝状真菌的根癌农杆菌介导转化的双元载体pROKIIHPH,并转化根癌农杆菌Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404,建立了根癌农杆菌LBA4404介导的链格孢Alternaria alternata分生孢子转化体系;再从乙酰丁香酮(AS)浓度、不同的共培养时间、受体菌分生孢子浓度和农杆菌菌液浓度对A.alternata转化效率的影响对体系进行优化.结果确定了根癌农杆菌菌液体积为200 mL(OD_(600)=0.15),A.alternata分生孢子浓度为10~6个/mL,在A.tumefaciens的预培养时期以及与A.alternata共培养时期分别加入200 μmol/LAS,共培养时间48 h,转化率达120～200个/10~5分生孢子.在所筛选的约800个转化子中获得了1株毒性明显低于野生菌sd1的弱毒突变株t108,通过PCR验证推测其毒力降低可能由于T-DNA插入阻断了基因的表达.该实验结果为与突变相关基因的研究以及弱毒株t108的进一步研究和利用提供了实验材料,也为深入研究链格孢sd1菌株的基因功能奠定了基础.     

农杆菌介导的小麦遗传转化几个影响因素的研究

采用携带gus和（或）bar基因双元表达载体（p3301,pBTAaB)的3个根癌农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens)菌株（AGL-1,EHA105和LBA4404）对普通小麦（Triticum aestivumL.)冬性栽培品种农大170和农大146的幼胚及幼胚愈伤组织进行了遗传转化,结果表明,菌液浓度OD6001.0和侵染时间1h对外植体的生存和转化最为有利;侵染前对外植体进行高渗处理较明显地提高了抗性愈伤获得率;乙酰丁香酮（AS）对小麦转化的作用随菌株和外植体的不同而异;菌株/质粒组合,受体基因型及外植体的类型,年龄和生理状态对转化效率有很大的影响,条件优化后,得到大量具有PPT抗性的愈伤和一些抗性植株,抗性愈伤的GUS染色阳性率在50%-60%之间,所检测的抗性苗呈GUS阳性,对6株抗性苗的PCR和Southern检测初步证明,外源基因已经整合到其中3株的基因组中。     

Transformation ofAspergillus awamori andA. niger by electroporation

A method is described which allows transformation ofAspergillus awamori andA. niger mediated by electroporation. This procedure gave transformation frequencies similar to those obtained with polyethylene glycol. ForA. niger no differences were observed between the two procedures with respect to the number of integrated plasmid copies or the frequency of homologous integration.     

农杆菌介导凝乳酶基因转化黑曲霉载体的构建

目的:研究针对黑曲霉中高表达的糖化酶基因( glaA)位点,构建含有潮霉素抗性的农杆菌介导的牛凝乳酶基因转化黑曲霉基因置换载体,并在潮霉素基因两端设计了正向重复序列,使在后续的研究中消除抗性基因成为可能.方法:将glaA上游( Gla5)和下游(Gla3)片段作为同源臂,通过重叠延伸PCR技术连接在Cym基因两端构成GlaA5-Cym-GlaA3( CYM)片段,并在潮霉素基因下游引入与Cym基因下游方向相同的Gla3,通过中间载体获得GlaA5-Cym-GlaA3-hph-Gla3结构.结果:将上述结构克隆至在T-DNA区内只含有多克隆位点的Ti质粒载体pSZA,经过酶切鉴定,成功获得载体pSZH-CYM.     

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Atropa belladonna

Belladonna or deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna L.) is an important medicinal plant in the family Solanaceae. It is a model plant for studying plant alkaloid biosynthesis. In this study, a reliable protocol for efficient transformation of A. belladonna using Agrobacterium tumefaciens was developed. Hypocotyl and cotyledon explants were co-cultivated with three opine-type Agrobacterium strains (LBA4404: pBISN1, GV3101: pBISN1, and EHA105: pBISN1). Selection and regeneration of transformed cells were conducted on two regeneration media; RM1 (Murashige and Skoog in Physiol Plant 15:473–497, 1962) medium (MS) salts, Gamborg B5 vitamins (Gamborg et al. in Exp Cell Res 50:151–158, 1968), 4.56 μM zeatin, and 2.9 μM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)] and RM2 (MS salts, B5 vitamins, 4.65 μM kinetin, and 1.14 μM IAA), each containing 100 mg l^?1 kanamycin and 250 mg l^?1 timentin. Both regeneration media and type of explant had significant effects on frequencies of transformation. Using an optimal regeneration medium and regardless of the strain of Agrobacterium used, over 80 % of hypocotyl explants and 60 % of cotyledons developed at least one transformed shoot after 2–3 months of selection. Most transformants exhibited a normal phenotype while growing in the greenhouse. Southern blot analysis confirmed the stable integration of the nptII transgene in T₁ plants.     

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Robinia pseudoacacia

Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust) plants were regenerated after co-cultivation of stem and leaf segments with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101 (pMP90) that harbored a binary vector that included genes for β-glucuronidase (GUS) and hygromycin phosphotransferase. Successful transformation was confirmed by the ability of stem and leaf segments to produce calli in the presence of hygromycin, by histochemical and fluorometric assays of GUS activity in plant tissues, and by Southern blotting analysis. In this transformation system, about 2 months were required for regeneration of transgenic plants from stem and leaf segments. The frequency of transformation from stem segments was approximately 24%, and the morphology of regenerated plants resembled that of the original parental strain. Received: 2 September 1999 / Revision received: 30 November 1999 / Accepted: 4 December 1999     

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Rhipsalidopsis gaertneri

A protocol for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation of Rhipsalidopsis cv. CB5 was developed. Calluses derived from phylloclade explants and sub-cultured onto fresh callus induction medium over a period of 9–12 months were co-cultivated with A. tumefaciens LBA4404. Plasmid constructs carrying the nptII gene, as a selectable marker, and the reporter uidA gene were used. Transformed Rhipsalidopsis calluses with a vigorous growth phenotype were obtained by extended culture on media containing 600 mg l⁻¹ kanamycin. After 9 months of a stringent selection pressure, the removal of kanamycin from the final medium together with the culture of the transformed calluses under nutritional stress led to the formation of several transgenic adventitious shoots. Transformation was confirmed by GUS staining (for uidA gene), ELISA analysis and Southern blot hybridization (for the nptII gene). With this approach, a transformation efficiency of 22.7% was achieved. Overall results described in this study demonstrate that Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is a promising approach for this cactus species.     

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of recalcitrant crops

The most widely used technique for the introduction of new genetic information into plant cells is based on the natural gene transfer capacity ofAgrobacterium tumefaciens. Currently, this technique is routinely applicable in just a few model species, like tobacco and petunia. Thus far, the numerous efforts to apply the technique to crop species have had limited success. In this review, an attempt is made to survey all the research experience onAgrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of recalcitrant crops and to highlight the problems generally encountered. The main difficulty appears to be directing the gene transfer towards those plant cells that are amenable to regeneration. The various ways to reduce stress during the transformation and regeneration process are often beneficial. The influence of the developmental stage of the plant material and the host range of theAgrobacterium strain depends largely on the plant species used, which hampers the formulation of common procedures. However, some general guidelines for the development of a transformation protocol are discussed.