流感疫苗中间品-鸡胚尿囊病毒液质量控制的研究

为建立流感疫苗中间品-鸡胚尿囊病毒液质量控制点提供依据。用鲎试剂法、微生物限度检查法、沙门菌检查法检测流感疫苗中间品一鸡胚尿囊病毒液的细菌内毒素含量、微生物限度及沙门菌。在300份鸡胚尿囊病毒液中,细菌内毒素含量大于5EU／mL的阳检率为5％;微生物限度检查中小于lO个／mL细菌菌落数的占78．67％,小于10个／mL霉菌菌落数的占80．67％,小于10个／mL酵母菌菌落数的占88．67％。沙门菌属的阳检率为4％,其中未检出A～F群的沙门菌。对流感疫苗中间品-鸡胚尿囊病毒液进行细菌内毒素,微生物限度及沙门菌检测可避免不合格尿囊病毒液进入后续生产,污染后续中间品。     

右旋糖酐40制备过程中细菌内毒素含量的影响因素

右旋糖酐40生产中分离纯化采用乙醇沉淀和超滤方法,将细菌内毒素作为分离纯化的一项指标,对影响因素进行探究,将细菌内毒素含量引入右旋糖酐40原料药产品标准,并且达到国际标准。随着乙醇浓度的增加,相应沉淀产品的细菌内毒素含量逐渐降低;在乙醇分步沉淀中,随着乙醇浓度逐级提高,分离产品的细菌内毒素含量也在降低。分离纯化用水和环境因素均会影响右旋糖酐40分离纯化的细菌内毒素指标。乙醇沉淀分离纯化的右旋糖酐40产品,细菌内毒素含量均<6.00 EU/g,最低含量<3.00 EU/g,优于国际标准(≤10 EU/g),重均分子量和分子量均符合《中国药典》质量标准。100 kDa+20 kDa二膜组合超滤分离纯化的右旋糖酐40的细菌内毒素含量可以达到10 EU/g以下。100 kDa+20 kDa+50 kDa三膜组合超滤分离纯化,右旋糖酐40的细菌内毒素含量达到3 EU/g以下,重均分子量及分子量分布达到《中国药典》标准。改进右旋糖酐40生产工艺,提高产品品质,细菌内毒素含量引入右旋糖酐40原料药质量指标,使其达到和超过国际最高质量标准。     

黑皮蛇、山白菜抗细菌内毒素的实验研究

目的探讨黑皮蛇、山白菜的抗细菌内毒素作用。方法采用鲎试剂凝胶法对黑皮蛇、山白菜抗细菌内毒素作用进行实验研究。结果在灵敏度为0.5EU/ml鲎试剂试验中,黑皮蛇、山白菜药液浓度1g/ml,均有抗细菌内毒素作用;不同药液浓度试验,抗细菌内毒素最低药液浓度:黑皮蛇为0.1g/ml,山白菜为0.05g/ml。结论黑皮蛇、山白菜均有较强的抗细菌内毒素作用。     

从电镀液中分离三株细菌和一株真菌及其鉴定

汽车电镀工艺在汽车生产过程中起着非常重要的作用,电镀液染菌会对汽车涂层造成腐蚀性危害,并影响其外形的美观。本研究从长城汽车股份有限公司公司所提供的染菌电镀液中分离得到3株细菌和1株真菌,并利用微生物学知识对其进行了初步鉴定。这3株细菌的基本形态分别为球形和杆状,真菌呈茂盛菌丝体状态生长,未观察到孢子。同时对这些微生物进行了分子鉴定,PCR扩增细菌的16S r RNA和真菌的ITS序列,经纯化、测序后在NCBI和RDP上进行同源性比对,初步确定这些微生物主要隶属于Bacilli纲和Eurotiomycetes纲。本研究可为电镀液的微生物控制提供基础资料。     

新会蛇伤药酒微生物限度检查方法适用性试验

目的考察新会蛇伤药酒微生物限度检查方法的适用性。方法按照2015年版《中国药典》四部通则非无菌产品微生物限度检查法进行试验。结果新会蛇伤药酒采用培养基稀释法(0.2ml/皿)进行需氧菌数的测定,常规法进行霉菌和酵母菌数的测定,金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌采用直接接种法测定,结果均良好,中和剂对其方法均无明显干扰。结论该方法适用于新会蛇伤药酒的微生物限度检查。     

地鳖虫蛋白提取物对小鼠S180肉瘤及鸡胚尿囊膜血管生成的抑制作用

用不同浓度的地鳖虫蛋白粗提物(0.2~0.8g/ml)作用于S180肉瘤荷瘤小鼠,观察各组的抑瘤效果及重要生理指标的差异;同时分别用地鳖虫蛋白粗提物以及经过盐析、离子交换层析、分子筛由地鳖虫蛋白粗提物分离纯化得到的活性蛋白,作用于鸡胚尿囊膜,观察它们对新生血管生成的抑制作用。结果显示,地鳖虫蛋白粗提物对S180肉瘤荷瘤小鼠有显著的抑瘤作用;蛋白质粗提物以及纯化得到的活性蛋白对鸡胚尿囊膜新生血管的生成有明显的抑制作用,纯化品的抑制活性高于粗品,且二者对鸡胚生长发育的影响较阳性对照(地塞米松组)小,差异显著。因此,地鳖虫蛋白提取物有良好的体内抑瘤作用及血管生成抑制活性。     

ELISA法检测鸡胚中抗生素残留量的研究及其应用

用ELISA法测定氨苄青霉素、氯霉素在流感疫苗生产用海兰白鸡鸡胚中的残留。实验通过比较空白组0d龄全鸡胚和给药组0d龄全鸡胚中氨苄青霉素、氯霉素的残留量,说明了饮水给药的方法能够建立抗生素残留的动物模型。通过比较10d龄鸡胚尿囊液、卵黄中氨苄青霉素、氯霉素的残留量,说明尿囊液中的残留量明显高于卵黄。通过绘制残留曲线,可以看出氨苄青霉素、氯霉素在海兰白鸡体内蓄积迅速,却消除缓慢。通过实验初步摸索出了氨苄青霉素和氯霉素在鸡胚中的分布、代谢及残留规律,获得了部分生产用鸡胚尿囊液的抗生素残留量数据,为进一步控制流感疫苗生产用鸡胚质量提供技术保障。     

喘咳安丸微生物限度检查方法的验证

目的建立咳喘安丸的微生物限度检查方法。方法按中国药典2010年版一部微生物限度检查方法,用常规法、培养基稀释法进行方法验证。结果常规法试验时,大肠埃希菌、白色念珠菌和黑曲霉的回收率均高于85%,而枯草芽孢杆菌与金黄色葡萄球菌采用培养基稀释法试验时,使其回收率均高于80%。控制菌采用常规法检出。结论细菌数测定采用培养基稀释法(0.2mL/皿),霉菌、酵母菌及控制菌可采用常规法进行咳喘安丸的微生物限度检验。     

复合益生菌制剂"海生元"的卫生安全性检验

目的 :监测和评估复合益生菌制剂“海生元”在制备、保存和使用过程中微生物污染状况 ,消除对健康造成潜在不良影响的危险。方法 :在有效期 (1年 )和保存 2 4个月 (2年 )时 ,定期随机对“海生元”口服液和胶囊取样 ,按常规方法进行微生物限度检验 ,包括细菌总数、大肠菌群、致病菌检查及霉菌、酵母菌计数。结果 :(1)贮存 12个月时微生物限度检验结果显示 :口服液各项指标均为阴性。胶囊剂分别为细菌数 <2× 10CFU/ g ,大肠菌群数 <3MPN/ 10 0 g、真菌和酵母菌总数分别 <5CFU/g ,未检出致病菌。 (2 )储存 2 4个月时的微生物限度检验结果显示 :口服液细菌总数、霉菌数和酵母菌数均 <1CFU/ g ,大肠菌数 <3MPN/ 10 0 g。胶囊剂细菌总数 <4× 10 3 CFU/ g ,大肠菌数 <30MPN/ 10 0g ,霉菌和酵母菌数 <10CFU/ g ,未检出致病菌。结论 :复合益生菌制剂“海生元”2种剂型 (口服液和胶囊 )在效期内的染菌情况均符合规定限度要求。在普通条件下储存 2 4个月 (2年 ) ,仅对胶囊的细菌总数略有影响 ,但结果仍符合中国药典规定的限度标准。本实验结果证实了复合益生菌制剂制备、储存过程中卫生安全的可靠性。     

新城疫病毒(NDV)疫苗株的纯化和结构蛋白的初步鉴定

本文报道新城疫Ⅰ系和Ⅳ系疫苗病毒的分离纯化,以及对其结构蛋白的初步鉴定。 将中国兽医药品监察所提供的冻干苗(NDV Ⅰ系和Ⅳ系)复壮2次,使其鸡胚感染滴度达10~6,血凝滴度为640(0.1ml)以上。按常规接种9～10日龄受精SPF鸡胚,35℃培养,收集36～72小时鸡胚尿囊液,测定血凝及滴度,置-20℃冰箱备用。     

Simple method for the concentration of influenza virus from allantoic fluid on microporous filters.

Membrane filter adsorption-elution is an efficient method for concentration and partial purification of several types of viruses from various aqueous solutions. For efficient virus adsorption to negatively charged filters, the sample is adjusted to pH 3.5 and trivalent salts are added before filtration. Since influenza virus is sensitive to extremes in pH, it cannot be concentrated by ordinary filters. Zeta Plus filters, which have a net positive charge of up to 5 or 6, were evaluated for the concentration of influenza virus from infectious allantoic fluids. Influenza virus efficiently adsorbed to Zeta Plus filters at pH 6, and addition of salts was not necessary. Adsorbed virus was eluted in a small volume of 2% bovine serum albumin plus 1 M NaCl at pH 10. By this procedure, viruses in 100 ml of allantoic fluid were concentrated to a final volume of 8 ml, with an average recovery efficiency of 71.0%.     

Preservation of Influenza Virus Infectivity by Lyophilization

A method of lyophilizing influenza virus in allantoic fluid with retention of high-titer of egg infectivity is described. Five strains of virus were lyophilized, and all were much more stable than fluid virus preparations, retaining 2 to 3 logs of infectivity after storage at 37 C for 60 to 95 days. Statistical analysis of an accelerated storage test by extrapolation of viral degradation indicates that the lyophilized viruses are stable indefinitely at or below room temperature.     

Rapid and sensitive detection of avian influenza virus subtype H7 using NASBA

Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification with electrochemiluminescent detection (NASBA/ECL) is an isothermal technique allowing rapid amplification and detection of specific regions of nucleic acid from a diverse range of sources. It is especially suitable for amplifying RNA. A NASBA/ECL technique has been developed allowing the detection of RNA from avian influenza virus subtype H7 derived from allantoic fluid harvested from inoculated chick embryos and from cell cultures. Degenerate amplification primers and amplicon capture probes were designed enabling the detection of low and highly pathogenic avian influenza of the H7 subtype from the Eurasian and North American lineages and the Australian sub-lineage. The NASBA/ECL technique is specific for subtype H7 and does not cross-react with other influenza subtypes or with viruses containing haemagglutinin-like genes. The assay is 10- to 100-fold more sensitive than a commercially available antigen capture immunoassay system. The NASBA/ECL assay could be used in high throughput poultry screening programmes.     

区带超速离心提纯流感病毒的初步探讨

在制备灭活流感疫苗中,采用两次蔗糖速率区带超离心从流感病毒感染的鸡胚尿液中提纯流感病毒是较简便、实用的方法,根据流感病毒分子特性设计了超离梯度并采用适当试验条件,获得了大量提纯流感病毒的初步结果。经血凝、电镜、蔗糖浓度、浮力密度等检验证明此方法是可行的。     

Impact of Ethanol Stress on Components of the Allantoic Fluid of the Chicken Embryo

Recent studies showed that the allantoic fluid of the chicken embryo is a depot for stress-released catecholamines and many free amino acids and related compounds, and that it is separated from plasma and the amniotic fluid by selective barriers. To gain further insights into the functions of the allantois and its barriers, we studied the impact of stress (intra-allantoic injection of 0.1 ml ethanol) on 39 free amino acids and related compounds of the allantoic fluid. Using an HPLC-fluorometric method, we found that the concentration of seven substances was significantly increased 20 min after injection of ethanol, and back to control levels within 40 minutes. Five of these compounds (asparagine, alanine, leucine, tyrosine, lysine) had previously been shown to occur in plasma at concentrations above those in the allantoic fluid. However, taurine and phosphoethanolamine increased in the allantoic fluid even though their concentrations in plasma tended to be lower than in allantoic fluid. These findings (1) reveal the existence of complex embryonic/extraembryonic autoregulations, and (2) raise the question of the regulatory mechanisms involved in the transfer of substances across the allantoic barrier(s).     

Regulation of Substances in Allantoic and Amniotic Fluid of the Chicken Embryo

Traditionally, the avian allantois has been considered a respiratory organ and a dumping ground for metabolic wastes. We tested the hypothesis that the allantoic fluid is also a depot for free amino acids and related compounds. To gain further insight in the specific role of the allantoic fluid, we included plasma and the amniotic fluid in this study. The work was carried out in 13- and 14-day-old chicken embryos. Using an HPLC-fluorometric technique, 40 of the 41 amino acids and related compounds investigated were detected. The amniotic fluid contained 32 compounds, while plasma and allantoic fluid contained 38 and 39 compounds, respectively. The glucose concentration was determined with a hexokinase technique. It was highest in plasma and lowest in the amniotic fluid. We identified three barriers that hyper- and hyporegulate a number of compounds: (1) a blood/allantois barrier, (2) a blood/amnion barrier, and (3) an allantois/amnion barrier. Compared with plasma and allantoic fluid, the amniotic fluid is a mostly hyporegulated environment.     

Purification and Concentration of Influenza Types A and B by Chromatography on Calcium Phosphate

A rapid chromatographic method for the isolation of types A and B influenza virus from allantoic fluid was described. The adsorbent was prepared from calcium dihydrogen orthophosphate monohydrate [Ca(H(2)PO(4))(2).H(2)O] by alkali treatment. The addition of sodium trimetaphosphate to the influenza-infected allantoic fluid afforded a 67 to 100% viral recovery and a 26 to 43-fold increase in purity.     

Distribution of bovine fetuin and albumin in plasma, allantoic and amniotic fluids during development

A radioimmunoassay for bovine fetuin was developed and its specificity and validity established. Albumin was measured by radial-immunodiffusion assay. Fetuin levels in fetal plasma increased from 10 to 15 mg/ml between 4 and 8 months of gestation; albumin levels remained higher than fetuin. Neonatal plasma fetuin levels rapidly declined during the first 14 days post partum, coincident with a marked reciprocal increase in albumin levels. In allantoic fluid fetuin and albumin concentrations reached a peak at 7 months but fetuin values were always higher. In amniotic fluid both proteins peaked at 8 months; albumin levels were similar to those in allantoic fluid but fetuin values remained consistently lower than those in allantoic fluid throughout gestation. Fetuin levels in maternal plasma declined from 0.7 to 0.4 mg/ml between 1 month and term. We conclude that (1) at term there is an abrupt change from fetuin synthesis to increased albumin synthesis by the neonatal liver; (2) fetuin appears to be preferentially accumulated in the allantois whereas albumin is equally concentrated in the allantois and amnion.     

Relationship between endotoxin and prostaglandin (PGE2 and PGFM) concentrations and ovarian function in dairy cows with puerperal endometritis

Blood concentrations of progesterone, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2alpha (PGFM) and endotoxin, and uterine fluid concentrations of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), PGFM and endotoxin were evaluated in 14 dairy cows with puerperal endometritis (mild (n=6) and heavy (n=8)). Endotoxin was measured using a quantitative kinetic assay. Cows with heavy endometritis had significantly higher concentrations of plasma PGFM (P<0.01) and uterine fluid PGE(2) and endotoxin (P<0.05) than cows with mild endometritis. Concentrations of PGFM in plasma and uterine fluid, of PGFM and PGE(2), and PGE(2) and endotoxin in uterine fluid were positively and significantly (P<0.05) correlated. The presence of endotoxin in plasma was detected in one out of six mild and in eight out of eight heavy endometritis cows. Peak plasma endotoxin concentrations (0.08-9.14 endotoxin units/ml (EU/ml) were observed between 1 and 12 days postpartum (pp) and thereafter amounts generally remained below 0.1 EU/ml (last day of detection: Day 27 pp). Abnormal ovarian function was observed in six cows (four with prolonged anoestrus and two with long luteal phase after the first postpartum ovulation). Plasma endotoxin concentrations were detected in the anoestric cows. The results suggest that: (i) concentrations of uterine fluid endotoxin and PGE(2) and of plasma PGFM are related to the degree of endometritis; (ii) absorption of endotoxin from the uterus to the bloodstream occurs, mainly in heavy endometritis cows; and (iii) there is a relationship between uterine infection, endotoxin production and resumption of pp ovarian activity.