Microsporogenesis, Pollination, Pollen Germination and Male Gametophyte Development in Taxus brevifolia

Taxus brevifolia(Nutt.), commonly known as Pacific or westernyew, is a conifer native to the Pacific northwest of North America.Contrary to other Taxus species, T. brevifolia staminate strobiliare usually located on 2-year-old foliage although they mayoccur on foliage from 1 to 5-years-old. This delayed staminatestrobilus development may be an adaptation to the low lightenvironment where T. brevifolia grows. Microsporogenesis occurredin the autumn preceding pollination. Successive divisions producedisobilateral tetrads visible as early as mid-October. Over-winteringstaminate strobili usually contained separate microspores. In1996 to 1999, pollination occurred in March and April in twonatural forest sites on southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia,Canada. The low amounts of airborne pollen and prolonged pollinationperiod indicated low pollination success within T. brevifolia.Female receptivity was measured by the presence of a pollinationdrop. Protandry up to 18 d was observed. In vitro pollen germinationwas moderate to good, ranging from 65 to 88% depending on thetree and year. DAPI fluorescence staining showed successfulmale gametophyte development in vitro. The microspore dividedforming a tube nucleus and generative cell within 3 d of culture.The generative cell then divided forming a sterile nucleus andspermatogenous nucleus after 17 d. The spermatogenous nucleusacquired a cell wall then divided forming two equal sperm after24 d. Copyright 2000 Annals of Botany Company Taxus brevifolia, Pacific yew, microsporogenesis, pollination, pollen germination, male gametophyte development     

同源四倍体萝卜雄配子体发育

利用爱氏苏木精染色-冬青油透明"技术,首次报道了同源四倍体萝卜(2n=4x=36)雄配子体的动态发育过程.结果表明:同源四倍体萝卜小孢子核经一次有丝分裂产生营养核与生殖核,生殖核再经一次有丝分裂形成两个精核,最终形成3-细胞型成熟花粉,与相应的二倍体雄配子体的整个发育过程相似;四倍体花粉具2个、3个或4个萌发孔,二倍体多为3孔花粉;四倍体雄配子体发育过程中异常频率为32%,比二倍体高20%,败育主要发生在四分体时期和单核期.     

小盐芥小孢子发生和雄配子体发育研究

在显微水平上研究了小盐芥的小孢子发生及雄配子体发育过程,以及不同阶段与花蕾外部形态的相关性.本实验报道的小孢子发生及雄配子体发育的研究结果表明:雄蕊为四强雄蕊,每个花药具4个花粉囊.小孢子母细胞减数分裂属同时型,小孢子在四分体中的排列方式属四面体型.成熟花粉粒属3-细胞型,有3个萌发沟.花粉囊壁发育属双子叶型,由4层细胞构成——表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层.绒毡层为腺质绒毡层.植株花蕾肉眼可见时,雄性孢原细胞开始分化.花蕾露白即蕾长1.1~1.7 mm时,形成成熟的雄配子体,即3-细胞花粉粒.     

蒙古莸小孢子发生和雄配子体发育的研究

运用常规石蜡切片技术对蒙古莸小孢子发生和雄配子体发育进行了观察.结果表明:(1)花药4室,花药壁由4层细胞组成,由外向内分别为表皮、药室内壁、1层中层和绒毡层,花药壁发育方式为双子叶型.(2)花药壁表皮具多细胞腺体,药室内壁、药隔部分细胞发育后期均发生纤维性加厚.(3)绒毡层细胞有两种来源,外周部分来源于初生壁细胞,近药隔部分来源于药隔细胞.腺质绒毡层,发育后期为二核.(4)小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程胞质分裂为同时型,四分体多数为四面体型,偶有左右对称型.(5)成熟花粉为2细胞型,具3个萌发沟.     

Spore Germination and Gametophyte Development in Three Species of Asplenium

Laboratory and field experiments involving Asplenium ruta-murariaL., Asplenium trichomanes L. subsp. quadrivalens D.E. Meyeremend. Lovis and Asplenium scolopendrium L. [= Phyllitis scolopendrium(L.) Newm.] revealed differences in their temperature requirementsfor germination and in their sexual development on soil. Thegermination responses of A. trichomanes and A. scolopendriumto culture temperatures of 10, 15, 20 and 25 °C were verysimilar and all spores were able to germinate at 10 °C.Spores of A. ruta-muraria differed in that germination was slowerat 15-25 °C and very much delayed, or even inhibited, at10 °C. Both laboratory and field cultures of A. trichomanesand A. scolopendrium produced male, female and bisexual gametophyteswhereas those of A. ruta-muraria produced only males and bisexuals.The ecological significance of these differences is discussed.Copyright1994, 1999 Academic Press Fern, Asplenium ruta-muraria, Asplenium trichomanes, Asplenium scolopendrium, Phyllitis scolopendrium, spore germination, gametophyte, reproductive biology, temperature effects, field experiments     

青阳参小孢子发生和雄配子体发育

利用常规石蜡制片技术、荧光显微技术、光镜细胞化学技术、电子显微镜技术对青阳参小孢子发生和雄配子体发育进行了详细观察。结果显示,小孢子孢原细胞起源于皮下组织并在两个地方分化;孢原细胞平周分裂形成初生壁层和初生造孢层,初生壁层细胞再经过平周分裂形成2层细胞,其中最内一层即为绒毡层,绒毡层为分泌型绒毡层,既为小孢子发育提供营养来源,又分泌分泌物形成包围花粉粒的膜;初生造孢层细胞直接行使小孢子母细胞的功能;成熟花粉粒中含有大量淀粉粒、蛋白质、内质网、叶绿体、脂体和大液泡;包围花粉粒的膜和花粉粒之间的膜含有蛋白质成分和脂类成分;小孢子细胞核分裂形成营养细胞和生殖细胞,营养细胞和生殖细胞间没有细胞板形成,生殖细胞呈透镜型、比营养细胞小。     

狼毒大戟的小孢子发生与雄配子体发育

采用石蜡制片技术研究了狼毒大戟（Euphorbia fischeriana）的小孢子发生及雄配子体发育过程,结果表明：狼毒大戟的花药为四分孢子囊,花药壁为五层,发育为基本型;变形绒毡层,细胞为双核;小孢子母细胞减数分裂中的胞质分裂为同时型;四分体排列通常为四面体型,少数左右对称型;成熟花粉为三细胞型,椭球形,具三沟孔。研究结果为狼毒大戟的生物学研究及应用开发积累基础资料。     

防风大、小孢子发生与雌、雄配子体发育的研究

利用常规石蜡制片法研究了防风大、小孢子发生及其雌、雄配子体的发育过程。主要结果是：(1)小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程中的胞质分裂为同时型,小孢子四分体为四面体形;(2)成熟的花粉粒为三细胞型,具3个孔沟;(3)花药壁发育类型为双子叶型。花药壁由4层结构组成：最外层为表皮,其内分别为药室内壁、1层中层、绒毡层,绒毡层为分泌型;(4)防风的子房为2室,每室1胚珠,单珠被,薄珠心,倒生型胚珠。大孢子母细胞经减数分裂形成线形排列的4个大孢子,合点端大孢子具功能;(5)大孢子发生过程中,具有多个孢原细胞及多个大孢子母细胞的现象,但通常只有一个大孢子母细胞能继续发育;(6)胚囊发育属于蓼型;(7)防风的花为极端的雌雄蕊异熟,雄蕊的发育早于雌蕊的发育。     

Male Gametophyte of Cathaya

There are two prothallial cells in Cathaya, but their formation is different from that of the other genera of Pinaceae. A primary prothallial cell is cut off first and the division of this cell gives rise to 2 prothallial cells which remain intact in mature pollen grains. 3-celled pollen grains are formed. The interval between polination and fertilization is about 13 months. The two sperms are different in size.     

大百合小孢子发生和雄配子体发育研究

用常规石蜡切片技术和压片法对大百合小孢子发生和雄配子体发育进行观察。结果表明：花药4室,花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、中层和腺质绒毡层组成,花药壁发育方式为单子叶型,药室内壁部分细胞发育后期发生纤维状加厚。小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程的胞质分裂为连续型,四分体多数为左右对称型,偶有四面体型。成熟花粉为2细胞型,具1个萌发沟。经TTC法检验,成熟花粉生活力为86.3%。从小孢子的发生及雄配子体发育的整个过程看,未见异常现象,能形成大量正常的成熟花粉。     

丹参小孢子发生和雄配子体发育过程的解剖学研究

在显微水平上对丹参小孢子发生和雄配子体的发育过程及其与不同发育阶段花蕾的外部形态的相关性进行了研究。结果表明：丹参有2枚雄蕊,每个花药具2个花粉囊．小孢子母细胞减数分裂属同时型,小孢子在四分体中的排列属四面体型。成熟花粉粒属3细胞型并有6个萌发沟。花粉囊壁发育属双子叶型,由4层细胞构成,即表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层。绒毡层细胞为腺质,二核。植株花蕾肉眼可见,大小在1～1.5mm时雄蕊孢原细胞开始分化;花蕾长至9～12mm。即从钟型花萼的钟口肉眼可见乳白色花瓣时．形成成熟的雄配子体,雄配子体具有3细胞的花粉粒。     

水稻雄配子体发育过程中tRNA片段的生物信息学分析

tRNA片段(tRF)是tRNA通过非随机剪切产生的RNA片段, 其产生和功能机制尚不明确; 而在水稻(Oryza sativa)雄配子体发育过程中, 人们对tRNA更是知之甚少。通过高通量测序, 在水稻雄配子体发育过程中发现了长度范围较大的tRFs; 进一步采用logo对tRFs两端的序列进行分析, 发现了4个有序列特征(其中3个未见报道)和1个无序列特征的酶切位点; 通过NCBI Blast预测了tRF靶基因, 发现其大多靶向转座因子。研究结果对揭示tRF产生机制以及水稻雄配子体发育研究有一定的参考价值。     

Cell Divisions During Microsporogenesis and Development of the Male Gametophyte in Ginkgo biloba

During meiosis of the microsporocyte of Ginkgo biloba L., the nucleoids, after going through a serios of regular dynamic changes, had primarily established an axial polarity from the proximal face to the distal face of the cell. In the consequent germination, the microspore went through three consecutive polar periclinal mitotic divisions, which may be considered as further intensifying the primary polarity. In terms of structural change, lacking of plasmodesmas in the walls between the daughter cells, may set forth in isolating all the daughter cells in which fine differentiation took place. The anticlinal ring-like division observed in the generative cell might play an important role in polarity regulation in the male gametophyte, eventually leading to the anticlinal division in the spennatogenous cell to produce two back-to-back positioned spermatozoids.     

Megasporogenesis,Microsporogenesis and Development of Female and Male Gametophyte in Siraitia grovenorii

1. The ovule is anatropous, bitegument and crassinucellate. 2. Embryo sac belongs to Polygonum type. Mature embryo sac has 7 cells. 3. In the course of rnegasporogenesis callose appears. 4 Microspore mother cell meiosis is simultaneous type; Tetrad is tetrahedral. 5. Pollen grains are 2-celled. 6. Tapetum consists of 1-3 layers. Cells of inner layer are large, and of outer layer smaller.     

毛百合小孢子发生和雄配子体发育过程的解剖学研究

在显微水平上对毛百合小孢子发生和雄配子体的发育过程与不同发育阶段花蕾的外部形态的相关性进行了研究.结果显示:毛百合每个花药具4个花粉囊,小孢子母细胞减数分裂属连续型,小孢子在四分体中的排列属左右对称型,也有少数四面体型.成熟花粉粒属2-细胞型,并有1个萌发沟.花粉囊壁由4层细胞构成,即表皮、药室内壁、中层、绒毡层.绒毡层细胞为腺质,出现多核现象.研究发现花蕾大小与小孢子各发育时期密切相关.     

Ovary and Gametophyte Development Are Coordinately Regulated by Auxin and Ethylene following Pollination

The differentiation and development of ovules in orchid flowers are pollination dependent. To define the developmental signals and timing of critical events associated with ovule differentiation, we have examined factors that regulate the initial events in megasporogenesis and female gametophyte development and characterized its progression toward maturity and fertilization. Two days after pollination, ovary wall epidermal cells begin to elongate and form hair cells; this is the earliest visible morphological change, and it occurs at least 3 days prior to pollen germination, indicating that signals associated with pollination itself trigger these early events. The effects of inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis on early morphological changes indicated that ethylene, in the presence of auxin, is required to initiate ovary development and, indirectly, subsequent ovule differentiation. Surprisingly, pollen germination and growth were also strongly inhibited by inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis, indicating that male gametophyte development is also regulated by ethylene. Detailed characterization of the development of both the female and male gametophyte in pollinated orchid flowers indicated that pollen tubes entered the ovary and grew along the ovary wall for 10 to 35 days, at which time growth was arrested. Approximately 40 days after pollination, coincident with ovule differentiation as indicated by the presence of a single archesporial cell, the direction of pollen tube growth became redirected toward the ovule, suggesting a chemical signaling between the developing ovule and male gametophyte. Taken together, these results indicate that both auxin and ethylene contribute to the regulation of both ovary and ovule development and to the coordination of development of male and female gametophytes.     

鱼腥草的花粉活力及雌雄配子体的发育

为深入了解鱼腥草有性繁殖特性及为鱼腥草杂交育种提供理论依据,以栽培的三年生鱼腥草（Houttuynia cordataThunb.）为材料,采用I2-KI染色法、培养基培养法、荧光显微镜观察法研究鱼腥草花粉活力;用石蜡切片法观察鱼腥草雌雄配子体的发育过程。结果显示,鱼腥草花粉活力极低,仅I2-KI法检测出鱼腥草花粉活力为3.18%,培养基培养法、荧光显微镜观察法均未测出花粉活力。其雄配子体在早期发育正常,但在二分体时期发现绒毡层解体,最后游离小孢子细胞质逐渐消失,显示出空瘪状态,形状也由近圆形变为不规则形,最终在花粉囊开裂之前小孢子败育。雌蕊心皮3枚,合生成一室,侧膜胎座;直生胚珠,为双层珠被,薄珠心;造孢细胞起源于紧接表皮之下的珠心细胞,造孢细胞直接发育成大孢子母细胞;大孢子母细胞经减数分裂形成线形或T形排列的四分体,靠近合点端的一个四分体细胞形成功能大孢子;功能大孢子经连续3次有丝分裂形成7细胞8核的蓼型成熟胚囊。鱼腥草可能因绒毡层提早解体导致雄性不育,其种子的产生可能来自于无融合生殖。     

柠条锦鸡儿小孢子发生和雄配子体发育

利用常规石蜡切片技术对柠条锦鸡儿小孢子发生及雄配子体发育的过程进行了观察,为柠条锦鸡儿生殖生物学提供基础资料。结果表明:(1)柠条锦鸡儿雄蕊花药4室,花药壁完全分化时,由外到内依次是表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层,花药壁发育为基本型;表皮细胞1层,发育过程中始终存在;药室内壁在花药成熟时形成带状纤维层加厚;幼小花药壁的中层1～2层细胞,在花药发育成熟时退化消失;绒毡层1层细胞,腺质绒毡层,花药成熟时消失。(2)小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程中的胞质分裂为同时型,产生四面体型和左右对称型小孢子。(3)成熟花粉粒为二细胞型,扫描电镜下观察其成熟花粉粒为圆球形,外壁近光滑。(4)花粉母细胞分裂后形成的四分体小孢子中出现多核仁现象,核仁数在2～6个范围变化,推测这可能和末期Ⅱ核仁融合的不彻底有关。研究发现,柠条锦鸡儿小孢子发生和雄配子发育过程没有发现异常现象。