新型冠状病毒肺炎与牙周炎的潜在关联

新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)是目前全球面临的最紧迫的公共卫生问题之一。牙周炎是一种高发病率的慢性疾病,同时也是多种全身性疾病的诱因。最新研究表明COVID-19与心血管疾病、高血压、糖尿病、肥胖和慢性肾病等其他慢性疾病存在相关性。旨在基于严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(SARS-CoV-2)的感染与牙周炎发生的主要致病机制探讨两者之间是否存在潜在关联。总结发现牙周炎与COVID-19发病率的上升没有直接关联,但是牙周炎能间接影响COVID-19预后。对两者关系的进一步了解,不仅可以预防牙周炎,还可以降低COVID-19不良预后的发生。本文为COVID-19合并牙周炎患者的治疗提供新型研究思路及理论参考。     

牙周炎与骨质疏松症关系的探讨

牙周炎和骨质疏松症是全球性公共卫生问题,严重影响着中老年人的健康。随着社会人口老龄化的增长,牙周炎和骨质疏松症的发病率也在逐渐增高,骨丧失是两种疾病的共同特征,且两者之间有一些共同的危险因素,如增龄、吸烟和内分泌等,这些危险因素影响着牙周炎和骨质疏松症的发生发展。近年来的研究表明牙周炎与骨质疏松症间存在着一定的关系,但国内外文献对牙周炎和骨质疏松症之间的具体关系尚存在争议,本研究对牙周炎与骨质疏松症之间的关系作一综述。本研究所说的骨质疏松是原发性骨质疏松症。     

COPD患者口腔和呼吸道内牙龈卟啉单胞菌、齿垢密螺旋体和福赛坦菌的同源性分析

目的分析慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者口腔和呼吸道内牙龈卟啉单胞菌(Pg)、齿垢密螺旋体(Td)和福赛坦菌(Tf)的同源性,探讨牙周炎与COPD之间的关系。方法收集53例急性加重期COPD患者,采集龈下菌斑及呼吸道分泌物,同时进行牙周指标的检查。通过16S r DNA序列分析,构建患者口腔及呼吸道内Pg、Td和Tf的系统进化树,进行同源性分析。结果 53例患者中,5例患者口腔和呼吸道内Pg具有同源性,6例患者Td具有同源性,3例患者Tf具有同源性。结论 COPD患者口腔和呼吸道内Pg、Td和Tf具有同源性,COPD患者呼吸道内的这3种病原体均来自于口腔。     

牙周炎易感基因的研究进展

牙周病是口腔常见病之一,牙周炎是指发生在牙齿支持组织的炎症。全国第二次流行病学调查结果显示：35～44岁年龄段的牙周炎患病率为97．2%,患病率居龋齿病之上,因此,预防和治疗牙周疾病将是长期艰巨的任务。目前,人们公认牙周微生物是牙周病的始动因子,但单有微生物并不意味着牙周病,尤其是牙周炎的必然发生。牙周炎是一类多因素疾病,目前比较明确的危险因素有：口腔卫生状况,吸烟与否,某些全身疾病如关节炎、心血管疾病和糖尿病等。近年来的研究表明,宿主的易感性在疾病的发生和进展中起至关重要的作用,早发性牙周炎和（或）重度牙周炎患者往往具有家族聚集性。一些学者对外部环境相同的人群进行多年的纵向观察,发现不同个体罹患牙周炎的几率不同,这种差别可能缘于基因背景不同。目前,从分子水平上揭示牙周炎的易感因素已成为21世纪牙周病学研究的新热点。     

呼吸道过敏性疾病与社会心理因素双向关系的Meta分析

目的:系统评价呼吸道过敏性疾病和社会心理因素的关系。方法:计算机检索Cochrance图书馆、Medline、EMbase、Pubmed、CBM、CNKI等数据库,查找包括心理社会因素对呼吸道过敏性疾病的影响或者呼吸道过敏性疾病对精神健康影响的临床研究,根据纳入和排除标准选择文献,对符合纳入标准的文献进行Meta分析,计算其合并OR值及95%CI。结果:共纳入20个病例研究(13篇文献),其中13个研究评估心理社会因素对呼吸道过敏性疾病的影响,7个研究评估效果呼吸道过敏性疾病对心理健康的影响。在这些研究中呼吸道过敏性疾病是评估哮喘和过敏性鼻炎。Meta分析结果显示社会心理因素和呼吸道疾病的发生发展有关[OR=1.77,95%CI(1.42,2.22)],呼吸道过敏性疾病与未来不健康的心理发生发展有关[OR=1.73,95%CI(1.47,2.03)]。结论:当前的研究发现呼吸道过敏性疾病和社会心理因素有很大的关系。这支持在呼吸道过敏性疾病治疗除了传统的生理和药理干预外,心理干预呼吸道对过敏性疾病的预防和管理也发挥作用。     

慢性呼吸道疾病患者呼吸道微生物群研究进展

过去认为健康人肺部是无菌的,对疾病状态下呼吸道菌群的研究依赖传统培养技术。近年来,DNA测序技术应用于呼吸道标本的微生物检测,发现健康肺部存在复杂的微生物群。越来越多的证据表明,呼吸道微生物群在多种慢性呼吸道疾病发生和发展过程中扮演重要角色,与哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺病等疾病的临床表现、急性加重及预后相关。通过比较急性加重期与稳定期患者的呼吸道标本微生物群,形成了新的疾病假说,阐释了慢性呼吸道疾病急性加重的微生物学基础。未来对微生物测序数据的深度挖掘及基于临床问题的研究,有望为慢性呼吸道疾病的治疗提供新的靶点。     

呼吸道过敏性疾病与社会心理因素双向关系的Meta分析

目的：系统评价呼吸道过敏性疾病和社会心理因素的关系。方法：计算机检索Cochrance图书馆、Medline、EMbase、Pubmed、CBM、CNKI等数据库,查找包括心理社会因素对呼吸道过敏性疾病的影响或者呼吸道过敏性疾病对精神健康影响的临床研究。根据纳入和排除标准选择文献,对符合纳入标准的文献进行Meta分析,计算其合并OR值及95％CI。结果：共纳入20个病例研究（13篇文献）,其中13个研究评估心理社会因素对呼吸道过敏性疾病的影响,7个研究评估效果呼吸道过敏性疾病对心理健康的影响。在这些研究中呼吸道过敏性疾病是评估哮喘和过敏性鼻炎。Meta分析结果显示社会心理因素和呼吸道疾病的发生发展有关[OR=1．77,95％CI（1．42,2．22）],呼吸道过敏性疾病与未来不健康的心理发生发展有关[OR=1．73,95％CI（1．47,2．03）]。结论：当前的研究发现呼吸道过敏性疾病和社会心理因素有很大的关系。这支持在呼吸道过敏性疾病治疗除了传统的生理和药理干预外,心理干预呼吸道对过敏性疾病的预防和管理也发挥作用。     

实验性牙周炎合并咬合创伤模型的研究进展

不正常的咬合接触关系或者过大的咬合力,造成咀嚼系统各部位的病理性损害或者适应性变化称为咬合创伤,而牙周炎是一种慢性炎症性疾病,是由牙菌斑生物膜引起的牙周组织的感染性疾病,导致牙周支持组织的破坏-牙周袋形成和炎症、进行性的附着丧失和牙槽骨吸收。近年来有学者对咬合创伤作为一类独立疾病进行研究,也有学者将咬合创伤作为牙周炎的一个重要的局部促进因素进行研究。牙周炎和咬合创伤的关系至今不是很明确,关于咬合创伤和牙周炎的相互关系,虽然早在20世纪初已开始研究,却直到70年代才有严格对照的动物实验研究。大鼠牙周炎合并咬合创伤的模型在牙周炎和咬合创伤关系的相关研究中起着十分重要的作用。本文从牙周炎和咬合创伤复合模型的建立方面,综述了各种建模方法的研究进展,以期为牙周炎合并咬合创伤的深入研究提供参考。     

牙周炎动物模型的研究进展

牙周炎是常见的口腔慢性疾病,是造成中国成年人失牙的最重要原因。为进一步探讨牙周炎的发病机制、病理学特点,以便更好的制定治疗方案,动物模型被广泛应用。本文从牙周炎动物模型建立方法和实验动物的选择等方面,对牙周炎动物模型的研究进展做一综述。     

支气管哮喘与呼吸道微生态关系的研究进展

人体是个巨大的生态系统,各个器官的表面附着大量的微生物,微生物群通过与宿主细胞之间的相互作用来保证机体的正常营养代谢和微生态稳定。长期以来由于呼吸道的生理功能和特性,其微生物菌群的调节作用没有引起足够重视。自“肠-肺轴”的提出,更多学者开始致力于研究呼吸道微生态,并发现一些呼吸道疾病如慢性阻塞性肺疾病、特发性肺纤维化以及支气管哮喘等的发生发展与呼吸道微生态存在一定的关系,这为进一步研究呼吸道疾病,并寻求更好的治疗方式提供新的方向和选择。本文就支气管哮喘与呼吸道微生态之间的作用关系作一综述。     

Metagenomic Analysis Reveals A Possible Association Between Respiratory Infection and Periodontitis

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that is characterized by progressive destruction of the periodontium and causes tooth loss in adults. Periodontitis is known to be associated with dysbiosis of the oral microflora, which is often linked to various diseases. However, the complexity of plaque microbial communities of periodontitis, antibiotic resistance, and enhanced virulence make this disease difficult to treat. In this study, using metagenomic shotgun sequencing, we investigated the etio...     

Antibody responses after Sendai virus infection and their role in upper and lower respiratory tract disease in rats.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Sendai virus infection in rats is an excellent model for studying development and role of host defenses throughout the respiratory tract after this infection. Therefore, development of serum antibody responses and disease were studied. METHODS: Forty-two anesthetized pathogen-free 3- to 4- week-old LEW/NCr rats were inoculated intranasally with Sendai virus. At postinoculation days 0, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, and 14, rats were euthanized by administration of a pentobarbital sodium overdose followed by exsanguination. Serum was obtained from all animals, and nasal wash and bronchoalveolar lavage specimens were collected during selected experiments. An ELISPOT assay was used to measure numbers of Sendai virus-specific antibody-forming cells in respiratory tract lymphoid tissue. RESULTS: Recovery from disease and clearance of virus from respiratory tract tissues coincided with development of serum antibody responses. Upper respiratory tract lymph nodes were the initial and major sites of appearance of antibody-forming cells. Immunoglobulin G was the predominant subtype of these cells during recovery from the infection and in rats resistant to infection. Passive transfer of antisera or specific IgG protected the lower but not the upper respiratory tract. CONCLUSIONS: Circulating components of immunity have a major role in resistance and recovery from disease in the lower respiratory tract, whereas local responses are likely involved in protection of the upper respiratory tract. Local lymphoid tissues are the major production sites of IgG, which contributes to resistance to and recovery from respiratory tract diseases.     

肠道菌群在肺纤维化疾病中的调节作用

肺纤维化是一种以成纤维细胞增殖及大量细胞外基质及胶原聚集,并伴随炎症损伤为特征的呼吸系统疾病终末期改变。该疾病以肺功能障碍和呼吸衰竭为主要病理基础,发病率逐年上升,目前治疗方法有限。在肠肺之间的功能调控研究中,肠道菌群构成变化引起的机体微生态失调能够通过多种方式影响呼吸系统疾病的进程。本文聚焦于肺纤维化等肺部疾病的肠肺调控研究前沿领域,综述了多种肺纤维化疾病的致病机制、肠道菌群的功能、肠肺双向调节和益生菌群干预治疗等方面的最新进展。此外,本文也提出了该领域目前存在的问题,以期为今后的调控机制探索和治疗药物研发提供有力的理论支持及策略支撑。     

Does a causal relation between cardiovascular disease and periodontitis exist?

Inflammation is believed to play a central part in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and much attention has been paid to the possible association between atherosclerosis and other inflammatory diseases. Periodontal disease is a common inflammatory disease affecting up to 50% of the adult population, and during the past two decades much research has focused on a possible association between periodontitis and cardiovascular disease. Here, we review the existing literature on the association between the two diseases.     

Hydrating the respiratory tract: An alternative explanation why masks lower severity of COVID-19

The seasonality of respiratory diseases has been linked, among other factors, to low outdoor absolute humidity and low indoor relative humidity, which increase evaporation of water in the mucosal lining of the respiratory tract. We demonstrate that normal breathing results in an absorption-desorption cycle inside facemasks, in which supersaturated air is absorbed by the mask fibers during expiration, followed by evaporation during inspiration of dry environmental air. For double-layered cotton masks, which have considerable heat capacity, the temperature of inspired air rises above room temperature, and the effective increase in relative humidity can exceed 100%. We propose that the recently reported, disease-attenuating effect of generic facemasks is dominated by the strong humidity increase of inspired air. This elevated humidity promotes mucociliary clearance of pathogens from the lungs, both before and after an infection of the upper respiratory tract has occurred. Effective mucociliary clearance can delay and reduce infection of the lower respiratory tract, thus mitigating disease severity. This mode of action suggests that masks can benefit the wearer even after an infection in the upper respiratory tract has occurred, complementing the traditional function of masks to limit person-to-person disease transmission. This potential therapeutical use should be studied further.     

Respiratory Infections in Adults with Atopic Disease and IgE Antibodies to Common Aeroallergens

Background

Atopic diseases, including allergic rhinitis, allergic dermatitis and asthma, are common diseases with a prevalence of 30–40% worldwide and are thus of great global public health importance. Allergic inflammation may influence the immunity against infections, so atopic individuals could be susceptible to respiratory infections. No previous population-based study has addressed the relation between atopy and respiratory infections in adulthood. We assessed the relation between atopic disease, specific IgE antibodies and the occurrence of upper and lower respiratory infections in the past 12 months among working-aged adults.

Methods and Findings

A population-based cross-sectional study of 1008 atopic and non-atopic adults 21–63 years old was conducted. Information on atopic diseases, allergy tests and respiratory infections was collected by a questionnaire. Specific IgE antibodies to common aeroallergens were measured in serum. Adults with atopic disease had a significantly increased risk of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI; including acute bronchitis and pneumonia) with an adjusted risk ratio (RR) 2.24 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.43, 3.52) and upper respiratory tract infections (URTI; including common cold, sinusitis, tonsillitis, and otitis media) with an adjusted RR 1.55 (1.14, 2.10). The risk of LRTIs increased with increasing level of specific IgE (linear trend P = 0.059).

Conclusions

This study provides new evidence that working-aged adults with atopic disease experience significantly more LRTIs and URTIs than non-atopics. The occurrence of respiratory infections increased with increasing levels of specific IgE antibodies to common aeroallergens, showing a dose-response pattern with LRTIs. From the clinical point of view it is important to recognize that those with atopies are a risk group for respiratory infections, including more severe LRTIs.     

Fungi allergic pathologies: correlation between allergological tests and presence of fungi in the upper respiratory tract

In order to clarify the aetiological role of fungi in determining allergic diseases, we evaluated the correlation between the positive skin test response to fungal allergens and the presence of the same species in the upper respiratory tract in 193 patients with suspected allergic disease to fungi. The results of our study have shown that the isolation and identification of the fungal flora from the patient’s respiratory tract, in addition to the medical history, the symptomatology, and the diagnostic in vivo and in vitro, can be helpful to identify the species responsible for provoking the allergic manifestations, and can be recommended either as a supplement to the diagnosis or as a guidance in elimination treatment.     

Immunology of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are both obstructive airway diseases that involve chronic inflammation of the respiratory tract, but the type of inflammation is markedly different between these diseases, with different patterns of inflammatory cells and mediators being involved. As described in this Review, these inflammatory profiles are largely determined by the involvement of different immune cells, which orchestrate the recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells that drive the distinct patterns of structural changes in these diseases. However, it is now becoming clear that the distinction between these diseases becomes blurred in patients with severe asthma, in asthmatic subjects who smoke and during acute exacerbations. This has important implications for the development of new therapies.