草鱼产卵类型的研究

本文是对已达性成熟年龄的池养和江河雌性草鱼产卵前后卵巢组织学结构的研究。实验结果证明草鱼是一次产卵类型。经人工催产后的雌性草鱼,由于亲鱼的成熟程度存在个体间的差异,有的全产,有的部分产。在湘江天然产卵场捕得的雌性草鱼,也有全产和部分产的。人工催产全产后的卵巢组织学结构是Ⅰ、Ⅱ时相,部分产后的卵巢组织学结构是Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅳ(Ⅳ+、Ⅳ++)时相,已达满熟阶段但未经人工催产的卵巢组织学结构是Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅳ(Ⅳ+++)时相,以上都未发现有处于Ⅲ时相的卵母细胞。从江河天然产卵场捕得的全产、部分产和尚未产卵的雌性草鱼的卵巢组织学结构,与上述结果一致。证实由Ⅲ时相到Ⅳ时相是同步性的。5月全产后的雌性草鱼,其卵巢组织学结构在6-9月内处于第Ⅱ期,没有新的Ⅳ时相卵母细胞。因此,夏季全产后的雌性草鱼,不可能在当年夏季或秋季完成由Ⅱ-Ⅲ-Ⅳ时相的发育程序。草鱼的卵巢成熟系数在繁殖季节只出现一次高峰。       

草鱼产卵类型的研究

本文是对已达性成熟年龄的池养和江河雌性草鱼产卵前后卵巢组织学结构的研究。实验结果证明草鱼是一次产卵类型。经人工催产后的雌性草鱼,由于亲鱼的成熟程度存在个体间的差异,有的全产,有的部分产。在湘江天然产卵场捕得的雌性草鱼,也有全产和部分产的。人工催产全产后的卵巢组织学结构是Ⅰ、Ⅱ时相,部分产后的卵巢组织学结构是Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅳ(Ⅳ 、Ⅳ )时相,巳达满熟阶段但未经人工催产的卵巢组织学结构是Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅳ(Ⅳ )时相,以上都未发现有处于Ⅲ时相的卵母细胞。从江河天然产卵场捕得的全产、部分产和尚未产卵的雌性草鱼的卵巢组织学结构,与上述结果一致。证实由Ⅲ时相到Ⅳ时相是同步性的。5月全产后的雌性草鱼,其卵巢组织学结构在6—9月内处于第Ⅱ期,没有新的Ⅳ时相卵母细胞。因此,夏季全产后的雌性草鱼,不可能在当年夏季或秋季完成由Ⅱ—Ⅲ—Ⅳ时相的发育程序。草鱼的卵巢成熟系数在繁殖季节只出现一次高峰。     

我国鲶科鱼类的总述

本总述包括3个属(鲶属、缺鳍鲶属和叉尾鲶属),共计12个种。其中1个种是新种,命名为兰州鲶(Silurus lanzhouensis,sp.nov.),采于黄河水系;另1个是南方大口鲶新亚种(Silurussoldatovi meridionalis,subsp.nov.),生活在长江及长江以南大的江河中。两种成体均具有2对口须。通过鲶属大多数种的头骨的比较,发现鲶属有3个类型,主要是以上筛骨的形状来区别。在这3个类型中各有2对和3对口须的种,因此作者认为以口须的多少作为属的特征是不够的,本文仍按以往有些学者的观点,将4须鲶属作为鲶属的异名。在我国各处最普通的种是鲶鱼,但时常在若干水系中也出现具4根口须的很相近似的种,互相混淆。鲶鱼必须依据什么特征来识别,是长期没有解决的问题。作者根据各方面的记述,提出无论雌雄其胸鳍刺外缘均具有显著的锯齿,才是鲶鱼的主要特征。我们曾函询瑞典的两个博物馆,据回信:“看来,保藏在瑞典的林奈的鲶鱼模式标本已经遗失了。”因而作者指定把我国黑龙江水系所产的10尾鲶鱼标本作为新的模式标本,存放于水生生物研究所鱼类标本室。本文还讨论了鲶科鱼类的起源与地理分布问题。     

在强化培育下草、鲢、鳙鱼一年两次产卵的初步研究

本文总结了高州水库多年来在强化培育下草、鲢、鳙鱼一年二次产卵的生产实践经验,并从卵巢发育的细胞形态学和组织学进行了初步研究后指出:在这几类家鱼第一次刚产卵后的卵巢中可以观察到第Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ时相卵母细胞同时并存,其中可以明显地看到处于早、中、晚期的第Ⅲ时相卵母细胞,它们在亲鱼强化培育下可以当年发育成第Ⅳ时相卵母细胞;如果对产后的亲鱼不进行强化培育,卵巢将退化至第Ⅱ期。家鱼卵巢中卵母细胞发育的非同步性,是获得一年多次产卵的内在因素。       

尼罗罗非鱼性腺发育的研究

湖南地区生长于池塘环境的尼罗罗非鱼(Tilapia nilotica),性成熟日龄是110—130天,雄性比雌性普遍早熟20天。精细胞的发生能够完成由精原细胞到精子的全部发育过程,同样,卵细胞的发生也能完成由卵原细胞到卵子的全部发育过程。初级卵母细胞处于Ⅲ时相阶段时,可由包被卵周的滤泡细胞分泌产生放射膜,但放射膜不在动物性极形成受精孔,也无精孔细胞的分化,证实尼罗罗非鱼是属于非受精孔受精类型。初级卵母细胞由Ⅲ时相发育到Ⅳ时相是非同步性的,产后卵巢的组织学结构为第Ⅳ期,卵巢系数在繁殖季节可出现三次高峰,证实尼罗罗非鱼是属于多次产卵类型。通过对精巢组织学的研究,发现尼罗罗非鱼的第Ⅰ期精巢是自然两性嵌合体。       

在强化培育下草、鲢、鳙鱼一年两次产卵的初步研究

本文总结了高州水库多年来在强化培育下草、鲢、鳙鱼一年二次产卵的生产实践经验,并从卵巢发育的细胞形态学和组织学进行了初步研究后指出：在这几类家鱼第一次刚产卵后的卵巢中可以观察到第Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ时相卵母细胞同时并存,其中可以明显地看到处于早、中、晚期的第Ⅲ时相卵母细胞,它们在亲鱼强化培育下可以当年发育成第Ⅳ时相卵母细胞;如果对产后的亲鱼不进行强化培育,卵巢将退化至第Ⅱ期。家鱼卵巢中卵母细胞发育的非同步性,是获得一年多次产卵的内在因素。     

我国鲶科鱼类的总述

本总述包括3个属(鲶属、缺鳍鲶属和叉尾鲶属),共计12个种。其中1个种是新种,命名为兰州鲶(Silurus lanzhouensis,sp．nov．),采于黄河水系;另1个是南方大口鲶新亚种(Silurus soldatovi meridionalis,subsp．nov．),生活在长江及长江以南大的江河中。两种成体均具有2对口须。通过鲶属大多数种的头骨的比较,发现鲶属有3个类型,主要是以上筛骨的形状来区别。在这3个类型中各有2对和3对口须的种,因此作者认为以口须的多少作为属的特征是不够的,本文仍按以往有些学者的观点,将4须鲶属作为鲶属的异名。在我国各处最普通的种是鲶鱼,但时常在若干水系中也出现具4根口须的很相近似的种,互相混淆。鲶鱼必须依据什么特征来识别,是长期没有解决的问题。作者根据各方面的记述,提出无论雌雄其胸鳍刺外缘均具有显著的锯齿,才是鲶鱼的主要特征。我们曾函询瑞典的两个博物馆,据回信：“看来,保藏在瑞典的林奈的鲶鱼模式标本已经遗失了。”因而作者指定把我国黑龙江水系所产的10尾鲶鱼标本作为新的模式标本,存放于水生生物研究所鱼类标本室。本文还讨论了鲶科鱼类的起源与地理分布问题。     

西藏双须叶须鱼性腺发育的组织学观察

为丰富双须叶须鱼 (Ptychobarbus dipogon) 繁殖生物学,实验采用常规的石蜡切片及HE染色方法,对西藏双须叶须鱼的性腺发育及组织结构特征进行了研究,对双须叶须鱼人工繁殖成功具有重要的理论意义。结果表明:双须叶须鱼卵母细胞发育过程可分为5个时期,其卵巢发育可分为6个时期,在第Ⅴ期卵巢中,小卵和大卵数量比例为1.38 鲶1,存在败育现象。雌性卵母细胞在第3时相卵黄颗粒和滤泡;第4时相卵母细胞中卵黄颗粒数量迅速增多,细胞核向动物极移动;第5时相卵母细胞中卵黄颗粒融合成片,卵细胞与滤泡膜分离并游离于卵巢腔中。双须叶须鱼精巢为小叶型,其生殖细胞可分为精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精子细胞和精子,其精巢发育也分为6个时期。双须叶须鱼属于分批同步产卵鱼类。     

西藏双须叶须鱼性腺发育的组织学观察（英文）

为丰富双须叶须鱼(Ptychobarbus dipogon)繁殖生物学,实验采用常规的石蜡切片及HE染色方法,对西藏双须叶须鱼的性腺发育及组织结构特征进行了研究,对双须叶须鱼人工繁殖成功具有重要的理论意义。结果表明:双须叶须鱼卵母细胞发育过程可分为5个时期,其卵巢发育可分为6个时期,在第Ⅴ期卵巢中,小卵和大卵数量比例为1.38鲶1,存在败育现象。雌性卵母细胞在第3时相卵黄颗粒和滤泡;第4时相卵母细胞中卵黄颗粒数量迅速增多,细胞核向动物极移动;第5时相卵母细胞中卵黄颗粒融合成片,卵细胞与滤泡膜分离并游离于卵巢腔中。双须叶须鱼精巢为小叶型,其生殖细胞可分为精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精子细胞和精子,其精巢发育也分为6个时期。双须叶须鱼属于分批同步产卵鱼类。     

养殖鲥鱼性腺发育的研究

经激素处理和生态调控的养殖鲥鱼,能完成性腺发育的全过程,其可分为６个时期,卵细胞发育可相应分为６个时相。与其它鱼类不同,细胞中液泡最早出现在胞质的内缘而不是外缘。大、小核仁数随卵母细胞的发育而变化。成熟卵巢成熟系数为８５４％～１２６４％。成熟期卵径为６２８５～８３５３μｍ、精子头径为０７４～１５５μｍ。达性成熟的鲥鱼,冬季卵巢为Ⅱ期、精巢为Ⅱ～Ⅲ期。精、卵巢发育呈现出明显的不同步现象。前者５月底开始进入成熟期,后者７月初进入成熟期。初级卵母细胞由Ⅱ时相发育到Ⅳ时相基本上是同步的。第Ⅳ期卵巢卵径的频率仅出现１个高峰。养殖鲥鱼属１年１次产卵类型。     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Characterization of the composition of the aqueous humor and the vitreous body of the eye of the frog Rana temporaria L

This study aimed to analyze the aqueous humor (AH) and the vitreous body (VB) of the eye of the adult frog Rana temporaria L. as a representative species of amphibians, which lead a semi-terrestrial life. The presence of collagen, albumin, uric acid and electron donors was shown in both media; however, there are slight differences in their concentrations. To determine collagen, a spectral-fluorescent probe, cyanine dye, was used. The presence of collagen in AH of the frog was found at the first time. The total content of electron donors (ascorbic and uric acids, tryptophan, and tyrosine) in VB and HA was roughly estimated at ~ 1.5 × 10^− 4 mol/L. Both VB and AH absorb light in similar UV regions. The total protein and albumin contents in AH were found to be somewhat higher than those in VB. The uric acid content was at an equally low level in both intraocular media. It is supposed that the similarity of VB and AH compositions shown in this work is due to some exchange between VB and AH contents in the course of accommodation. The role of intraocular fluids in physiological functions of the eye and in protecting the retina against UV light is discussed.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418