研究微血管通透性的若干方法

生命的基本运动形式是新陈代谢。微血管是血液与细胞之间进行物质交换的场所。正常微血管通透性(permeability)是维持细胞内外环境相对恒定的基本条件,通透性的异常改变又是常见的病理生理变化。所谓微血管的通透性,主要指大分子物质如血浆蛋白通透微血管的能力。小分子物质容易通过微血管壁,且受局部血流、淋巴流的影响。大分子物质通过微血管的能力,能反映微血管壁的机能或形态的变化。因此一般情况下,微血管通透性的改变,只有在注射标记物质的条件下,利用它们本身分子大小或与血浆蛋白的结合(标记),进行镜下活体观察、组织标本的观察和仪器的测定。微血管通透性变化的研究已有近百年的历史,积累了大量的资料,取得了一定的进展。但由于方法的限制,大部分是定性描述,缺乏简便、精确的定量方法,影响了对微血管通透性的深入研究。本文简要地叙述几种常用的方法,供开展这方面工作时参考。     

剪切力对脑微血管内皮细胞骨架蛋白的影响

利用自行研制的细胞流动小室对大鼠脑微血管内皮细胞在剪切力作用下细胞骨架蛋白的结构改变进行了初步研究,结果提示脑微血管内皮细胞在剪切力作用下,细胞形态学发生明显改变,细胞间隙增大、皱缩、脱落,细胞骨架蛋白的结构也有类似的变化,骨架蛋白沿流动方向重新排列,微丝中Ｆ－Ａｃｔｉｎ的数量增加、变粗。这些改变的直接后果是内皮细胞通透性的增加。该工作为进一步开展剪切力对微血管内皮细胞功能、代谢等方面的影响提供了实验数据     

肿瘤坏死因子致肺微血管内皮细胞单层通透性损伤的实验研究

目的和方法：用针头式滤器检测肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）作用前后及三种药物干预时大鼠肺微血管内皮细胞（RPMVEC）单层通透性的变化,并用免疫组化的方法检测TNF作用前后细胞F－肌动蛋白的改变。结果：TNF作用30min、60min、90min通透系数Kf值较致伤前显著增高;分别加福莫特罗（FOR）、山莨菪碱或霍乱毒素（CTX）干预时Kf值均显著低于TNF组。而TNF作用90min,RPMVEC F-肌动蛋白发生明显解聚：分别加POR、山莨菪硷或CTX干预时F－肌动蛋白无明显变化。结论：TNF诱导RPMVEC单层通透性增高的机制与细胞F－肌动蛋白解聚有关,FOR、山莨菪碱和CTX可能通过抑制F－肌动蛋白解聚而抑制NF诱导的RPMVEC单层通透性增高。     

肠系膜微血管通透速度的图象分析

本文应用微循环活体观察和荧光示踪技术,通过计算机数字图象处理对荧光素钠（ＦＩＮａ）和ＦＩＴＣ－Ｄｅｘｔｒａｎｓ（ＦＤ－４,ＭＷ４０００,ＦＤ－１５０,ＭＷ１５００００）在肠系膜微血管的通透过程进行了定量研究,建立了正常大鼠肠系膜微血管对不同分子量荧光物质的通透方程,得到了通透系数及对通透系数评价的定量方法。结果证实：颈动脉注射荧光素钠后４ｓ即可在微血管中见到,扩散速度很快,通透系数为３．３６２×１０－８ｃｍ２／ｓ。注射ＦＤ－４后１５ｓ可在微血管中见到,扩散速度比荧光素钠慢１倍左右,通透系数为１．７１８×１０－８ｃｍ２／ｓ。注射ＦＤ－１５０后８ｓ可在微血管中见到,扩散速度很慢,约为荧光素钠扩散速度的１／７０,通透系数为０．０４８６×１０－８ｃｍ２／ｓ。荧光物质的渗出部位主要在毛细血管及细静脉,在细动脉则极少见到。证实我们计算得出的通透系数能够较好地反映肠系膜微血管通透的实际情况,所采用的评价方法及得到的通透方程可以用于微血管物质交换参数的定量评价。     

金黄色葡萄球菌L型致间质性肺炎的实验动物模型的建立

目的：观察各实验动物感染金葡萄L型后肺脏和其他重要脏器的病理变化。方法：高渗培养金黄色葡萄球菌L型,经静脉和腹腔人工感染小白鼠,大白鼠等动物,光镜观察相应脏器变化。结果：发现主要脏器实质细胞发生变性,慢性炎细胞浸润和间质细胞增生性改变。结论：细菌L型具有侵入和破坏组织脏器实质细胞的能力,引起脏器发生间质性炎症改变。     

牛磺酸对大鼠肢体缺血/再灌注后肺组织损伤的保护作用

目的:观察大鼠肢体缺血再灌注(LIR)后肺组织形态学的变化及牛磺酸对其影响.方法:Wistar大鼠随机分为3组,对照组(control)、缺血/再灌注组(LIR)、牛磺酸 缺血/再灌注组(Tau LIR),各组动物通过大体、光镜和透射电镜观察肺组织形态学变化,并测定肺系数和肺通透指数及肺组织活性氧和MDA含量.结果:大鼠LIR后肺组织出现以肺泡毛细血管膜通透性增加为特征的组织细胞损伤,光镜下显示毛细血管扩张充血、血管周围间隙增大、肺泡腔中有大量蛋白渗出物,电镜下可见肺泡上皮细胞之间、毛细血管内皮之间的紧密连接松解;肺系数和肺通透指数升高;肺组织活性氧及MDA含量增加.提前给予外源性牛磺酸可使肺组织损伤变化减轻.结论:牛磺酸对大鼠LIR后肺损伤有保护作用,其保护机理之一与其抗氧化,保护细胞之间的紧密连接有关.     

蛋白激酶在微血管通透性中的作用

微血管内皮细胞层是一层半选择通透性屏障,可以调节血液中的液体、溶质和血浆蛋白进入组织间隙。在炎症刺激作用下,可通过旁细胞途径和跨细胞途径引起内皮通透性上升。旁细胞通路主要由内皮细胞间的紧密连接、黏附连接和细胞与外基质的黏着斑组成。炎症介质,如脂多糖和肿瘤坏死因子α可激活多种蛋白激酶。活化的蛋白激酶主要包括Rho相关的卷曲蛋白激酶、肌球蛋白轻链激酶、蛋白激酶C、酪氨酸激酶和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶等,参与引发内皮屏障生化和结构改变,旁细胞通路开放,导致通透性上升。该文对上述蛋白激酶在微血管通透性中作用机制的研究进展进行综述。     

线粒体膜完整性对细胞命运的调控

线粒体双层膜的完整性是细胞存活的关键因素,其遭到破坏后会使细胞发生凋亡、焦亡或炎症。线粒体膜的破坏包括线粒体外膜通透、线粒体内膜通透、通透性转换,三者可通过调控不同的信号通路导致不同的细胞命运。然而,这些信号通路之间存在交叉关联,使得线粒体膜对细胞命运的调控错综复杂,导致人们对其机制缺乏清晰的认识。本综述首先分析了不同程度线粒体外膜通透在细胞存活、癌变或凋亡中的作用,接着讨论了线粒体内膜通透通过引发线粒体DNA释放促进炎症发生的分子机制,然后阐述了线粒体通透性转换引发焦亡的作用机制,最后总结出线粒体膜完整性影响细胞命运决策的内在关联。深入了解线粒体膜完整性调控细胞命运的分子动力学机制,有助于为癌症和神经退行性疾病的诊疗提供思路。     

竹红菌乙素对脉络膜毛细血管光动力效应的初步观察

目的：观察竹红菌乙素．光动力治疗(HB-PDT)对青紫蓝兔脉络膜毛细血管的生物学效应的特点,探讨HB-PUF治疗脉络膜新生血管以及绿光作为PUF治疗的光源的研究前景。方法：使用光纤连接532nm激光器和裂隙灯显微镜,选用青紫兰兔2．5k～3．5kg,全麻生效后,耳缘静脉内注射HB1．0mg／kg,532nm光线作为光源激发光敏剂,眼底光斑功率密度300mW/cm^2,能量密度30J/cm^2,注射药物后立刻照光,光斑直径2000μm,6例,于PDT后1d．7d、28d观察视网膜,荧光眼底造影、光学显微镜和电子显微镜观察照光部位视网膜和脉络膜的生物学效应。结果：PDT后1d,照光区域脉络膜毛细血管管腔内形成光动力血栓,视网膜的损伤以外层为主,内层没有明显改变。第7d脉络膜毛细血管内皮细胞损伤加重,脉络膜大血管无明显改变,第28d后在原来毛细血管的部位出现纤维组织,玻璃膜增厚;照光区域的RPE细胞出现修复、增殖。结论：PDT后第1d至第7d靶组织的生物学效应和非靶组织的非选择性开始出现并不断增强,第28d后逐渐以纤维组织恢复。HB-PDT治疗AMD或其它以脉络膜新生血管为特点的眼底疾病,有进一步研究价值。     

定量研究脑缺血及再灌注下微血管的通透性

利用示踪剂ＦＬＮａ在脑缺血及再灌注的动物模型上,通活体观察和测定血液、脑等脏 荧光强度,以及对软脑膜微血管荧光光图象的平滑处理与定量分析,研究软脑膜微血管的通透性,探讨脑缺血及再灌注对微血管通透性的影响及内在规律。实验结果表明：缺血、缺血及再灌注会引起微血管内皮细胞的损伤,导致微血管通透性增大,这种损伤一般发生在缺血或再灌注早期,早然各脏器微血管都受到损伤,但其荧光值不同,说明各脏器抗缺血与缺氧的     

柴胡多糖对照射小鼠骨髓血管机能及造血的影响

本文研究了柴胡多糖对γ线全身照射小鼠骨髓血管机能及GM-CFU-C增殖的影响。结果表明,照前1小时腹腔注射柴胡多糖能减轻照后骨體血管通透性增高的程度,并可加速照射小鼠移植骨髓后股骨内GM-CFU-C的增殖。     

KINETIC-MICROARCHITECTURAL CORRELATIONS IN THE BONE MARROW OF THE MOUSE

Transverse histologic sections of bone marrow obtained from mice that were sacrificed by perfusion fixation at intervals following tritiated thymidine injection were studied by means of radioautography. A kinetic gradient was demonstrated across the marrow section, with the highest proliferative rate in the subendosteal region. Megakaryocytes were shown to originate from the rapidly proliferating subendosteal cells. The immediate proliferating precursors of mature granulocytes were slowly proliferating cells found predominantly in the central region of the marrow. It was concluded that in the steady state there must be a migration of cells from the subendosteal region to the central region with concomitant growth retardation of the migrating cells.     

MULTIPLICATION OF HAEMOPOIETIC COLONY FORMING UNITS (CFU) IN MICE AFTER X-IRRADIATION AND BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION

Kinetics of the multiplication of haemopoietic CFUs was studied in lethally irradiated mice receiving various numbers of syngeneic bone marrow cells. After transplantation of a small number of bone marrow cells, the growth rate of CFU in femoral bone marrow appeared to decrease after about 10 days after transplantation, before the normal level of CFU in the femur was attained. In the spleen it was found that the overshoot which was observed about 10 days after transplantation of a large number of bone marrow cells is smaller or absent when a small number of cells is transplanted. Experiments dealing with transplantation of 50 x 10⁶ bone marrow cells 0, 4 or 10 days after a lethal irradiation indicated that the decline in growth rate of CFUs about 10 days after irradiation could not be attributed to environmental changes in the host.
The results are explained by the hypothesis that a previous excessive proliferation of CFUs diminishes the growth rate thereafter. This hypothesis is supported by experiments in which 50 x 10⁶ bone marrow cells derived from normal mice or from syngeneic chimaeras were transplanted. The slowest growth rate was observed when bone marrow that had been subjected to the most excessive proliferation in the weeks preceding the experiment was transplanted.     

The fate of cells with chromosome aberrations after total-body irradiation and bone marrow transplantation

Cytogenetic studies were done on bone marrow cells and peripheral lymphocytes of four patients (three with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, one with aplastic anemia) at various intervals up to 861 days after total-body X irradiation (TBI) at doses between 4.5 and 10 Gy (450-1000 rad) followed by syngeneic or allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Whereas no radiation-induced aberrations could be found in the bone marrow, apart from a transient finding in the patient with the lowest radiation dose, aberrant metaphases were seen in the peripheral lymphocytes of three patients in the range from 2.5 to 46% even at 861 days after the exposure. There were no demonstrable aberrations related to TBI in the only patient developing graft-versus-host disease. The dicentric yield as determined in the aberrant metaphases with 46 centromeres ranged between 3.4 +/- 1.3 and 4.9 +/- 0.4. In one patient it was demonstrated by BUdR-labeling that after 10 Gy (1000 rad) TBI the surviving and heavily damaged lymphocytes can go into cell cycle and reach at least the third mitosis. The percentage of aberrant cells diminished by about 25% at each mitotic division.     

THE ROLE OF BONE MARROW OF X-IRRADIATED MICE IN THYMIC RECOVERY

The influence of the bone marrow on the repopulation of the thymus in X-irradiated mice has been investigated.
It was observed that the thymus and a certain population of bone marrow lymphocytic cells were repopulated in parallel in a cyclic fashion. This occurred either after a single exposure of mice to 400 R or after serial weekly X-ray treatments with 170 R. Lethally irradiated recipients which were grafted with bone marrow cells obtained 12-24 days after four weekly irradiations of donor mice with 170 R also exhibited a cyclic repopulation of both the thymus and the bone marrow lymphocytic population. In contrast, mice which were transplanted with bone marrow cells from unirradiated donors, containing an equal number of stem cells (CFU), exhibited a continuous rather than a cyclic recovery of both cell populations. the bone marrow stem cells of mice recovering from X-irradiation were found to have a decreased proliferative activity, since they produced significantly smaller spleen colonies in lethally irradiated recipients than marrow cells from unirradiated mice.
The results were interpreted as indicating that the bone marrow lymphocytic cells may act as thymic precursor cells and that thymic lymphopoiesis is dependent on the presence of such cells. Evidently, the production of lymphocytic cells will decrease when the stimulus for granulocyte production increases due to the limited proliferative activity of the surviving bone marrow stem cells after irradiation. This may result in a cyclic variation of the production of bone marrow lymphocytic cells and it follows that thymic lymphopoiesis will run parallel.     

Endothelial cells mediate the regeneration of hematopoietic stem cells

Recent studies suggest that endothelial cells are a critical component of the normal hematopoietic microenvironment. Therefore, we sought to determine whether primary endothelial cells have the capacity to repair damaged hematopoietic stem cells. Highly purified populations of primary CD31⁺ microvascular endothelial cells isolated from the brain or lung did not express the pan hematopoietic marker CD45, most hematopoietic lineage markers, or the progenitor marker c-kit and did not give rise to hematopoietic cells in vitro or in vivo. Remarkably, the transplantation of small numbers of these microvascular endothelial cells consistently restored hematopoiesis following bone marrow lethal doses of irradiation. Analysis of the peripheral blood of rescued recipients demonstrated that both short-term and long-term multilineage hematopoietic reconstitution was exclusively of host origin. Secondary transplantation studies revealed that microvascular endothelial cell-mediated hematopoietic regeneration also occurs at the level of the hematopoietic stem cell. These findings suggest a potential therapeutic role for microvascular endothelial cells in the self-renewal and repair of adult hematopoietic stem cells.     

EFFECTS OF PRE-IRRADIATION ON ISOGENEIC AND SEMI-ISOGENEIC CFU GROWTH: A STUDY ON GENETIC RESISTANCE

The genetic resistance to a parental bone marrow transplant as demonstrated, when transplantation was performed early after irradiation, failed to occur if the interval between irradiation and transplantation was increased to 4 days. A similar radiation induced weakening of genetic resistance to a parental bone marrow graft in spleen and bone marrow could be demonstrated in mice, which had been irradiated with a sublethal dose at 7 days prior to the lethal irradiation and transplantation. The pre-irradiation of the recipient with a sublethal dose induced an enhancement of the growth in spleen and bone marrow of isogeneic transplanted CFU. The pre-irradiation of a single tibia also resulted in a significant weakening of the resistance in the spleen. The experiments with partial body pre-irradiation suggested a local effect of the pre-irradiation, but it could be shown that the enhanced CFU growth is not caused by an enhanced seeding of CFU in pre-irradiated bone marrow. The role of microenvironment in the phenomenon of genetic resistance is discussed.     

白介素3治疗小鼠造血功能低下的疗效及机理初探

通过整体实验观察国产重组白介素３（ＩＬ－３）对射线和环磷酰胺所致小鼠造血功能低下的疗效;以体外实验分析其疗效机理。实验结果表明：（１）ｒｈＩＬ－３腹腔或皮下连续５天注射能全面提高７Ｇｙ照射小鼠９天时股骨骨髓ＣＦＵ－Ｅ、ＢＦＵ－Ｅ、ＣＦＵ－Ｍｉｘ和ＣＦＵ－ＧＭ的产率和数量,其效果强弱与注射途径和用药剂量有关。ｒｈＩＬ－３对小鼠股骨骨髓有核细胞总数和内源性脾结节数的改善影响小。（２）ｒｈＩＬ－３对环磷酰胺所致小鼠造血功能低下亦有改善效果,并与起用时间和剂量有关。（３）ｒｈＩＬ－３对人骨髓细胞和ＣＦＵ－ＧＭ集落形成有明显的增强作用。小鼠骨髓细胞对ｒｈＩＬ－３缺乏反应;对ｒｍＩＬ－３有增殖分化加强的反应。ｒｍＩＬ－３体外共育能提高正常及照射２Ｇｙ小鼠骨髓细胞体外培养后ＣＦＵ－ＧＭ的产率和数量。文中讨论了ＩＬ－３的应用前景及合理方案问题。     

组胺H2受体拮抗剂对骨髓造血重建的影响

用组胺H_2受体拮抗剂(甲氰咪胍或呋喃硝胺)处理正常和亚致死量γ-射线照射小鼠,探讨正常体内造血和再生骨髓中造血重建与组胺受体的关系。发现非毒性剂量的甲氰咪胍对正常小鼠骨髓多能造血干细胞(CFU-s)无抑制作用,但可抑制小鼠体内粒单系祖细胞(CFU-GM)的生长和亚致死量照射后CFU-s产率的恢复。组胺可能与骨髓的再生有关,组胺H_2受体拮抗剂可抑制骨髓的造血重建。     

CFU-S and haematopoietic microenvironment in mice after fractionated irradiation. A study on spleen colonies.

The paper is aimed at evaluating the quantity and quality of the haematopoietic stem cells, CFU-S, in the bone marrow and the functional effectiveness of the haematopoietic microenvironment of the spleen in two time intervals after repeated exposure of mice to doses of 0.5 Gy gamma-rays once a week (total doses of 12 and 24 Gy). After irradiation, bone marrow was cross-transplanted between fractionatedly irradiated and control mice. The parameter evaluated were numbers of spleen colonies classified into size categories. The data obtained provide evidence for a significant damage to the CFU-S, concerning both their number and proliferation ability, after both total doses used. The functional effectiveness of the haematopoietic microenvironment of the spleen was impaired only in bone marrow recipients receiving a transplant after having been exposed to a total dose of 24 Gy; this dose combined with subsequent pre-transplantation irradiation resulted in a marked suppression of cell production within the spleen colonies formed from a normal bone marrow on the spleens of fractionatedly irradiated mice.