过氧化氢酶Ⅰ结构延伸突变改善酶热稳定性的初步研究

嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌过氧化氢酶Ⅰ及其取代突变酶８８（２５）的延伸突变是指在酶蛋白的Ｃ末端上连接一段随机肽链,从而改变了酶蛋白的结构．研究结果表明,这种延伸突变的方法非常有效地提高了酶的热稳定性,并且随机肽链的疏水性与其对应的延伸突变体酶的热稳定性呈现一定的负相关性,即随机肽链的疏水性越高,对应的突变体酶热稳定性越低     

过氧化氢酶Ⅰ结构延伸突变改善酶热稳定性的初步研究

嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌过氧化氢酶Ⅰ及其取代突变酶８８（２５）的延伸突变是指在酶蛋白在Ｃ末上连接一段随机肽链,从而改变了酶蛋白的结构,研究结果表明,这种延伸突变的方法非常有效地提高了酶的热稳定性,并且随机肽链的疏水性一与其对应的延伸突变体酶的热稳定性呈现一定的负相关性,即随机肽链的疏水性越高,对应的突变体酶热稳定性越低。     

嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌HY—69耐热中性蛋白酶的性质研究

嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌ＨＹ－６９的耐热中性蛋白酶已纯化。研究了纯酶的性质,该酶分子最为２４ｋｄ,由６个构成一个六聚体。酶的等电点９．１５。最适作用ｐＨ为７．５,最适作用温度为８５℃;该酶具有很好的耐热性,９０℃时酶活半寿期为２２ｍｉｎ,８０℃保温３小时,酶活仍保持６３％;酶的ｐＨ稳定性也好,该酶是金属蛋白酶,活性中心含锌离子,酶的热稳定性依赖于钙离子。测定了酶的氨基酸组成和Ｎ末端氨基酸序列。     

分离嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌单个菌落的方法

本文研究了平板培养基的量、培养温度、培养湿度、培养基类型、培养时间对运动性较强的嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌WF—146平板分离的影响。结果表明,控制好上述因素,嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌WF—146在平板上培养可较好形成单菌落。     

拟南芥SUPERMAN基因表观突变的研究进展

本文综述了拟南芥SUPERMAN基因表观突变体clark kent（clk）的表型、基因型、DNA甲基化及表观突变机制等方面的研究进展。主要研究结果有：clk是SUPERMAN(SUP)的等位基因,能遗传但不稳定,其对称位点（CpG和CPXPG）和非对称位点的胞嘧啶高度甲基化,伴随着SUP转录水平的下降;CpG和CPXPG胞嘧啶甲基转移酶分别是METHYLTRANSFERASE1（MET1）和受KRYPTONITE基因调控的CHROMOMETHYLASE3 (CMT3)。 Abstract:The SUPERMAN gene in Arabidopsis has its epigenetic mutants (the clark kent alleles,clk). The phenotype of clk and its genotype and methylated patterns and the epi-mutation mechanisms of SUPERMAN were summarized in the review. Heritable but unstable sup epi-alleles are associated with nearly identical patterns of excess cytosine methylation within the SUP gene and a decreased level of SUP RNA. The methylation of cytosine at CpG and CPXPG is controlled by METHYLTRANSFERASE1（MET1）and CHROMOMETHYLASE3 (CMT3) which is regulated by KRYPTONITE gene,respectively.     

胃癌中APC基因I1307K突变及蛋白质表达

为探讨肿瘤抑制基因APC结构及表达异常与胃癌发生、发展的关系,采用ARMS PCR检测胃癌中APC基因I1307K突变存在与否,免疫组织化学方法分析胃癌中APC蛋白表达水平。结果表明,在 62例胃癌高发区易感人群血液标本及45例胃癌中未检测到I1307K突变;胃癌（早期、进展期）中APC蛋白表达阳性率显著低于正常黏膜,进展期胃癌中APC蛋白表达阳性率显著低于早期胃癌,淋巴结转移阳性的胃癌中APC蛋白表达阳性率显著低于淋巴结转移阴性者。因此认为I1307K突变可能与国人胃癌发生无明显相关;APC蛋白低表达与胃癌发生、进展及淋巴结转移密切相关。 Abstract:In order to explore the correlation of the abnormalities of tumor suppressor gene APC with the carcinogenesis and progression of gastric cancer.The I1307K mutation of APC gene in gastric cancer was analysed using Amplification Refractory Mutation System PCR(ARMS ,PCR),also the expression of APC protein in gastric cancer of different stages was detected by immunohistochemical method.We found that there wasn't I1307K mutation of APC gene in 62 cases of blood samples of susceptible population in high incidence areas of gastric cancer and 45 cases of gastric cancer tissues.The positive rates of APC protein in gastric cancer (both early and progressive gastric cancer) were significantly lower than that in normal mucosa,the positive rates of APC protein in progressive gastric cancer were significantly lower than that in early gastric cancer,the positive rates of APC protein in gastric cancer with lymph node metastasis were significantly lower than that in gastric cancer without lymph node metastasis.So it was thought that there might be no correlation between the I1307K mutation of APC gene and carcinogenesis of gastric cancer in China,but the decreased expression of APC protein was closely related to the carcinogenesis,progression and lymph node metastasisof gastric cancer.     

嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌中转座因子IS5376的转座行为研究

ＩＳ５３７６和ＩＳ５３７７是在嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｕｓｓｔｅａｒｏｔｈｅｒｍｏｐｈｉｌｕｓ）中发现的两个转座因子。随机取样分析的结果说明,ＩＳ５３７６由ＣＵ２１染色体向质粒ｐＦＤＣ５和ｐＦＤＣ１２的转座受温度的影响,而ＩＳ５３７７则不。温度影响的原因还不清楚,从现有证据看来,这由ＩＳ５３７６本身的性质所决定。另外,测得ＩＳ５３７６的转座作用有一定程度的专一性,还测得转座后所造成的目标序列的顺向重复为４或５ｂｐ。     

高温锻炼定向选育病毒唑高产菌的研究

利用嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌酶促法生产病毒唑,经高温锻炼,得６５℃最适生长菌群Ｇ０,它对肌苷的病毒唑产率为原菌株的８倍。初筛后ＧＦ２０株病毒唑的产率达６２．２５％,为原菌株的２７倍。     

用于蛋白质体外分子进化研究的DNA随机突变技术

蛋白质体外分子进化是模拟自然的进化过程,利用基因随机突变和定向筛选（选择）技术,以获得具有预期新功能的突变体分子。虽然体外进化近几年才产生,但已成为医药和工业领域中筛选具有特殊催化性质的酶的最重要的方法之一。ＤＮＡ随机突变技术是蛋白质体外分子进化研究的基础,本文将对几种最重要的突变方法：倾向错误的ＰＣＲ、ＤＮＡ重排、模板交错延伸反应和随机延伸突变的原理和应用等加以介绍。     

Diversification and specialization of HIV protease function during in vitro evolution

Our goal is to understand how enzymes adapt to utilize novelsubstrates. We and others have shown that directed evolutiontends to generate enzyme variants with broadened substrate specificity.Broad-specificity enzymes are generally deleterious to livingcells, so this observed trend might be an artifact of the mostcommonly employed high throughput screens. Here, we demonstratea more natural and effective screening strategy for directedevolution. The gene encoding model enzyme HIV protease was randomlymutated, and the resulting library was expressed in Escherichiacoli cells to eliminate cytotoxic broad-specificity variants.The surviving variants were screened for clones with activityagainst a reporter enzyme. The wild-type human immunodeficiencyvirus type I protease (HIV PR) is cytotoxic and exhibits nodetectable activity in reactions with beta-galactosidase (BGAL).In contrast, the selected variants were nontoxic and exhibitedgreater activity and specificity against BGAL than did the wild-typeHIV PR in reactions with any substrate. A single round of wholegene random mutagenesis and conventional high-throughput screeningdoes not usually effect complete inversions of substrate specificity.This suggests that a combination of positive and purifying selectionengenders more rapid adaptation than positive selection alone.     

Random mutagenesis and selection of organic solvent‐stable haloperoxidase from Streptomyces aureofaciens

Haloperoxidases are useful oxygenases involved in halogenation of a range of water‐insoluble organic compounds and can be used without additional high‐cost cofactors. In particular, organic solvent‐stable haloperoxidases are desirable for enzymatic halogenations in the presence of organic solvents. In this study, we adopted a directed evolution approach by error‐prone polymerase chain reaction to improve the organic solvent‐stability of the homodimeric BPO‐A1 haloperoxidase from Streptomyces aureofaciens. Among 1,000 mutant BPO‐A1 haloperoxidases, an organic solvent‐stable mutant OST48 with P123L and P241A mutations and a high active mutant OST959 with H53Y and G162R mutations were selected. The residual activity of mutant OST48 after incubation in 40% (v/v) 1‐propanol for 1 h was 1.8‐fold higher than that of wild‐type BPO‐A1. In addition, the OST48 mutant showed higher stability in methanol, ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, and N,N‐dimethylformamide than wild‐type BPO‐A1 haloperoxidase. Moreover, after incubation at 80°C for 1 h, the residual activity of mutant OST959 was 4.6‐fold higher than that of wild‐type BPO‐A1. Based on the evaluation of single amino acid‐substituted mutant models, stabilization of the hydrophobic core derived from P123L mutation and increased numbers of hydrogen bonds derived from G162R mutation led to higher organic solvent‐stability and thermostability, respectively. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 31:917–924, 2015     

Identification by saturation mutagenesis of a single residue involved in the alpha-galactosidase AgaB regioselectivity

The -galactosidase AgaB of Bacillus stearothermophilus displays a major 1,6 and a minor 1,3 regioselectivity. The wild-type enzyme was subjected to directed evolution (random mutagenesis and in vitro recombination) using a double screening strategy based on the elimination of the 1,6 regioselectivity and the analysis by TLC of the transglycosylation products. One of the AgaB mutants (E500) exhibited a new 1,2 regioselectivity and a rather high level of transglycosylation. The corresponding gene contains 10 mutations compared to the agaB gene and we demonstrated by saturation mutagenesis that the G442R substitution strongly contributes to the emergence of this new regioselectivity. Moreover, other single point mutations at this position led to new mutants displaying other kinds of regioselectivity demonstrating the importance of this position in the subtle kinetic control of transglycosylation.     

Mutation analysis of the functional role of amino acid residues in domain IV of elongation factor G

The polymerase chain reaction was used to produce seven variants of Thermus thermophilus elongation factor G (EF-G) with mutations Glu494Ile, Gly495Asp, Lys496Ile, His509Leu, Lys564Ile, and Tyr568Lys, localized in the β-sheet of domain IV, and mutation Gly553Asp, residing in the loop between domains III and IV. It was demonstrated that only the Lys496Ile mutation, located close to the beginning of loop 501–504, influenced the efficiency of translocation in the presence of mutant EF-G. Functional analysis of all the known mutations of domain IV showed that only mutations in loops 501–504 and 573–578, localized to the tip of domain IV, had a pronounced effect on the translocation activity of EF-G. Upon the interaction of EF-G with ribosomes, these loops are the closest to the decoding center, formed in the structure of the 16S RNA in the 30S subunit. The role of EF-G and its domain IV in ribosomal translocation is discussed.     

Human carboxylesterase 2: Studies on the role of glycosylation for enzymatic activity

Human carboxylesterase 2 (hCES2) is a glycoprotein involved in the metabolism of drugs and several environmental xenobiotics, whose crystallization has been proved to be a challenging task. This limitation could partly be due to glycosylation heterogeneity and has delayed the disclosure of the 3D structure of hCES2 which would be of upmost relevance for the development of new substrates and inhibitors. The present work evaluated the involvement of glycans in hCES2 activity and thermo stability in an attempt to find alternative active forms of the enzyme that might be adequate for structure elucidation.Partial or non-glycosylated forms of a secreted form of hCES2 have been obtained by three approaches: (i) enzymatic deglycosylation with peptide N-glycosidase F; (ii) incubation with the inhibitor tunicamycin; ii) site directed mutagenesis of each or both N-glycosylation sites.Deglycosylated protein did not show a detectable decrease in enzyme activity. On the other hand, tunicamycin led to decreased levels of secreted hCES2 but the enzyme was still active. In agreement, mutation of each and both N-glycosylation sites led to decreased levels of secreted active hCES2. However, the thermostability of the glycosylation mutants was decreased.The results indicated that glycans are involved, to some extent in protein folding in vivo, however, removal of glycans does not abrogate the activity of secreted hCES2.     

噬菌体展示的豆蔻酰转移酶抑制肽序列结构和功能研究

对一个具有很强的抑制豆蔻酰转移酶活性的抑制肽噬菌体所展示的随机区１５肽序列ＴＷＰＶＶＨＧＡＣＲＡＨＧＨＣ进行关键氨基酸残基的单点,双点和缺失等一系列突变研究,以确定其功能区段。结果显示;Ｗ２Ａ,Ｈ６Ｎ和Ｈ６Ｒ突变抑制活性明显下降,Ｐ３Ａ,Ｖ４Ｖ５→Ｖ４Ａ５双点突变对活性也有一定的影响,而Ｖ４Ｖ５→Ｗ４Ｗ５,Ｈ１２Ｎ,Ｈ１４Ｎ,Ｃ９Ｓ,Ｃ１５Ｓ,ΔＣ１５,ΔＨ１４Ｃ１５和Δ９－Ｃ１５等突变对则基本上     

枯草杆菌蛋白酶基因工程的研究进展

本文介绍了枯草杆菌蛋白酶(Subtilisin)的研究现状,即利用定位诱变和体外重组等技术改变酶的性质,包括催化活性、底物特异性、稳定性、低温适应性以及酶在有机相中的性能等。对枯草杆菌蛋白酶的成功改造不仅有可观的商业价值,而且为蛋白质工程的发展作出了重要的贡献 。     

Challenges of the genetic code for exploring sequence space in directed protein evolution

Directed protein evolution is the most versatile method for studying protein structure-function relationships, and for tailoring a protein's properties to the needs of industrial applications. In this review, we performed a statistical analysis on the genetic code to study the extent and consequence of the organization of the genetic code on amino acid substitution patterns generated in directed evolution experiments. In detail, we analyzed amino acid substitution patterns caused by (a) a single nucleotide (nt) exchange at each position of all 64 codons, and (b) two subsequent nt exchanges (first and second nt, first and third nt, second and third nt). Additionally, transitions and transversions mutations were compared at the level of amino acid substitution patterns. The latter analysis showed that single nucleotide substitution in a codon generates only 39.5% of the natural diversity on the protein level with 5.2-7 amino acid substitutions per codon. Transversions generate more complex amino acid substitution patterns (increased number and chemically more diverse amino acid substitutions) than transitions. Simultaneous nt exchanges at both first and second nt of a codon generates very diverse amino acid substitution patterns, achieving 83.2% of the natural diversity. The statistical analysis described in this review sets the objectives for novel random mutagenesis methods that address the consequences of the organization of the genetic code. Random mutagenesis methods that favor transversions or introduce consecutive nt exchanges can contribute in this regard.     

Challenges of the genetic code for exploring sequence space in directed protein evolution

Directed protein evolution is the most versatile method for studying protein structure–function relationships, and for tailoring a protein's properties to the needs of industrial applications. In this review, we performed a statistical analysis on the genetic code to study the extent and consequence of the organization of the genetic code on amino acid substitution patterns generated in directed evolution experiments. In detail, we analyzed amino acid substitution patterns caused by (a) a single nucleotide (nt) exchange at each position of all 64 codons, and (b) two subsequent nt exchanges (first and second nt, first and third nt, second and third nt). Additionally, transitions and transversions mutations were compared at the level of amino acid substitution patterns. The latter analysis showed that single nucleotide substitution in a codon generates only 39.5% of the natural diversity on the protein level with 5.2–7 amino acid substitutions per codon. Transversions generate more complex amino acid substitution patterns (increased number and chemically more diverse amino acid substitutions) than transitions. Simultaneous nt exchanges at both first and second nt of a codon generates very diverse amino acid substitution patterns, achieving 83.2% of the natural diversity. The statistical analysis described in this review sets the objectives for novel random mutagenesis methods that address the consequences of the organization of the genetic code. Random mutagenesis methods that favor transversions or introduce consecutive nt exchanges can contribute in this regard.