Sensory structures involved in prey detection on the labial palp of the ant‐hunting beetle Siagona europaea Dejean 1826 (Coleoptera,Carabidae)

Giglio, A., Ferrero E.A., Perrotta, E., Talarico, F.F. and Zetto Brandmayr, T. 2010. Sensory structures involved in prey detection on the labial palp of the ant‐hunting beetle Siagona europaea Dejean 1826 (Coleoptera, Carabidae). —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 91 : 328–334 The ultrastructure and distribution of sensilla on the labial palps of a myrmecophagous carabid beetle, Siagona europaea, were investigated using scanning and transmission electron microscopy techniques. Five types of sensilla were identified: three types of sensilla basiconica on the apical sensory area and two types, one sensillum trichodeum and one coeloconicum, on the external palp surface. On morphological grounds, the s. basiconica type 1 were considered as olfactory, the type 2 as gustatory, the type 3 and the s. trichodeum as mechanoreceptive, and the s. coeloconicum as a thermo/hygroreceptor. Their function is discussed in relation to prey detection and habitat adaptations.     

Comparative morphology of the head of selected sporophagous and non‐sporophagous aleocharinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae): Musculature and hypopharynx‐prementum complex

To investigate whether specialization to spore‐ (or pollen‐) feeding in advanced Aleocharinae is mirrored by their head anatomy, we compiled and compared synchrotron X‐ray micro‐tomography datasets for 11 Aleocharinae in conjunction with previous data for two aleocharine and six outgroup species (two nonstaphylinids, four staphylinids). We describe the presence/absence of head muscles and investigate the variability of points of origin by character mapping analyses. Monophyly of Aleocharinae is supported by the absence of M. 48 (M. tentoriobuccalis anterior), and by changes in the origins of Mm. 1, 2, 17, 18, 28, 29, 30. Within Aleocharinae the origins of the labial muscles (Mm. 28–30) have shifted posteriorly to the gula, which might enhance the movement posterad of the hypopharynx and partly compensate for the loss of M. 48. We also analyzed the general organization of the hypopharynx‐prementum complex and the fine structure of the mandibles through SEM studies. In the absence of grinding mandibular molae like those of most mycophagous Coleoptera, seven aleocharine species studied have evolved “pseudomolae” at the ventral side of the mandibles that replace true molae as secondary grinding surfaces. In these species, the hypopharynx is elevated and displaced anteriorly, bearing a bowl‐like depression on its surface that functions as a mortar where spores are ground between the hypopharynx and the mandibles. Two of these species are not yet known to feed on spores or pollen. Another species (Oxypoda alternans) is thought to feed on fungus material but bears no pseudomolae on its mandibles. J. Morphol. 271:910–931, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Farming system and habitat structure effects on rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) assembly in Central European apple and pear orchards

In field experiments over a period of five years the effects of farming systems and habitat structure were investigated on staphylinid assembly in Central European apple and pear orchards. The investigated farms were placed in three different geographical regions with different environmental conditions (agricultural lowland environment, regularly flooded area and woodland area of medium height mountains). During the survey, a total number of 6,706 individuals belonging to 247 species were collected with pitfall traps. The most common species were: Dinaraea angustula, Omalium caesum, Drusilla canaliculata, Oxypoda abdominale, Philonthus nitidulus, Dexiogya corticina, Xantholinus linearis, X. longiventris, Aleochara bipustulata, Mocyta orbata, Oligota pumilio, Platydracus stercorarius, Olophrum assimile, Tachyporus hypnorum, T. nitidulus and Ocypus olens. The most characteristic species in conventionally treated orchards with sandy soil were: Philonthuss nitidulus, Tachyporus hypnorum, and Mocyta orbata, while species to be found in the same regions, but frequent in abandoned orchards as well were: Omalium caesum, Oxypoda abdominale, Xantholinus linearis and Drusilla canaliculata. The species Dinaraea angustula, Oligota pumilio, Dexiogya corticina, Xantholinus longiventris, Tachyporus nitidulus and Ocypus olens have a different level of preferences towards the conventionally treated orchards in clay soil. The species composition of the staphylinid fauna in apple and pear orchards could not be considered uniform. The environmental conditions and the soil together have a significant influence upon the richness of species, and the cumulative effects of these factors can modify even the dominance structures of the communities.     

异色瓢虫幼虫对卵的种内自残和种间捕食

自残现象的发生在异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis中很是常见,为明确自残行为对其存活和生长发育的影响,在非选择性条件下我们对异色瓢虫幼虫对非姊妹卵的种内自残和对七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata卵的种间捕食进行了研究。结果表明,异色瓢虫取食同种卵和异种卵均可完成生长发育,与取食蚜虫相比：①其从卵到成虫及蛹期的发育历期明显缩短（P<0.05）,其中1龄幼虫发育历期缩短非常明显（P<0.01）;②自然条件下高死亡率的1龄幼虫的存活率明显提高（P<0.05）;③2-4龄幼虫、蛹和成虫的体重变轻（P<0.05）,且体长在4龄幼虫间也表现出显著差异（P<0.05）。这表明异色瓢虫种内自残和种间捕食对其在食物恶劣条件下延续种群至关重要,但对种群的繁衍却不是最理想的途径。     

Rove beetles of the subtribe Scopaeina Mulsant & Rey (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) in the West Palaearctic: Phylogeny, biogeography and species catalogue

A cladistic analysis of the West Palaearctic Scopaeina Mulsant & Rey, 1878 (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae: Paederinae) is presented along with bionomic and biogeographic information. A total of 76 morphological characters were coded for the 88 currently known West Palaearctic species, except for S. bifossicapitata (Outerelo & Oromi, 1987). Results show that Scopaeina comprises two well-supported monophyletic groups in the West Palaearctic, Micranops Cameron, 1913 and Scopaeus Erichson, 1840, which are considered to represent distinct genera. Phylogenetic relationships to Orus Casey, 1884, distributed in North and South America, are briefly discussed. Whereas Micranops is only represented by M. pilicornis (Baudi, 1869) in the region under study, 87 species of Scopaeus are currently known from the West Palaearctic. Within Scopaeus, the cladistic analysis yielded many well-supported monophyletic species groups, most of which are restricted to the West Palaearctic. However, except for Hyperscopaeus Coiffait, 1984, they are not in agreement with the widely used subgeneric concept sensu Coiffait (1952–1984). The following polyphyletic subgenera are consequently synonymized: Alloscopaeus Coiffait, 1968, Anomoscopaeus Coiffait, 1968, Geoscopaeus Coiffait, 1960, and Hyposcopaeus Coiffait, 1960 synn. n. = Scopaeus Erichson, 1840. Nivorus Herman, 1965, and Microscopaeus Coiffait, 1981 synn. n. = Micranops Cameron, 1913. The monotypical genus Coecoscopaeus Coiffait, 1984, established for C. coecus (Peyerimhoff, 1906), is excluded from Scopaeina. Scopaeus mitratus perroti Ochs, 1953 is raised to species rank, and S. nigellus Wollaston, 1864, formerly a synonym of S. minimus Erichson, 1939, is revalidated. Finally, we present a catalogue of species and synonyms of West Palaearctic Scopaeina along with distributional data and five new synonymies of species group names: S. bordei Peyerimhoff, 1914 syn. n. = S. portai Luze, 1910; S. tassiliensis Jarrige, 1958, S. mauretanicus Coiffait, 1960 synn. n. = S. crassipes Wollaston, 1867; S. saoudiensis Coiffait, 1981 = S. sinaicus Coiffait, 1970; S. mateui Coiffait, 1953 syn. n. = S. didymus Erichson, 1840. A lectotype is designated for S. didymus Erichson, 1840.See also Electronic Supplement (Parts 13) at http://www.senckenberg.de/odes/02-02.htm     

Comparative morphology of the tentorium and hypopharyngeal–premental sclerites in sporophagous and non‐sporophagous adult Aleocharinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)

We elucidate the configuration of the tentorium and the sclerites of the hypopharynx–prementum complex in selected spore‐ (pollen‐) and non‐spore‐feeding Aleocharinae (Staphylinidae) by presenting the first comparative 3D reconstructions of these structures for 19 staphylinoid beetle species (six outgroups, 13 Aleocharinae). General organization of the tentorium follows the groundplan previously proposed for adult Staphylinidae, although some taxa have reduced or lost the dorsal (all Aleocharinae studied, Agathidium mandibulare [Leiodidae]) or anterior (Omalium rivulare [Omaliinae], Anotylus sculpturatus [Oxytelinae]) tentorial arms. All species investigated have premental and hypopharyngeal sclerites that are partly homologizable across taxa. We clarified that Musculus praementopalpalis externus originates from the premental sclerite, resolving its unclear origin reported in our previous publications. Eight of 13 investigated Aleocharinae species are spore/pollen feeders, six obligatorily. Three of these six (Eumicrota, Gyrophaena fasciata, G. gentilis) have grinding pseudomolae and a fully developed hypopharyngeal suspensorium with posterior bridge and anterior elongations; the remaining three (Oxypoda, Pagla, Polylobus) lack pseudomolae and suspensorial bridge, but have the suspensorium elongated anteriorly. The dorsolateral side of the hypopharyngeal sclerite interacts with the pseudomola. Obligate sporophagy/pollinivory apparently arose at least three times in Aleocharinae, not always involving the pseudomola–hypopharynx grinding mechanism.     

Description of a new genus with four new species of termite‐guest rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) associated with Hodotermopsis sjostedti (Isoptera: Termopsidae)

Hodotermopsiphila gen. nov. is described to include four termitophilous species: H. maruyamai sp. nov. (Yaku‐shima, Japan), H. nitens sp. nov. (Yaku‐shima, Japan), H. longisetosa sp. nov. (Taiwan), and H. sugayai sp. nov. (Taiwan and northern Laos). These species are associated with the damp‐wood termite, Hodotermopsis sjostedti Holmgren, 1911. Hodotermopsiphila species share possible apomorphic character states with three termitophilous species, Hodotermophilus gloriosus, Yakuus iwatai, and Termophidoholus formosanus, which are also associated with H. sjostedti.     

Diet of two commercially important shark species in the United Arab Emirates: milk shark,Rhizoprionodon acutus (Rüppell, 1837), and slit‐eye shark,Loxodon macrorhinus (Müller & Henle, 1839)

The diets of the milk shark, Rhizoprionodon acutus, and the slit‐eye shark, Loxodon macrorhinus, landed from the artisanal fishery in the Arabian Gulf waters of the United Arab Emirates were investigated to determine their dietary preferences. Stomach contents from 57 milk sharks and 53 slit eye sharks were collected from Abu Dhabi (R. acutus, n = 23), Dubai (R. acutus, n = 5; L. macrorhinus, n = 15) and Ras Al Khaimah (R. acutus, n = 29; L. macrorhinus, n = 38) during fishery surveys from January to May 2012. Prey items were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level, grouped into five categories including ‘teleost fish’, ‘cephalopods’, ‘crustaceans’, ‘invertebrates’, and ‘other’. The diets of both species were described using the numeric, frequency and weight methods, and the index of relative importance (IRI). The majority of stomachs for both species had food, with 66.6% of milk shark stomachs and 90.5% of slit‐eye shark stomachs containing prey items, both dominated by small teleosts. Rhizoprionodon acutus fed on a wide variety of teleost species, primarily Engraulidae (anchovies) (28%), Gerreidae (mojarras) (5.6%) and Carangidae (jacks) (1.6%) with occasional crustacean and cephalopod prey (8%). On the other hand, L. macrorhinus seemed to have a preference for one species in terms of teleosts (anchovies) (35.1%) and fed on a wider variety of crustaceans and cephalopods (22.6%). There was little overlap in the diets of these two species, suggesting that they may either be using different habitats or that in these waters, the milk shark is a generalist species while the slit‐eye is a specialist feeder.     

Data on molecular taxonomy and genetic diversification of the European Hermit beetles, a species complex of endangered insects (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae, Osmoderma)

A molecular analysis was carried out on the European hermit beetles (the Osmoderma eremita species complex) to explore their genetic diversification and the robustness of previous morphologically based taxonomic arrangements. Complete sequences of mtDNA cytochrome C oxidase I gene were obtained from 26 individuals. Mean levels of interspecific sequence divergence ranged from 0.044 to 0.186. The results indicate a clear-cut distinction between two clades. The first one includes the W-European O. eremita Scopoli 1763 ; and the two Italian endemic taxa Osmoderma italicum Sparacio, 2000 and Osmoderma cristinae Sparacio, 1994 ; from southern peninsular Italy and Sicily, respectively. The second one includes the widespread E-European Osmoderma barnabita ; and the southern Balcanic Osmoderma lassallei Baraud and Tauzin, 1991 from Greece and European Turkey. Within the two clades, molecular and morphological data well support a specific rank for O. lassallei and O. barnabita on one side, and for O. eremita and O. cristinae on the other side, while the taxonomic position of O. italicum , more closely related to O. eremita , is still uncertain. Current geographical distribution, interspecific genetic diversification, and very low levels of intraspecific genetic divergence in western European populations of O. eremita sensu stricto are hypothesized to be the result of multiple speciation events (mainly occurred in refugial forest areas of the Italian and Balkan peninsulas and Sicily before and during the Pleistocene glacial peaks), followed by fast post-glacial northward and westward expansion of some species.     

Comparison of fecundity and longevity of Anoplophora malasiaca (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) adults fed on three different host‐plants

Oocyte development, age at first reproduction, ovipositing activity and longevity were compared among three groups of Anoplophora malasiaca (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) female adults that were grown on an artificial diet and provided with mandarin orange (MO), blueberry (BB) and willow (WI) branches after adult emergence. The female adults that were fed with MO began to lay eggs earlier, produced more eggs and lived longer than those that were fed with BB or WI. None of the female adults that were fed with BB laid eggs. The BB‐fed female adults developed the lowest number of oocytes after one and three weeks of feeding. The female adults that were fed with WI and MO for one week developed similar numbers of oocytes. However, after three weeks the MO‐fed female adults developed significantly more oocytes than WI‐fed females. When female adults were first fed with MO for one week and then supplied with BB, subsequent ovarian development was strongly suppressed and the number of immature oocytes decreased. The results suggested that some immature oocytes degenerated. From these results it was concluded that MO was the most suitable adult host‐plant, followed by WI and BB. It is possible that adults that emerge from BB trees may shift their host‐plant during the adult stage in the field.     

Evaluating the enemies hypothesis in a clover‐cabbage intercrop: effects of generalist and specialist natural enemies on the turnip root fly (Delia floralis)

• 1 The relative importance of the resource concentration hypothesis and the enemies hypothesis was investigated for the turnip root fly Delia floralis in a cabbage–red clover intercropping system compared with a cabbage monoculture.
• 2 Delia floralis egg densities were measured as well as the activity‐densities of generalist predators in a field experiment during two growing seasons. In the second year, a study of egg predation with artificially placed eggs was conducted, in addition to a predator exclusion experiment, to estimate total predation during the season. Parasitization rates were estimated from samples of pupae.
• 3 Delia floralis oviposition was greater in the monoculture during both years. The predator activity‐densities differed between treatments and study years. The known natural enemies of Delia spp., Bembidion spp. and Aleochara bipustulata showed a strong response to a cultivation system with higher activity‐densities in the monoculture. The response, however, appeared to be caused primarily by habitat preferences and not by D. floralis egg densities.
• 4 The reduction in the number of D. floralis pupae in the intercropping may be explained by a disruption in oviposition behaviour caused by the presence of clover because neither predation, nor parasitization rates differed between cultivation systems.

     

Comparative morphology of sensilla on antenna,maxillary palp and labial palp of larvae of white‐spotted and yellow‐spotted Asian long‐horned beetle,Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

The Asian long‐horned beetle (ALB) is one of the most important wood‐boring insects worldwide that damages broad‐leaved trees, primarily poplar, willow, elm and maple. Based on the color of the spots on the elytra, the beetles are separated into white‐spotted (ALB‐W) and yellow‐spotted (ALB‐Y) Asian long‐horned beetles. In order to clarify the morphology of sensilla on antenna, maxillary palp and labial palp of ALB‐W and ALB‐Y larvae, we studied the typology, morphology, number and distribution of the sensilla by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that: (i) the antennae of two biotypes had five types of sensilla, including three types of sensilla basiconica (b.) and two types of sensilla twig basiconica (s.tb); numbers of b.1, b.2, b.3 and s.tb1 on antenna were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between two biotypes, and the numbers of s.tb2 were significantly different (P < 0.05); (ii) the maxillary palp of two biotypes had four types of sensilla, including sensilla styloconica (st.), two types of s.tb and digitiform sensilla (ds.); the numbers of st. and ds. on the maxillary palp were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between two biotypes, and the numbers of s.tb1 and s.tb2 were significantly different (P < 0.05); (iii) the labial palp of two biotypes had four types of sensilla, including b., st. and two types of s.tb, and the numbers of b.3, st., s.tb1 and s.tb2 on the labial palp were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between two biotypes. We discuss the relationships between sensilla and damage caused by the larvae inside the host trees.     

Effect of host plant species of cotton whitefly Bemisia tabaci Middle East‐Asia Minor 1 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on the development,survival and reproduction of its predaceous ladybeetle Serangium japonicum (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

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