An exceptional storm accumulation of nautilids in the Lower Cretaceous of the Neuquén Basin,Argentina

Cichowolski, M., Pazos, P.J., Tunik, M.A. & Aguirre‐Urreta, M.B. 2011: An exceptional storm accumulation of nautilids in the Lower Cretaceous of the Neuquén Basin, Argentina. Lethaia, Vol. 45, pp. 121–138. An exceptional accumulation of nautilid shells of the species Cymatoceras perstriatum (Steuer) is reported and described in the Lower Cretaceous Agrio Formation of the Neuquén Basin (west‐central Argentina). The bed represents a storm deposit in a shallow‐water environment within the mid‐ramp. The evidences of a storm‐related origin of the bed come from the petrographic analysis and taphonomic features of the shells, specially the sedimentary infill pattern. The shells are dispersed in patches within the stratum, without any orientation relative to the bedding plane. It is proposed that the shells were floating after the death of the animals, although most of them have an almost complete living chamber. The presence of some heavily encrusted shells suggests that there is a mixing of specimens with different drift times. A variety of factors related to the origin of such high number of nautilid shells are discussed, including a transgressive stand system tract, the possible existence of a gregarious behaviour, changes in salinity and wind directions. □Lower Cretaceous, Nautilids, Neuquén Basin, shell accumulation, storm deposit.     

Late Jurassic ichthyosaurs from the Neuquén Basin,Argentina

Late Jurassic ichthyosaurs are well represented in the Tithonian of the Neuquén Basin, in northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Most of the ichthyosaur material from the Neuquén Basin was originally identified as Ophthalmosaurus. Recently, the new ichthyosaur genus Caypullisaurus was described, based on an almost complete mature specimen from Cerro Lotena. Some material previously referred to Ophlhalmosaurus has been referred to the new genus. However, both genera are present in the Tithonian of the Neuquén Basin. The discovery of an articulated forefin in Cajón de Almanza (near Loncopue, Neuquén) confirms the presence of Ophthalmosaurus in the uppermost Tithonian of the Neuquén Basin.     

Taphonomy and palaeoecology of Hauterivian–Barremian nerineoid shell beds from the Neuquén Basin,west‐central Argentina

Nerineoid shell beds are described for the first time from Lower Cretaceous deposits of southern South America. These come from carbonates near the top of the Agrio Formation in southern Mendoza Province, west‐central Argentina. To envisage the origin of the nerineoid shell beds, a taphonomic study was carried out, which indicated that these represent within‐habitat time‐averaged, primary sedimentological concentrations with a secondary biogenic imprint related to a relatively high local production of nerineoid shells. The associated palaeoenvironments were studied through a facies analysis of the carbonate succession including the shell beds. The carbonates were deposited in a homoclinal ramp system and depict a shallowing upward trend from mid to inner ramp. The individuals lived and accumulated in oolitic shoals within the inner ramp, in a shallow, well‐lit, high‐energy setting above fair‐weather wave base. Substrate was oxygenated and loose. The nerineoids are shown to belong to one species of the genus Eunerinea, and through the functional morphology of the shells they are tentatively interpreted as infaunal or semi‐infaunal. It is suggested that the recorded monospecific nerineoid shell beds indicate that the palaeoenvironmental conditions may have been favourable for the development of abundant populations of these gastropods in the northern part of the Neuquén Basin during a short time interval in the Hauterivian–Barremian boundary. This could have been related to a brief warming episode, but other factors may have also been involved. □Argentina, Early Cretaceous, Gastropods, nerineoids, Neuquén Basin, shell beds, taphonomy.     

A new Patagonian species of Cricosaurus (Crocodyliformes,Thalattosuchia): first evidence of Cricosaurus in Middle–Upper Tithonian lithographic limestone from Gondwana

Abstract:  Upper Jurassic (Tithonian) deposits in north‐western Patagonia, Argentina, have yielded rich and taxonomically diverse assemblages of marine reptiles. These assemblages are also remarkable by their quality of preservation and are represented by ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, turtles and crocodyliforms. Despite the abundant crocodyliform record, only two metriorhynchid taxa have been identified: Cricosaurus araucanensis and Dakosaurus andiniensis. Here we described a new species of Cricosaurus, which represents the second species of Cricosaurus in the Tithonian of the Neuquén Basin, and the first metriorhynchid found in lithographic limestone from Gondwana. Furthermore, this specimen has the most complete postcranial remains of any metriorhynchid from South America. The new species is characterized by a short distance between the premaxilla and the nasal, a relatively narrow interorbital width, 23–25 mandibular teeth, bicarinated teeth with fine apicobasally aligned ridges, interalveolar spaces between the first seven teeth approximately 1.5 times longer than the anteroposterior diameter of the respective alveoli. To test the assignment of the new species to Cricosaurus, we carried out two phylogenetic analyses. In both analyses, Cricosaurus lithographicus sp. nov. is nested with other species referred to this genus. This new species has peculiar enamel ornamentation, characterized by numerous, fine apicobasally aligned ridges, when compared to other species of the genus.     

Rodent handling of Araucaria araucana seeds

In an intermast year of very low seed production, we studied seed handling in an Araucaria araucana (Araucariaceae) forest in Neuquén Province, Argentina. Rodents identified in 844 photographs from automatic cameras removed 589 seeds marked with small embedded magnets. Within 12 days of removal, 460 were recovered using a magnetic field locator; 79% of recoveries were from burrows and caches in litter or soil. Rodents exhibited a diversity of seed‐handling strategies and differed in their potential as dispersal agents. Seed removal was most likely between 15.00 hours and 21.00 hours, but diurnal and nocturnal visits were recorded for all species. Oligoryzomys longicaudatus (Cricetidae) was a seed predator that took 8% of marked seeds and left none whole. Chelemys macronyx (Cricetidae) and Rattus norvegicus (Muridae) removed 25% and 19% of marked seeds respectively. These two species deposited the majority of seeds in groups of 10 or more in burrow larders that were unfavourable seedling establishment sites far from daylight. Abrothrix longipilis (Cricetidae) removed 43% of seeds, scatter‐hoarded the largest percentage of whole seeds (37%), moved some seeds farther than 40 m, and left them in favourable seedling establishment sites near daylight. For all species, the number and proportion of seeds cached whole increased as more seeds were removed. Rodents, especially A. longipilis, may play an important role in regeneration of A. araucana. Seed‐handling strategies and potentially effective dispersal are discussed in terms of masting seed production.     

Distributional patterns of the species of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Valeriana</Emphasis> (Valerianaceae) in southern South America

Distributional patterns of Valeriana species from southern South America were analyzed. We prepared a database with the records of 40 species from Argentina and Chile south of 33°S, obtained from herbarium specimens, published taxonomic studies and field trips. We undertook a track analysis and a parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE), the latter with 134 grid cells of 1.5° latitude by 1.5° longitude. Three generalized tracks and one node were obtained, and three areas of endemism were identified. These general patterns of distribution in Valeriana were used to infer possible vicariance and dispersal events that might have shaped them. We identified a center of diversification in Central Chile and the Argentinean province of Neuquén. It represents a complex area that is related to both the Central Chilean and Subantarctic subregions.     

New specimens of the avian taxa <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eurotrochilus</Emphasis> (Trochilidae) and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Palaeotodus</Emphasis> (Todidae) from the early Oligocene of Germany

We describe new specimens of stem group representatives of Trochilidae (hummingbirds) and Todidae (todies) from the Rupelian of Frauenweiler in southern Germany. The hummingbird fossil constitutes the fourth record of Eurotrochilus inexpectatus. It consists only of wing and pectoral girdle elements, but shows the previously unknown crista deltopectoralis of the humerus, whose shape differs from modern hummingbirds. The carpometacarpus bears a well-developed processus intermetacarpalis, which is a further synapomorphy of Eurotrochilus and crown group Trochilidae. The disarticulated partial skeleton of the tody allows a definitive taxonomic assignment of the Frauenweiler species to Palaeotodus itardiensis Mourer-Chauviré, and likewise exhibits so far unknown osteological details, including the morphologies of the quadrate and scapula. We further comment on the exceptional taphonomy and preservation of avian fossils from the Frauenweiler clay pit, where terrestrial birds are represented only by small to very small species, whose skeletons are always strongly disarticulated.     

A reassessment of the distribution of the rare Genetta johnstoni (Viverridae, Carnivora) with some newly discovered specimens

The rare Johnston’s Genet (Genetta johnstoni) is one of the least known small carnivores inhabiting the West African rain forest. Some newly discovered specimens collected from the field (Guinea and Ivory Coast) and several rediscovered specimens resulting from reinvestigating collections, have permitted us to reconsider the distribution of the species. Coupled with a bibliographic review and a census of specimens kept in public collections, a reassessed distribution map is proposed, extending the previous estimated range 400 km to the West (Kolenté Plates, Guinea) and more than 600 km to the East (Tarkwa, Ghana). The majority of collected specimens have come from the inland forests of northern Liberia and south‐eastern Guinea, while the surroundings of Mt. Nimba also support numbers of this species. We suggest that the supposed restriction of G. johnstoni to rain forest be re‐evaluated because a specimen was collected in a region of moist woodlands and savannah (Kolenté Plateau). With regard to these new distributional data, conservation implications for the whole Upper Guinean block population are discussed.     

DNA barcoding and morphology reveal exceptional species diversity of Scoparia (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) from the Hailuogou Glacier area,China

The genus Scoparia from the Hailuogou Glacier area in the south‐eastern fringe of the Tibetan Plateau of south‐western China is studied, nine species are revealed by combining DNA barcoding (658 bp of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, COI) and morphology. Studies show that Scoparia species from the Hailuogou Glacier area are 37.5% as many as all the previously known congeners in China. Six species are described as new to science: S coparia simplicissima Li sp. nov. , S coparia tribulosa Li sp. nov. , S coparia longispina Li sp. nov. , S coparia gibbosa Li sp. nov. , S coparia globosa Li sp. nov. , and S coparia annulata Li sp. nov. The female of Scoparia metaleucalis is described for the first time herein. All species are either diagnosed or described and illustrated, and a map of China showing the topography and localities where Scoparia species are recorded is also provided, including the species number of all the recorded localities. The results reveal the exceptional species diversity of Scoparia from the Hailuogou Glacier area, as well as demonstrate that the integration of DNA barcoding and morphological approaches is highly effective for indentifying scopariine moths in the Hailougou glacier area. All the studied specimens are deposited in the Insect Museum, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London     

Do bipolar distributions exist in marine sponges? Stylocordyla chupachups sp. nv. (Porifera: Hadromerida) from the Weddell Sea (Antarctic), previously reported as S. borealis (Lov��n, 1868)

Sponges are the dominant invertebrates in many Antarctic communities, where they play a decisive structural function thanks to their abundance and large sizes. However, current knowledge on Antarctic sponges remains poor even with respect to basic aspects such as taxonomy. Here, we report on an Antarctic species of the genus Stylocordyla, which has been recorded for a long time under the name of the boreal S. borealis due to spicule and growth habit similarities. A thorough study of dense populations of the only Stylocordyla species known up to now from the eastern zone of the Weddell Sea as well as the re-examination of several specimens (including the type material) of S. borealis has allowed us to assess the variability of the boreal species and to confirm that the austral species is not S. borealis (Lovén, 1868) but a new species of Stylocordyla, different from the other congeners recorded from southern latitudes. The new species S. chupachups commonly dwells on horizontal or slighted sloped hard bottoms of the continental shelf of Weddell Sea, from 100 m to below 400 m depth, although the densest populations usually occur between 150 and 300 m. It is a pioneer species in areas that have been scoured by icebergs, and thus its presence may be considered an indicator of recent colonisation.     

Encrusting patterns and life habit of Mesozoic trigonioids: a case study of Steinmanella quintucoensis (Weaver) from the Early Cretaceous of Argentina

Luci, L. 2010: Encrusting patterns and life habit of Mesozoic trigonioids: a case study of Steinmanella quintucoensis (Weaver) from the Early Cretaceous of Argentina. Lethaia, 10.1111/j.1502‐3931.2009.00210.x. Trigonioid bivalves of the genus Steinmanella Crickmay are abundant at the top of the Vaca Muerta Formation, Neuquén Basin of Argentina, of Early Valanginian age. The species Steinmanella quintucoensis (Weaver) is frequently encrusted by oysters, serpulids and mytilids. Oysters are the most conspicuous encruster, followed by serpulids and then mytilids. A taphonomic, palaeoecological and taxonomic analysis was performed on the encrusting fauna of S. quintucoensis. An analysis of encrusting preference was performed on the basis of differences in ornamentation of the host shell, which was divided in a strongly tubercled flank and a smoother ribbed corselet and escutcheon zone. A higher encrustation frequency was found for the corselet and escutcheon zone, over the larger flank. Possible explanations are differences in the sculpture of each part of the valve, closeness to the respiratory openings of the host, and relation to life position of the trigonioids. In this respect, a palaeoecological analysis of the life position of the genus Steinmanella was made on the basis of functional morphology, encrustation patterns and comparison with related fossil forms as well as living representatives, finding that the most suitable position to explain encrustation patterns and functional morphology is one with the flanks below the water–sediment interface, and the corselets exposed above the substrate. □Early Cretaceous, encrustation, Neuquén Basin, trigonioids.     

New species and records of Pelycidion P. Fischer in de Folin & Périer, 1873 (Gastropoda: Pelycidiidae) from temperate Australia

Four new species of Pelycidion P. Fischer in de Folin & Périer, 1873 are described from temperate Australia on the basis of shells: Pelycidion eukyrtos n. sp. from central Victoria, P. caperovertex n. sp. and P. kratycylindros n. sp. from southwest Australia and P. meizonarchei n. sp. from southern Tasmania. Two additional congeneric specimens are known from the region and discussed; one of these, from the Tasman Sea, is illustrated and likely represents a new species. Collectively, these specimens are the first members of the genus and family to be recorded from temperate Australia. A brief overview of the described species of Pelycidion is given.     

The spider fauna of the Aladjagiola wetland complex (Nestos Delta,north‐east Greece): a reflection of a unique zoogeographical transition zone in Europe

In order to increase our arachnological knowledge of Greece, and in particular north‐east Greece, an investigation of the arachnofauna of the Aladjagiola wetland complex was conducted from April to July 2008. The study area is part of the Nestos Delta in north‐east Greece, and comprises an area of approximately 20 km². Spiders were collected from 28 sites using pitfall traps. In all, 6694 specimens were sampled, including 206 species from 31 families. Altogether, 30 and 74 species were new to the districts of Greece and Macedonia, respectively. A number of faunistically interesting species were recorded during the study: Brachythele denieri (Simon, 1916), Camillina metellus (Roewer, 1928), Zelotes cingarus (O.P.‐Cambridge, 1874), Zodarion blagoevi Bosmans, 2009, Zodarion epirense Brignoli, 1984, Zodarion hauseri Brignoli, 1985, and Zodarion pirini Drensky, 1921, are Balkan endemics; Tegenaria angustipalpis Levy, 1996 and Titanoeca turkmenia Wunderlich, 1995 were newly discovered in Europe. Widespread elements represented the largest share of the species inventory, although chorological analysis indicated that the study area, as well as the whole north‐eastern part of Greece, is a reflection of a transition zone from the European fauna towards the Mediterranean and eastern (or Ponto–Anatolian) elements. Taken in combination, these affect the local fauna. The Balkan endemics, although small in number of species, further underline the unique identity of the area. Based on comparisons with data sets from the country's southernmost island, i.e. Crete, Greece can be regarded as a zoogeographical gradient. Hereby, Aladjagiola represents the northern edge, with European and Anatolian elements dominating the species inventory, and Crete represents the southern edge, with widespread but also endemic Mediterranean and eastern elements creating a more local and insular zoogeographical character. In conclusion, Greece cannot be viewed as a uniform zoogeographical unit, but rather as a mosaic of various regional zoogeographical patterns. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 102 , 217–233.     

Highest catch of the vulnerable broadnose sevengill shark Notorynchus cepedianus in the south‐west Atlantic

An exceptional catch of 97 broadnose sevengill sharks Notorynchus cepedianus in Samborombón Bay, Argentina, in 2013 is described from a single overnight gillnet fishing operation. Sixty‐five female and 32 male N. cepedianus, ranging in size between 105–201 and 112–190 cm L_T, respectively, were recorded in this catch. Fishers' observations and published information suggest that this species aggregates in the area seasonally for feeding.     

Exceptionally preserved tadpoles from the Miocene of Libros,Spain: ecomorphological reconstruction and the impact of ontogeny upon taphonomy

McNamara, M.E., Orr, P.J., Kearns, S.L., Alcalá, L., Anadón, P. & Peñalver‐Mollá, E. 2010: Exceptionally preserved tadpoles from the Miocene of Libros, Spain: ecomorphological reconstruction and the impact of ontogeny upon taphonomy. Lethaia, Vol. 43, pp. 290–306. The Libros exceptional biota from the Upper Miocene of NE Spain includes abundant frog tadpoles (Rana pueyoi) preserved in finely laminated lacustrine mudstones. The tadpoles exhibit a depressed body, short tail, low tail fins, dorso‐laterally directed eyes and jaw sheaths; these features identify the Libros tadpoles as members of the benthic lentic ecomorphological guild. This, the first ecomorphological reconstruction of a fossil tadpole, supports phylogenetic evidence that this ecology is a conserved ranid feature. The soft‐tissue features of the Libros tadpoles are characterized by several modes of preservation. The space occupied previously by the brain is defined by calcium carbonate, the nerve cord is defined by calcium phosphate, and jaw sheaths and bone marrow are preserved as organic remains. Gut contents (and coprolites adjacent to specimens) comprise ingested fine‐grained sedimentary detritus and epiphyton. The body outline and the eyespots, nares, abdominal cavity, notochord, caudal myotomes and fins are defined by a carbonaceous bacterial biofilm. A similar biofilm in adult specimens of R. pueyoi from Libros defines only the body outline, not any internal anatomical features. In the adult frogs, but not in the tadpoles, calcium phosphate and calcium sulphate precipitated in association with integumentary tissues. These differences in the mode of preservation between the adult frogs and tadpoles reflect ontogenetic factors. □Anuran, ecology, soft‐tissue, tadpoles, taphonomy.     

A new Microphorites in the Lower Cretaceous amber of the Southwest of France (Diptera: Dolichopodidae, “Microphorinae”)

A new deposit of Lower Cretaceous amber, found in Charente-Maritime (SW France) has yielded an important entomofauna with numerous arthropod associations characteristic of moist ground. We describe a new species of Dolichopodidae: ‘Microphorinae’(Diptera: Empidoidea), Microphorites deploegi n. sp. on the basis of seven male and female specimens of exceptional state of preservation. This genus was previously only known from Lebanese amber of the Lower Cretaceous. The present discovery supports a reconstruction of the palaeoenvironment as a sandy beach along the sea, under a warm climate.