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1.
Eye contact and pointing are typical gestures in order to direct another individual''s attention toward a target. We previously investigated on Japanese monkeys whether joint attention ability encouraged by eye contact and pointing was associated with the imitation of human''s actions. The monkeys with the joint attention skills showed the imitation of human''s actions. In the current study, we investigated on a monkey whether joint attention ability also facilitated the imitation of human body-movements. Results showed that the monkey being taught eye contact and pointing showed the imitation of human body-movements. These results suggest that the monkeys have basic potential for following another individual''s motion, and that what imitation expresses depends on where the monkeys are paying attention. Thus, eye contact and pointing are suitable for directing the monkey''s attention toward the human. 相似文献
2.
James R. Anderson Hika Kuroshima Yuko Hattori Kazuo Fujita 《American journal of primatology》2010,72(8):707-714
Three squirrel monkeys, trained to make a requesting gesture, were tested in the presence of a human assistant whose visual attention varied across trials. When food was available in one dish and an empty dish was nearby, the monkeys pointed overwhelmingly toward the former, regardless of where the assistant was looking. Looking at the assistant while pointing (“monitoring”) peaked when she looked at them and when she attempted to engage them in joint attention. When only one dish was present, the monkeys refrained from gesturing if it was empty and if no assistant was present. They gestured more when the assistant made eye contact with them. Furthermore, when the assistant's focus of attention switched from the dish or the ceiling to the monkeys, the latter resumed pointing and increased their monitoring of the assistant. This is the first demonstration of such flexible use of an intentionally communicative requesting gesture in New World monkeys. Am. J. Primatol. 72:707–714, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
3.
Among many species of primates, staring is perceived as a sign of aggression and averting the gaze usually serves to reduce
such conflict. The current study conducted in southern India documented developmental differences among wild bonnet macaques
(Macaca radiata) in their latency to gaze avert after establishing eye contact with other individuals. Feeding stations were used to gather
macaques within a small area to facilitate the video recording of group dynamics and eye contact between subordinate and dominant
individuals. Individuals were grouped into three age classes: juveniles, subadult males, and adult males. Comparisons were
also made between urban and forest dwelling troops. In the forest, juveniles established eye contact with older males for
significantly longer periods of time than did adults. A linear trend was observed in which the latency to gaze avert after
establishing eye contact decreased with age. This trend was not evident in the urban troops, for which the latency to gaze
avert did not change significantly with age. Urban juveniles were also more likely to be chased when they established eye
contact with adults compared with their forest counterparts. These differences could be the result of increased predatory
risk in the forest setting — the necessity for heightened predator vigilance in forests may reduce the frequency with which
juveniles are monitored and chased or attacked as a result of their eye contact. Conversely, the rarity of predators in the
city may engender more intense aggressive behavior between monkeys, accelerating the rate of learning to signal appeasement
to dominant males. 相似文献
4.
The effects on the visual system of rearing rhesus monkeys with monocular aphakia, corrected with extended-wear contact lenses, were assessed with anatomical, electrophysiological and behavioral methods. The major finding was that the effects of the various treatments on the aphakic eye varied in degree depending upon the amount of focused pattern input received by the aphakic eye compared to its fellow eye. The behavioral, electrophysiological and anatomical assessments of the treatment effects on the aphakic eyes correlated closely with each other. Because this experimental paradigm is similar to current clinical procedures for treating human infantile monocular cataracts, it provides a nonhuman primate model for studying aphakia. 相似文献
5.
We tested the effects of various doses of the triazolobenzodiazepine alprazolam on behavioral, hormonal, and neurochemical responses of infant rhesus monkeys under three conditions of separation from their mothers: alone, in the presence of a human who stared at them, and in the presence of a human who avoided eye contact. Alprazolam affected stress-induced responses in all three of these classes. Unrelated to its effects on the stress response, alprazolam appears to reduce the function of brain dopamine systems. 相似文献
6.
Jesse W. Young 《American journal of physical anthropology》2009,138(4):403-420
Studies of skeletal pathology indicate that injury from falling accounts for most long bone trauma in free‐ranging primates, suggesting that primates should be under strong selection to manifest morphological and behavioral mechanisms that increase stability on arboreal substrates. Although previous studies have identified several kinematic and kinetic features of primate symmetrical gaits that serve to increase arboreal stability, very little work has focused on the dynamics of primate asymmetrical gaits. Nevertheless, asymmetrical gaits typify the rapid locomotion of most primates, particularly in smaller bodied taxa. This study investigated asymmetrical gait dynamics in growing marmosets and squirrel monkeys moving on terrestrial and simulated arboreal supports (i.e., an elevated pole). Results showed that monkeys used several kinematic and kinetic adjustments to increase stability on the pole, including reducing peak vertical forces, limiting center of mass movements, increasing substrate contact durations, and using shorter and more frequent strides (thus limiting disruptive whole‐body aerial phases). Marmosets generally showed greater adjustment to pole locomotion than did squirrel monkeys, perhaps as a result of their reduced grasping abilities and retreat from the fine‐branch niche. Ontogenetic increases in body size had relatively little independent influence on asymmetrical gait dynamics during pole locomotion, despite biomechanical theory suggesting that arboreal instability is exacerbated as body size increases relative to substrate diameter. Overall, this study shows that 1) symmetrical gaits are not the only stable way to travel arboreally and 2) small‐bodied primates utilize specific kinematic and kinetic adjustments to increase stability when using asymmetrical gaits on arboreal substrates. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
7.
A Cowey J Porter 《Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing papers of a Biological character. Royal Society (Great Britain)》1979,204(1157):399-407
When a single object lies in front of or beyond the plane of fixation its retinal image lies on disparate positions in the two eyes. This 'local' retinal disparity is an excellent cue to depth, and retinal disparties of a few seconds of arc are detectable by people and monkeys. However, most visual scenes produce a complex array of contours in each eye and we can detect the disparity in the arrays despite the ambiguous nature of the disparities, i.e. each contour in one eye could be related to any of several similar contours in the other eye. This ability, known as 'global' stereopsis, may be selectively impaired following brain damage in man. Global stereopsis was measured in rhesus monkeys before and after removing a different cortical visual area in different groups of animals. Only removal of the inferotemporal cortex impaired global stereopsis. The result is related to the findings with human patients and to receptive field properties of neurons in the inferotemporal cortex of monkeys. 相似文献
8.
A.M. Schuler G.T. Tustin C.R. Abee & J.G. Scammell 《Journal of medical primatology》2009,38(5):318-320
Background This case report describes the treatment of three male owl monkeys ( Aotus nancymaae ) diagnosed with chronic dry eye with a topical cyclosporine product, Restasis® , approved for use in humans. These owl monkeys had ocular disease resulting from procedures performed at a biotechnology company. They were moved to the Center for Neotropical Primate Research and Resources at University of South Alabama to be incorporated into the breeding colony.
Materials and methods Schirmer tear testing was performed initially and during the course of treatment to monitor efficacy of twice daily administered Restasis® . The goals of treatment were to reduce pain and/or distress and if possible to quantitatively increase tear production.
Results and discussion All animals had improvements in conjunctival inflammation and had an increase in tear production. 相似文献
Materials and methods Schirmer tear testing was performed initially and during the course of treatment to monitor efficacy of twice daily administered Restasis
Results and discussion All animals had improvements in conjunctival inflammation and had an increase in tear production. 相似文献
9.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging of macaque monkeys performing visually guided saccade tasks: comparison of cortical eye fields with humans 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
The frontal and parietal eye fields serve as functional landmarks of the primate brain, although their correspondences between humans and macaque monkeys remain unclear. We conducted fMRI at 4.7 T in monkeys performing visually-guided saccade tasks and compared brain activations with those in humans using identical paradigms. Among multiple parietal activations, the dorsal lateral intraparietal area in monkeys and an area in the posterior superior parietal lobule in humans exhibited the highest selectivity to saccade directions. In the frontal cortex, the selectivity was highest at the junction of the precentral and superior frontal sulci in humans and in the frontal eye field (FEF) in monkeys. BOLD activation peaks were also found in premotor areas (BA6) in monkeys, which suggests that the apparent discrepancy in location between putative human FEF (BA6, suggested by imaging studies) and monkey FEF (BA8, identified by microstimulation studies) partly arose from methodological differences. 相似文献
10.
Hironori Akechi Atsushi Senju Helen Uibo Yukiko Kikuchi Toshikazu Hasegawa Jari K. Hietanen 《PloS one》2013,8(3)
Eye contact has a fundamental role in human social interaction. The special appearance of the human eye (i.e., white sclera contrasted with a coloured iris) implies the importance of detecting another person''s face through eye contact. Empirical studies have demonstrated that faces making eye contact are detected quickly and processed preferentially (i.e., the eye contact effect). Such sensitivity to eye contact seems to be innate and universal among humans; however, several studies suggest that cultural norms affect eye contact behaviours. For example, Japanese individuals exhibit less eye contact than do individuals from Western European or North American cultures. However, how culture modulates eye contact behaviour is unclear. The present study investigated cultural differences in autonomic correlates of attentional orienting (i.e., heart rate) and looking time. Additionally, we examined evaluative ratings of eye contact with another real person, displaying an emotionally neutral expression, between participants from Western European (Finnish) and East Asian (Japanese) cultures. Our results showed that eye contact elicited stronger heart rate deceleration responses (i.e., attentional orienting), shorter looking times, and higher ratings of subjective feelings of arousal as compared to averted gaze in both cultures. Instead, cultural differences in the eye contact effect were observed in various evaluative responses regarding the stimulus faces (e.g., facial emotion, approachability etc.). The rating results suggest that individuals from an East Asian culture perceive another''s face as being angrier, unapproachable, and unpleasant when making eye contact as compared to individuals from a Western European culture. The rating results also revealed that gaze direction (direct vs. averted) could influence perceptions about another person''s facial affect and disposition. These results suggest that cultural differences in eye contact behaviour emerge from differential display rules and cultural norms, as opposed to culture affecting eye contact behaviour directly at the physiological level. 相似文献
11.
花背蟾蜍眼早期形态发生中其主要部分空间联系的研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
本文用扫描电镜研究了花背蟾蜍眼早期形态发生中视泡和预定晶状体、晶状体和预定角膜上皮间的紧密接触,此后在接触处出现间隙,其中存在呈网状的原纤维(fibril),这些原纤维的数量随两侧相连组织的分化,表现出增多、减少和逐渐消失的规律性变化,据此推测其成分属细胞外基质,对促进相连组织的分化起重要作用。 相似文献
12.
When two people meet in a bar, a subtle interplay of social behaviours, including eye contact and unconscious mimicry of actions play an important role in how much the individuals like each other by the end of the evening. However, it is not known how these different social signals interact. Here, we adopt a rapid mimicry paradigm, to test if eye contact can modulate mimicry on a second by second time scale. Our results show that direct eye contact rapidly and specifically enhances mimicry of hand actions. These findings have implications for understanding the role of eye contact as a controlling signal in human non-verbal social behaviour. 相似文献
13.
14.
After control studies, using electrodes permanently implanted in the central visual system, squirrel monkeys and macaques were in most instances blinded by acute glaucoma. This permitted subsequent observation of eye movements. Ocular nystagmus developed in all cases. Beginning immediately upon recovery from anesthesia, and persisting for at least 1 year, the EEG of the striate cortex was characterized by totally flat periods up to several seconds in duration which were ended abruptly by a sharp "spike" trailed in turn by a ragged high voltage, slow pattern for another second or two. The great majority of these "spikes" from the blind striate cortex occurred within 60-200 msec after a saccadic eye movement, made either in nystagmus or attempted fixation. They were not dependent upon proprioception from the extraocular muscles. It is suggested that they represent a "corollary discharge" for movement of the eyes. The blind striate cortex was judged to be hyperexcitable on the basis of these saccade-associated "spikes", not often observable in intact monkeys, and from the increase both in response evoked by electrical stimulation of optic radiation and amplitude of the EEG in sleep. 相似文献
15.
We have extensively investigated the mechanical properties of passive eye muscles, in vivo, in anesthetized and paralyzed monkeys. The complexity inherent in rheological measurements makes it desirable to present the results in terms of a mathematical model. Because Fung''s quasi-linear viscoelastic (QLV) model has been particularly successful in capturing the viscoelastic properties of passive biological tissues, here we analyze this dataset within the framework of Fung''s theory.We found that the basic properties assumed under the QLV theory (separability and superposition) are not typical of passive eye muscles. We show that some recent extensions of Fung''s model can deal successfully with the lack of separability, but fail to reproduce the deviation from superposition.While appealing for their elegance, the QLV model and its descendants are not able to capture the complex mechanical properties of passive eye muscles. In particular, our measurements suggest that in a passive extraocular muscle the force does not depend on the entire length history, but to a great extent is only a function of the last elongation to which it has been subjected. It is currently unknown whether other passive biological tissues behave similarly. 相似文献
16.
P. Auvray L. Rousseau G. Lissorgues F. Soulier O. Potin S. Bernard F. Dieuleveult E. Scorsone P. Bergonzo L. Chicaud S. Picaud J.A. Sahel 《IRBM》2012,33(2):117-122
ObjectiveThe main risk factor for the development of glaucoma, a retinal disease leading to blindness, is an increase in the intraocular pressure (IOP). Reducing this IOP can be obtained by eye drops but unfortunately the disease can still progress because IOP increases are painless, can fluctuate and, thus remain undetected during a visit to an ophthalmologist. The “MATEO” ANR project aims to develop sensors embedded in a contact lens for continuously IOP monitoring.Materials and methodsPressure sensors were produced by MEMS technology and tested with pig eyes obtained at a local slaughterhouse. Solution was injected by 50 μL steps in the eye with a Hamilton syringe while IOP was monitored in parallel with a TonoVET system and an industrial pressure transducer inserted in the injection tubing system.ResultsOur first pressure sensor prototypes were generated and inserted in a lens compatible with eye application. A wireless system was developed to excite the sensor. At same time, it was recorded the data in components inserted into spectacles and a pocket recorder. In parallel, we showed that injecting a solution in the eye anterior chamber triggered an IOP increase smaller and more stable than injections in the posterior chamber. Finally, a direct correlation was observed between IOP measured on the corneal surface with the TonoVET and the pressure transducer placed close to eye injection point.DiscussionOur results indicate that our in vitro model on pig eyes is adequate to test our new lens sensor. Finally, the pressure sensor was successfully inserted in contact lens opening the way for their in vitro and in vivo preclinical validation. 相似文献
17.
When reaching to grasp an object, we often move our arm and orient our gaze together. How are these movements coordinated? To investigate this question, we studied neuronal activity in the dorsal premotor area (PMd) and the medial intraparietal area (area MIP) of two monkeys while systematically varying the starting position of the hand and eye during reaching. PMd neurons encoded the relative position of the target, hand, and eye. MIP neurons encoded target location with respect to the eye only. These results indicate that whereas MIP encodes target locations in an eye-centered reference frame, PMd uses a relative position code that specifies the differences in locations between all three variables. Such a relative position code may play an important role in coordinating hand and eye movements by computing their relative position. 相似文献
18.
Activity-dependent regulation of GABA expression in the visual cortex of adult monkeys 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Levels of the inhibitory transmitter, GABA, and its synthesizing enzyme, GAD, appear to be regulated in the visual cortex of young adult monkeys in an activity-dependent manner. In monkeys subjected to monocular deprivation by eye removal, tetrodotoxin injection, or eyelide suture, the number of GABA and GAD immunoreactive neurons in deprived-eye columns of the cortex is reduced by up to 50%. This effect is unaccompanied by cell death and is reversible. After cessation of TTX injection or reopening of the eyes, the number of immunostained cells returns to normal. The effect appears after 4-5 days of eye removal or tetrodotoxin injection, but only after 7-16 weeks of eyelid suture. In the latter case, it is more severe in the younger monkeys. The reversible reduction in GABA and GAD immunostaining extends out of layer IVC into lay IVA and to neurons around but not in cytochrome oxidase periodicities of layer III. This may indicate selective vulnerability of GABA cells sensitive to high spatial frequency. 相似文献
19.
Marjolijn Das Zsuzsa Penke Jan A. R. A. M. van Hooff 《International journal of primatology》1997,18(2):159-181
Studies on cercopithecine monkeys have shown that soon after an agonistic conflict, victims have increased rates of affiliation with the agressor—reconciliation—but not with other group members. Postconflict affiliation is thought to function to restore disturbed relationships and to reduce social tension. This study on a captive group of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) is focused on postconflict affiliative behavior of the aggressor. Increased rates of contact between female aggressors and kin of the victim occurred, as well as between female aggressors and their own kin. Furthermore, there were increased rates of contact between aggressors—males and females—and other group members. The increase in contacts with the victim's kin was selective, i.e., it could not be ascribed to the increased contact tendency with group members in general, and was not a side effect of the aggressor's proximity to the victim due to reconciliation. The increase in contacts with own kin was not selective. The fact that male aggressors do not have increased postconflict contacts with their kin or with kin of the victim is in agreement with the notion that males are less integrated in the nepotistic matrilineal network than females are. The fact that studies by others that focused on the victim evidence no increase in postconflict contacts with kin of the opponent or with other group members may be explained by the aggressor's larger influence over the postconflict situation: to reduce social tension, it might be more effective to affiliate with the aggressor than with the victim. Our findings emphasize that conflicts influence the behavior of other monkeys besides the direct contestants and, thus, indicate that the disturbance of social homeostasis is a matter of concern for all group members. 相似文献
20.
The role of the posterior parietal cortex in coordinate transformations for visual-motor integration 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Lesion to the posterior parietal cortex in monkeys and humans produces spatial deficits in movement and perception. In recording experiments from area 7a, a cortical subdivision in the posterior parietal cortex in monkeys, we have found neurons whose responses are a function of both the retinal location of visual stimuli and the position of the eyes in the orbits. By combining these signals area 7 a neurons code the location of visual stimuli with respect to the head. However, these cells respond over only limited ranges of eye positions (eye-position-dependent coding). To code location in craniotopic space at all eye positions (eye-position-independent coding) an additional step in neural processing is required that uses information distributed across populations of area 7a neurons. We describe here a neural network model, based on back-propagation learning, that both demonstrates how spatial location could be derived from the population response of area 7a neurons and accurately accounts for the observed response properties of these neurons. 相似文献