林分因子对神木垒不同森林群落林下植物多样性的影响

为探究神木垒不同森林群落林下植物多样性的差异,本研究采用典型样地法,以夹金山神木垒的5种主要森林群落：云杉林、丽江云杉林、红杉林、针阔混交林、阔叶林为研究对象,对不同森林群落林下植物物种组成和物种多样性进行比较,并对林分因子和林下植物多样性进行冗余分析,确定影响林下植物多样性的主要林分因子,为当地森林经营管理提供理论依据。结果表明：（1）在研究区内共记录林下植物147种,隶属于61科,108属;云杉林群落林下植物的科属种组成最丰富。（2）各类型群落的H值、H"值、D值、JSW值均为：草本层＞灌木层;灌木层多样性最高的群落为云杉林群落,草本层多样性最高的群落为丽江云杉林群落,针阔混交林群落、阔叶林群落林下植物多样性较差。（3）平均枝下高与林分密度是影响灌木层物种多样性的主要林分因子（P<0.01）,平均枝下高与灌木层的D值、H值、H"值呈负相关关系,林分密度与灌木层4个多样性指数均呈正相关关系;平均枝下高是影响草本层物种多样性的主要林分因子（P<0.01）,平均枝下高与草本层H值、H"值、JSW值呈正相关关系。本研究认为,云杉林群落与丽江云杉林群落的林下植物多样性水平较高,平均枝下高与林分密度是影响神木垒不同森林群落林下植物多样性的主要林分因子。     

热带森林树种多度和丰富度空间分布特征研究

用巴拿马50 hm2森林动态监测样地内直径≥1 cm的树种资料,分析了该样地树种多度(个体数)和丰富度(物种数)及其方差和变异系数在6个取样尺度(5 m×5 m,10 m×10 m,20 m×20 m,25 m×25 m,50 m×50 m,100 m×100 m)的变化规律.结果显示:(1)由于多度的可加性,不同取样尺度在样地内树种多度的变化表现出一致性;随取样尺度的增加,多度方差呈线性增加,而变异系数呈线性减小.(2)丰富度随取样尺度的变化较为复杂,随取样尺度的增加,丰富度方差呈非线性变化,在取样尺度为25 m×25 m时方差最大;变异系数随取样尺度的增加而呈线性减小.研究表明,大尺度的多度值可以由小尺度的多度值通过外推法估计,而丰富度却不能,在生物多样性的保护和管理中不能简单地从一个取样尺度的生物丰富度推测另一个取样尺度丰富度.     

4种不同演替阶段森林群落物种组成和多样性的比较研究

通过空间变化代替时间差异和样方法等手段,对浙江省马尾松林针叶（针叶林）、马尾松针阔叶混交林、中龄常绿阔叶林和近熟常绿阔叶林4种不同演替阶段森林群落的物种组成和多样性、群落间相似性进行了研究。结果表明,23个样地共记录维管植物53科105属170种。随着演替的进行,群落物种数、各层次的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数基本上呈现先下降后上升的趋势,并以针阔叶混交林最低,估计跟先锋物种的消失和后期物种的出现这一更替有关。随着演替的进行,各群落间的Jaccard相似性系数逐渐降低,其中针阔叶混交林和中龄常绿阔叶林之间的相似性系数最高,马尾松与近熟常绿阔叶林之间的相似性系数最低。群落主成分分析也得出相似的结果。群落之间的差异主要体现在物种组成尤其是乔木层的组成上;针阔叶混交林是物种丰富度和物种多样性较低的一个群落,但它与其它群落间的相似性较高,并已储存了常绿阔叶林中的大部分物种,对演替起着承前启后的作用。     

Rapid Recovery of Biomass, Species Richness, and Species Composition in a Forest Chronosequence in Northeastern Costa Rica

Secondary forests are a vital part of the tropical landscape, and their worldwide extent and importance continues to increase. Here, we present the largest chronosequence data set on forest succession in the wet tropics that includes both secondary and old-growth sites. We performed 0.1 ha vegetation inventories in 30 sites in northeastern Costa Rica, including seven old-growth forests and 23 secondary forests on former pastures, ranging from 10 to 42 yr. The secondary forest sites were formerly pasture for intervals of <1–25 yr. Aboveground biomass in secondary forests recovered rapidly, with sites already exhibiting values comparable to old growth after 21–30 yr, and biomass accumulation was not impacted by the length of time that a site was in pasture. Species richness reached old-growth levels in as little as 30 yr, although sites that were in pasture for > 10 yr had significantly lower species richness. Forest cover near the sites at the time of forest establishment did not significantly impact biomass or species richness, and the species composition of older secondary forest sites (>30 yr) converged with that of old growth. These results emphasize the resilience of tropical ecosystems in this region and the high conservation value of secondary forests.
     

Patterns of Species Richness and Composition in Re-Created Grassland

The success of many prairie restorations is not well documented. A restoration begun in 1975 at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory near Chicago, Illinois allows assessment of restoration efforts as well as changes through time. Data are presented on species richness and composition for 13 restorations planted in successive years between 1975 and 1990 and two remnant prairies. Presence of species was recorded using a stratified random design. Species richness at several scales and non‐metric multidimensional scaling ordination were used to assess trends in the vegetation. Species richness declined through time at all scales examined and was always less in the restored prairies than that found in the remnant prairies. Species composition changed with time but not in the direction of the composition found in the remnants. Our understanding of the maintenance of species richness is not sufficient to allow the re‐creation of patterns of species found in remnant grassland communities.     

茂兰喀斯特森林植物物种丰富度的垂直分布特征及环境解释

茂兰喀斯特峰丛地貌森林是目前罕见的一类原生性强、人为干扰少的非地带性森林生态系统,与常态地貌地带性森林生态系统相比差异大。该研究采用典型样地调查方法对茂兰喀斯特森林海拔在620～910 m之间的垂直样带11个样方进行调查,分析研究区顶级群落物种丰富度的垂直梯度变化特征,并用冗余分析(RDA)法分析环境因子对物种丰富度的影响,以明确垂直梯度上物种丰富度与环境因子的关系,为喀斯特自然森林生态系统的维持与恢复、保护与管理提供理论基础。结果表明：(1)该调查茂兰喀斯特峰丛共记录有维管植物511种,隶属于124科272属。(2)单因素方差分析表明,该群落不同生活型的丰富度之间存在极显著差异(P<0.01);LSD多重比较分析表明,群落丰富度水平表现为总体>灌木层>草本层>乔木层。(3)随海拔梯度的升高,群落总物种丰富度和草本层物种丰富度与海拔呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05),乔木层丰富度和灌木层丰富度与海拔无明显规律。(4)冗余分析表明,土壤C/N/P的解释率达到58%,是影响物种丰富度的主要因素。     

江西武夷山河岸带阔叶林群落的物种组成和多样性分析

以江西武夷山国家级自然保护区河岸带阔叶林群落为研究对象,对其物种组成进行调查,并采用物种丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数分析物种多样性。结果表明,保护区河岸带物种极丰富,三条水系10个样方中共调查到维管束植物93科174属304种,群落建群种和灌木层优势种均以常绿阔叶树种为主,物种组成具有典型的亚热带植被特色,以壳斗科、樟科、山茶科物种最多。保护区不同海拔河岸带物种丰富度指数、多样性指数的变化规律基本一致。     

海南霸王岭热带山地雨林森林循环与树种多样性动态

通过对海南岛霸王岭热带山地雨林的调查 ,研究了热带山地雨林树种多样性特征随森林循环的动态变化规律。结果表明 :( 1 )热带山地雨林森林循环不同阶段斑块在森林景观中所占的面积比例分别是 :林隙阶段 ( G)占 38.5 0 % ,建立阶段 ( B)占 2 8.5 0 % ,成熟阶段 ( M)占 2 7.0 0 % ,衰退阶段 ( D)占 6 .0 0 %。 ( 2 )热带山地雨林中乔木树种的密度随森林循环的变化趋势是由 G→B→M呈现出逐渐增加的趋势 ,以成熟阶段达到最大 ,而到衰退阶段又趋于下降。灌木树种则表现出 G阶段斑块的密度最大 ,B阶段的最小 ,从 B到 M有所增加 ,到 D又稍有下降。 ( 3)热带山地雨林中不同高度级和不同径级的树木的密度在森林循环的不同阶段表现出不同的增减趋势 ,其随森林循环过程呈现出的动态变化可能与不同阶段斑块内的空间、环境及物种生物学特性有关。 ( 4 )热带山地雨林中树木的平均胸径、平均高、平均胸高断面积、平均单株材积随森林循环过程呈现出不断增加的趋势 ,其中平均胸径和平均高随森林循环的变化较为平缓 ,而平均胸高断面积和平均单株材积之变化较为陡急。 ( 5 )热带山地雨林森林循环不同阶段的物种多样性指数不同 ,其中 G和 B阶段的物种丰富度和多样性指数值较接近 ,M阶段的物种丰富度达到最大 ,D阶段则最小。     

湛江市城市森林树种结构分析

调查湛江市道路、公园和附属三类绿地159个单位的100 452株乔木,比较其物种多样性特征、物种组成特性、相对多度、物种重要值。结果表明:(1)湛江城市森林有52科204种乔木,物种多样性较丰富,树种结构受绿地类型、生境与人文等因素影响;(2)物种组成反映出热带季雨林地带性特色,外来种有96种,应用丰富,但乡土植物开发不足;(3)在调查的植株中,少数优势种占很大比例,其中,道路绿地前25种植物相对多度高达89.66,公园有最多的非常见种;(4)物种重要值SI>1的有26种,7种基调树种反映了湛江城市森林的基本特色。     

凉水原始阔叶红松林与白桦次生林植物多样性的比较研究

采用典型抽样法和生态群落学调查法对黑龙江凉水国家级自然保护区紫椴（Tilia amurensis）红松（Pinus koraiensis）林、蒙古栎（Quercus mongolica）红松林及白桦（Betula platyphylla）次生林的植物群落结构特征和物种多样性进行了研究。结果表明,紫椴红松林有维管束植物31种,隶属21科,25属;蒙古栎红松林有维管束植物32种,隶属25科,28属;白桦次生林有维管束植物31种,隶属20科,28属。白桦次生林乔木层和草本层的物种丰富度S指数显著高于2种阔叶红松林,而其灌木层的物种丰富度S指数最低;3种林型乔木层的Simpson物种多样性指数无显著差异,紫椴红松林的灌木层Simpson指数显著高于其他2种林型,3种林型草本层之间的Simpson指数差异显著;紫椴红松林乔木层的Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数显著低于其他2种林型,白桦次生林灌木层的Shannon-Wiener指数显著低于2种阔叶红松林,蒙古栎红松林草本层的Shannon-Wiener指数最高;此外,蒙古栎红松林乔木层的Pielou均匀度指数显著高于其他林型,而3种林型灌木层的Pielou指数无显著差异,紫椴红松林草本层的Pielou指数最低。     

Effects of Restoration on Plant Species Richness and Composition in Scandinavian Semi-Natural Grasslands

Plant species richness in rural landscapes of northern Europe has been positively influenced by traditional management for millennia. Owing to abandonment of these practices, the number of species‐rich semi‐natural grasslands has decreased, and remaining habitats suffer from deterioration, fragmentation, and plant species decline. To prevent further extinctions, restoration efforts have increased during the last decades, by reintroducing grazing in former semi‐natural grasslands. To assess the ecological factors that might influence the outcome of such restorations, we made a survey of semi‐natural grasslands in Sweden that have been restored during the last decade. We investigated how plant species richness, species density, species composition, and abundance of 10 species that are indicators of grazing are affected by (1) the size of the restored site, (2) the time between abandonment of grazing and restoration, (3) the time elapsed since restoration, and (4) the abundance of trees and shrubs at the restored site. Only two factors, abundance of trees and shrubs and time since restoration, were positively associated with total species richness and species density per meter square at restored sites. Variation in species composition among restored sites was not related to any of the investigated factors. Species composition was relatively similar among sites, except in mesic/wet grasslands. The investigated factors had small effects on the abundance of the grazing‐indicator species. Only Campanula rotundifolia responded to restoration with increasing abundance and may thus be a suitable indicator of improved habitat quality. In conclusion, positive effects on species richness may appear relatively soon after restoration, but rare, short‐lived species are still absent. Therefore, remnant populations in surrounding areas may be important in fully recreating former species richness and composition.     

桂西地区南亚热带落叶栎林群落组成及物种多样性研究北大核心CSCD

落叶栎林是桂西地区南亚热带的典型次生林,也是该区域落叶阔叶林的重要群系组。该研究采用典型样方法对桂西地区落叶栎林群落进行调查,分析了该区域落叶栎林群落的物种组成、区系成分、物种多样性特征及其与地形因子的关系,为桂西地区南亚热带植物多样性保护与恢复提供依据。结果显示:(1)研究区落叶栎林群落维管束植物共计269种,隶属80科178属。(2)种子植物区系以热带成分为主,同时表现出一定程度的温带过渡性质。(3)聚类分析表明,调查的落叶栎林群落可分为云南波罗栎林、栓皮栎林、白栎林、麻栎林4种林分类型,其中以白栎林群落的物种多样性最高,且灌木层的物种多样性显著高于乔木层和草本层。(4)RDA分析显示,落叶栎林群落不同层次物种多样性的差异受地形因子的影响,多样性指标与经度、纬度、海拔之间具有明显的相关性(P<0.05),其中乔木层物种多样性主要与经度、纬度呈显著的相关性,灌木层物种多样性与纬度、海拔相关,草本层物种多样性与经度、纬度、海拔之间均有相关性。     

Soil Effects on Forest Structure and Diversity in a Moist and a Dry Tropical Forest

Soil characteristics are important drivers of variation in wet tropical forest structure and diversity, but few studies have evaluated these relationships in drier forest types. Using tree and soil data from 48 and 32 1 ha plots, respectively, in a Bolivian moist and dry forest, we asked how soil conditions affect forest structure and diversity within each of the two forest types. After correcting for spatial effects, soil‐vegetation relationships differed between the dry and the moist forest, being strongest in the dry forest. Furthermore, we hypothesized that soil nutrients would play a more important role in the moist forest than in the dry forest because vegetation in the moist forest is less constrained by water availability and thus can show its full potential response to soil fertility. However, contrary to our expectations, we found that soil fertility explained a larger number of forest variables in the dry forest (50 percent) than in the moist forest (17 percent). Shannon diversity declined with soil fertility at both sites, probably because the most dominant, shade‐tolerant species strongly increased in abundance as soil fertility increased.     

鹫峰国家森林公园残次林物种多样性及生态位特征

残次林作为低效林的一种,林相及生态稳定性较差,造成景观差、生态功能低下。本文利用样地调查方法,对鹫峰森林公园主要残次林群落及不同立地条件下物种多样性进行分析,同时计算群落内优势种群生态位,旨在通过研究其生态系统的结构与功能,为提出林相改造技术提供科学依据。结果表明：（1）鹫峰国家森林公园残次林各群落多样性指数：油松林>刺槐林>五角枫、山桃混交林>荆条灌草林>侧柏林>栓皮栎林。（2）在不同的立地条件下,残次林的分布的影响较为明显,乔木层和草本层多样性指数呈现阴坡>半阴半阳坡>阳坡,厚土层>薄土层,而灌木层受坡向与土壤状况影响不明显。（3）鹫峰残次林的典型特点为林草匮乏,表现为乔木层破败、草本层覆盖度低种群分化。（4）生态位较宽的种群之间有可能具有较高重叠程度,但重叠程度不一定随宽度值增大而增大,分布频度是影响物种重叠程度的重要因素。该研究说明残次林与普通林物种多样性相比有很大的差别,且各林分残次程度不一,分化严重,物种单一和恶劣的立地条件是产生残次林的主要原因。     

稀有植物十齿花群落物种多样性研究

运用样方法对贵州省玉舍国家级森林公园稀有保护植物十齿花(Dipentodon sinicus)群落的物种多样性进行了研究,结果表明：玉舍国家级森林公园十齿花群落以蔷薇科、杜鹃花科、壳斗科、桦木科、山茶科、樟科、忍冬科、山茱萸科等为优势科;10个样地中有8个样地以十齿花种群占绝对优势,其平均重要值高达135.69,远远高于其它种群;十齿花群落乔木层物种丰富度为2.847、Simpson指数为0.601、Shannon-Wiener指数为1.523、种间相遇机率为0.601、均匀度指数为0.569,总体上均小于灌木层(分别为:5.580、0.830、2.377、0.829、0.672),表现为较明显的亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林的物种多样性特征。10个样地中,Q₁的物种多样性程度最高,Q₃次之,Q₅和Q₆最小,多样性程度最低,10个样地的物种多样性排序为Q₁＞Q₃＞Q₉＞Q₇＞Q₂＞Q₄＞Q₁₀＞Q₈＞Q₅＞Q₆。     

Potential Changes in Tree Species Richness and Forest Community Types following Climate Change

Potential changes in tree species richness and forest community types were evaluated for the eastern United States according to five scenarios of future climate change resulting from a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂). DISTRIB, an empirical model that uses a regression tree analysis approach, was used to generate suitable habitat, or potential future distributions, of 80 common tree species for each scenario. The model assumes that the vegetation and climate are in equilibrium with no barriers to species migration. Combinations of the individual species model outcomes allowed estimates of species richness (from among the 80 species) and forest type (from simple rules) for each of 2100 counties in the eastern United States. Average species richness across all counties may increase slightly with climatic change. This increase tends to be larger as the average temperature of the climate change scenario increases. Dramatic changes in the distribution of potential forest types were modeled. All five scenarios project the extirpation of the spruce–fir forest types from New England. Outputs from only the two least severe scenarios retain aspen–birch, and they are largely reduced. Maple–beech–birch also shows a large reduction in area under all scenarios. By contrast, oak–hickory and oak–pine types were modeled to increase by 34% and 290%, respectively, averaged over the five scenarios. Although many assumptions are made, these modeled outcomes substantially agree with a limited number of predictions from researchers using paleoecological data or other models. Received 12 May 2000; accepted 20 October 2000.     

杉木天然次生林金龟子多样性及季节动态变化

1　引　言杉木 (Ｃｕｎｎｉｎｇｈａｍｉａｌａｎｃｅｏｌａｔａ(Ｌａｍｂ .)Ｈｏｏｋ .)在我国南方各省有着悠久的栽培历史 ,它生长快 ,材质好 ,在我国林业生产和国民经济建设中占有重要地位。但长期生产实践表明 ,杉木人工林重复连栽会引起地力衰退及生产力下降。影响杉木人工林稳定性的因素很多 ,其中包括地下害虫蛴螬。但有关方面的研究很少 ,只保留在个体生物学和生态学水平上 ,并且许多是室内工作 ,并未把金龟子种群在杉木天然次生林生态系统中分布、发生及季节动态作为一个整体加以研究。本研究工作通过对杉木天然次生林生态系统中金…     

Recovery of Bird Species in Minimally Restored Indonesian Tin Strip Mines

Bird species richness and individual abundances were recorded in old, unrestored tin strip mine plots, in mined plots restored 1, 2, and 3 years before the study, and in adjacent, unmined, natural secondary forest plots on the 11,340‐km² Indonesian island of Bangka (2°S, 106°E). The objective was to assess the ecological recovery of unrestored and minimally restored mine plots compared with surrounding reference forest. Unrestored mines had not been mined or used for any other purpose for 14–30 years; plots in their first, second, and third year since restoration were old mines planted with Acacia mangium (Leguminosae) at a density of 400 trees/ha. Natural secondary forest plots 20 or more years since the last disturbance were immediately adjacent to both unrestored and restored plots. Bird surveys on 4‐ha plots were performed during the 1995 breeding season. A comparison of data from unrestored plots of widely varying ages showed no significant differences among them for species richness, diversity (Shannon–Wiener index, H′), or individual abundance, indicating that little natural bird community recovery had occurred over time in the plots. However, increases did occur in restored sites over only 3 years for both species richness (r ² = 0.29, p = 0.04) and diversity (r ² = 0.45, p = 0.009). All values for third‐year restored plots, however, were still significantly lower than corresponding values for adjacent natural secondary forest plots. The quick return of bird activity on the plots after minimal efforts at restoration supports the idea that simple, inexpensive restoration can be effective for “jump starting” degraded systems at large scales. Such a restoration strategy might be of particular value for degraded land in developing nations, where scientific, professional, and financial resources might be in short supply. Using this strategy, a small number of restoration professionals could mobilize the labor of many local people in many areas, serving to both improve ecological systems and to educate and engage local populations in restoration and conservation projects.     

Restoration of Species Richness in Abandoned Mediterranean Grasslands: Seeds in Cattle Dung

Abstract Endozoochory has proven to be a highly effective mechanism in the dispersal of viable seeds in Mediterranean grasslands. We studied the effect of cattle dung application on species richness, particularly on the reintroduction of species lost after abandonment. Sown and control plots were monitored for 3 years after dung sowing. We found a significant increase in small‐scale richness, which may be attributed to the treatment, with the inclusion of species detected in the dung and in the grazed pasture. The differences in richness and floristic composition diminished over time. This experiment proves the potential utility of this treatment for the restoration of species richness in abandoned pastures, although supplementary steps are necessary, including further sowing and/or shrub cutting in subsequent years.     

广东韶关小坑林场5种阔叶林林下植物多样性

对韶关市小坑林场的山杜英Elaeocarpus sylvestris、樟树Cinnamomum camphora、黧蒴Castanopsis fissa、红椎Castanopsis hystrix和火力楠Michelia macclurei纯林的林下植被多样性进行研究。结果表明,山杜英林、樟树林、黧蒴林、红椎林、火力楠林下灌木层分别有12、7、16、10、9种植物,草本层分别有13、11、12、14、20种植物。5种阔叶林样地的物种多样性存在差异, 部分灌木层的物种多样性高于草本层的多样性。山杜英林灌木层的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数及均匀度指数(Jsw和Jsi)分别为2.51、0.70、0.86,高于其他树种的灌木层多样性指数,表明林分种类在林下植物分布格局中起着重要作用,山杜英林有利于林下植物的发育。