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1.
Cheryl Butt Dan Quiring Christian Hébert Johanne Delisle Richard Berthiaume Eric Bauce Lucie Royer 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2010,134(3):220-226
Many herbivorous insects emerge synchronously with budburst of their host plant, as the nutritional quality of foliage often decreases rapidly following budburst. We carried out manipulative field experiments to evaluate the influence of bud and shoot phenology on performance of the hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria Guenée (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ourapterygini), on balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. (Pinaceae), in NF, Canada. Hemlock looper survival, pupal weight, and realized fecundity, which were then combined to estimate fitness, were all highest when newly emerged first instars were placed on foliage of current‐year shoots that had completed approximately 25–35% of their elongation, and lower when placed on younger or older foliage. Survival of a small portion of larvae placed on buds a week before budburst suggests that newly emerged first instars either entered unburst buds or survived for a week without food. In laboratory experiments, approximately half of larvae survived for 4 days without food or water at 10 °C and 65% r.h. The timing of egg hatch in the field appeared to be adaptive, but the short duration of egg hatch suggests that another factor in addition to host plant phenology exerts stabilizing selection pressure on the timing of egg hatch. 相似文献
2.
本文详细地记述了波尺蛾亚科Eupitheciaabietaria debrunneata Staudinger, E. spadix Inoue 及Telenomeuta punctimarginaria (Leech)幼虫的形态特征. 相似文献
3.
4.
Feng Ge Fa-jun Chen Megha N. Parajulee & Erdal N. Yardim 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2005,116(1):1-7
Cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a major pest of cotton and corn crops in northern China. A phenological differentiation between fourth generation cotton bollworms from cotton and those from corn fields was observed in northern China during 1999–2000. The proportion of pupation in late fall was marginally higher in cotton fields compared to that in corn fields; however, the proportions of fall emergence of moths from cotton fields were significantly higher than those from corn fields. The proportion of spring emergence of moths was also significantly higher for larvae collected from cotton (28.0%) than from corn (14.5%). The overwintering duration of females was significantly shorter than that of males in both crops. Moreover, the overwintering duration of bollworm populations from cotton was significantly longer than that from corn. The early spring population of H. armigera came from both cotton and corn fields, but the spring emergence of moths from larvae collected from cotton took about 5 days longer to reach 100% emergence compared to that from corn. 相似文献
5.
K. M. Fuda B. M. Smith †‡ M. P. Lesser B. J. Legare H. R. Breig R. B. Stack D. L. Berlinsky § 《Journal of fish biology》2007,71(2):539-549
Experiments were conducted to identify environmental factors that influence the survival of rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax during their early life stages. Developing rainbow smelt embryos and yolk-sac larvae were cultured under controlled conditions with different dissolved oxygen (DO; 1·09, 2·18, 4·37 and 6·55 mg l−1 , pH (4·0, 4·5, 5·0, 5·5, 6·0 and 7·0), nitrate ( 0·7, 3·6, 7·3, 14·6 and 29·2 mg l−1 ), phosphate (0·04, 0·21, 0·42, 2·08 and 4·17 mg l−1 ) and salinity (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30) levels. Rainbow smelt embryos were also incubated with simulated tidal salinity fluctuations (2–28), ultraviolet radiation (irradiances of 2·8, 6·2 and 5·1 W m−2 ) and under natural conditions in two rainbow smelt spawning rivers. In the laboratory, hatch was only impaired under the lowest DO and pH conditions (0 and 13% hatch, respectively) and at highest constant salinity levels (0% hatch). Larval survival was only affected by pH levels ≤5·0. The experiment that compared hatch under natural conditions was terminated when embryos became covered with silt and fungus. These results suggest that water acidification, sediment and fungal growth may affect rainbow smelt survival during their early life stages. 相似文献
6.
We present a phylogenetic comparative study assessing the evolutionary determinants of egg size in the moth family Geometridae. These moths were found to show a strong negative allometric relationship between egg size and maternal body size. Using recently developed comparative methods based on an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process, we show that maternal body size explains over half the variation in egg size. However, other determinants are less clear: ecological factors, previously hypothesized to affect egg size, were not found to have a considerable influence in the Geometridae. The limited role of such third factors suggests a direct causal link between egg size and body size rather than an indirect correlation mediated by some ecological factors. Notably, no large geometrid species lay small eggs. This pattern suggests that maternal body size poses a physical constraint on egg size, but within these limits, there appears to be a rather invariable selection for larger eggs. 相似文献
7.
The fitness‐related consequences of egg size, independent of the influences of parental quality, are poorly understood in altricial birds. Not only can egg size and parental quality influence growth and survival, but each could influence the development of condition‐dependent plumage coloration in offspring. The Eastern Bluebird Sialia sialis is an altricial, multi‐brooded, cavity‐nesting passerine in which juveniles display dichromatic UV‐blue plumage. Previous research suggests that plumage coloration acts as a signal of individual quality among juvenile and adult Eastern Bluebirds. Here, we separate the effects of egg size and parental quality (defined by egg size laid) on nestling growth and plumage ornamentation by exchanging clutches of large eggs with clutches of small eggs. Nestlings were significantly larger immediately post‐hatching when hatched from a large egg, but to maintain a larger size, nestlings needed to have hatched from a large egg and to have been reared by high‐quality parents. Nestlings were brighter when reared by high‐quality parents and this relationship was strongest later in the breeding season. Nestlings exhibited greater UV chroma if hatched early in the season, but UV chroma was not significantly affected by egg size or parental quality. These findings demonstrate varying influences of both egg size and parental quality on offspring growth and plumage ornamentation but suggest that quality of post‐hatching investment is more influential than pre‐hatching investment. 相似文献
8.
In diverse animal taxa, egg mass variation mediates maternal effects with long-term consequences for offspring ontogeny and fitness. Patterns of egg mass variation with laying order differ considerably among birds, but no study has experimentally investigated the function of variation in albumen or yolk egg content in the wild. In barn swallows (Hirundo rustica), absolute and relative albumen mass increased with egg laying order. Experimental albumen removal delayed hatching, had larger negative effects on growth of late-hatched nestlings, and reduced nestling survival. Laying order positively predicted hatch order. Because nestling competitive ability depends on size, and albumen egg content influences hatchling size, present results suggest that by increasing albumen content of late eggs mothers reduce hatching asynchrony and enhance growth particularly of late-hatched nestlings. Thus, variation in albumen mass with laying order may function to mitigate the negative phenotypic consequences of hatching late in species that adopt a 'brood-survival' strategy. 相似文献
9.
低温和光周期对绿盲蝽越冬卵滞育解除和发育历期的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
为了探讨温度和光周期对绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum Meyer-Dür越冬卵滞育解除和发育历期的影响, 系统调查了绿盲蝽越冬卵在不同温度和不同光照组合下的孵化率和孵化时间, 结果显示：绿盲蝽的越冬卵均为滞育卵,低温和光周期对绿盲蝽越冬卵的滞育解除均有影响。2℃的低温处理能够显著促进其滞育解除,在0~65 d范围内,随着低温处理时间增长,其滞育解除时间缩短,未经低温处理的越冬卵T50为68.5 d,低温处理65 d的T50为12.25 d,绿盲蝽越冬卵在2℃低温处理65 d后完全解除滞育;在0~40 d范围内,低温处理时间越长,绿盲蝽越冬卵的孵化率越高,在25℃、全光照的条件下不经低温处理的孵化率为68.65%,低温处理40 d后在25℃的条件下的孵化率达到99.46%。在20~26℃范围内,绿盲蝽越冬卵的滞育后发育历期随着温度的上升而缩短, 随着光周期的延长而缩短。结果说明低温处理能够提高绿盲蝽越冬卵滞育解除率,但不是其滞育解除的必要条件,低温处理与自然变温对绿盲蝽滞育解除的作用相似;高温和长光照能够促进绿盲蝽的滞育解除,缩短发育历期。 相似文献
10.
Gugs Lushai Jim Hardie Richard Harrington 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》1996,81(1):113-115
Conclusion TastePROBE is a convenient and flexible electronic circuit designed to record action potentials from taste sensilla of insects. It facilitates the recording of slow potentials arising in taste sensilla, improves the signal to noise ratio, and preserves spike shapes. This new amplifier design combines excellent signal to noise ratio with complete compatibility as regards existing electrophysiological equipment.DC recordings have higher information content than filtered recordings. With DC recordings, spike shapes are not modified and thus better sorting is possible. Moreover, slow variations in the transepithelial potential (i.e. less than 10 Hz) are preserved. Both aspects are of considerable importance when studying the physiology of taste receptors. 相似文献
11.
Dilek Pandir Recep Sahingoz Fahriye Sumer Ercan 《Biocontrol Science and Technology》2013,23(12):1402-1411
This study investigated the effect of strong magnetic fields as insecticidal activity on Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae and eggs at different stages of development and their preference by the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma embryophagum Hartig (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Eggs ranging in age from 24-h to 48-h and 72-h-old and larvae (1 to 2 days) were exposed to 1.4 Tesla (T) magnetic fields from a DC power supply at 50 Hz for different time periods (3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h). Twelve hours of exposure at 1.4 T was toxic to 24-h-old eggs of E. kuehniella. The 72-h-old host eggs treated with 1.4 T for 6–72 h were not significantly preferred by T. embryophagum. The magnetic field was toxic to 24-h-old eggs of E. kuehniella exposed to 1.4 T for 12. The treatment of magnetic fields on the 72-h-old host egg with 1.4 T at 6–72 h was not significantly preferred by T. embryophagum. Magnetization of 24-h-old eggs of E. kuehniella for 3 h could be effectively used with T. embryophagum as sterilised host eggs. These eggs were markedly preferred by T. embryophagum. The LT50 and LT99 values of magnetic fields at different egg stages of E. kuehniella, and larvae were measured. A level of 1.4 T at 72 h completely prevented the development of the larvae. There was no significant effect on larval survival at 1.4 T at 48 and 72 h. Increasing magnetic fields exposure times for eggs that were 24-h, 48-h and 72-h-old prevented larval emergence and increased their mortality rate. Consequently, magnetic fields could be used in controlling stored-product pest eggs and larvae of E. kuehniella. 相似文献
12.
Tero Klemola Kai Ruohomäki Miia Tanhuanpää Pekka Kaitaniemi 《Ecological Entomology》2003,28(3):319-327
Abstract. 1. As a spring-feeding moth committed to immature foliage, the autumnal moth Epirrita autumnata (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) must have egg hatch synchronised with the bud-burst of its host plants. Due to large individual variation in the length of the pupal period, however, E. autumnata populations exhibit a prolonged period of flight and oviposition. Because the timing of oviposition in autumn is associated with the timing of egg hatch in the following spring, the time window for egg hatch expands and more potential hosts may become attainable. This suggestion was evaluated under field conditions by rearing E. autumnata eggs and larvae on four different hosts.
2. The performance of E. autumnata was measured by using estimates for fecundity (pupal mass) as well as survivorship of eggs and larvae. Based on the availability of foliage and phenological synchrony between larval and leaf development, early-laid eggs and the larvae originating from them were predicted to perform better on the hosts that have early-flushing leaves. On the late-flushing hosts, the larvae that hatched later were predicted to perform better than the larvae that hatched earlier. Half of the trials were exposed to predators and parasitoids, while the rest were conducted inside mesh-bags preventing larval dispersal and mortality due to natural enemies.
3. The results of the experiment did not support the simple predictions. In particular, host-plant quality and natural enemies appeared to operate discordantly between early- and late-laid eggs. Larvae from the late-laid eggs had rapid development during the larval stages and pupated at the same time and with the same pupal mass as the larvae hatched from the early-laid eggs.
4. The results indicate an occurrence of several, unknown selective forces in E. autumnata populations maintaining variation in the length of the pupal period, timing of oviposition, and timing of egg hatch. 相似文献
2. The performance of E. autumnata was measured by using estimates for fecundity (pupal mass) as well as survivorship of eggs and larvae. Based on the availability of foliage and phenological synchrony between larval and leaf development, early-laid eggs and the larvae originating from them were predicted to perform better on the hosts that have early-flushing leaves. On the late-flushing hosts, the larvae that hatched later were predicted to perform better than the larvae that hatched earlier. Half of the trials were exposed to predators and parasitoids, while the rest were conducted inside mesh-bags preventing larval dispersal and mortality due to natural enemies.
3. The results of the experiment did not support the simple predictions. In particular, host-plant quality and natural enemies appeared to operate discordantly between early- and late-laid eggs. Larvae from the late-laid eggs had rapid development during the larval stages and pupated at the same time and with the same pupal mass as the larvae hatched from the early-laid eggs.
4. The results indicate an occurrence of several, unknown selective forces in E. autumnata populations maintaining variation in the length of the pupal period, timing of oviposition, and timing of egg hatch. 相似文献
13.
Argyro A. Fantinou Dionyssios CH. Perdikis Konstantina F. Zota 《Physiological Entomology》2004,29(2):169-175
Abstract. The influence of long- and short-day cycles on ovipostion and egg hatch of the corn stalk borer, Sesamia nonagrioides were investigated at a range of temperatures. Oviposition was suppressed when insects are exposed to long days through their immature stages and then transferred to short days after mating. Moreover, mean oviposition and egg hatch increased from 15 to 27.5 °C, whereas oviposition declined significantly at 30 °C at both photoperiodic regimes. Females derived from a diapausing population exposed to long days after mating showed a significantly higher egg production compared to females derived from a nondiapausing population. However, when females from a diapausing population were left to oviposit under short days, fewer eggs were produced compared to those exposed to long days after mating. Thus, photoperiod appears to affect reproductive traits of this species in a quantitative manner. Larval diapause duration is positively correlated with fecundity of the adults. There is also a positive correlation between pupal weight of individuals derived from a diapausing population and the postdiapause fecundity of adults. 相似文献
15.
Yuto Hasegawa Tsuyoshi Takeuchi Norio Hirai 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2019,167(5):467-475
In Ypthima multistriata Butler (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), there are univoltine and bivoltine populations in adjacent areas with similar climatic conditions. A previous study revealed that larvae of both univoltine and bivoltine populations diapause under a constant short day (i.e., a constant short light period; L13:D11), but not under a constant long‐day condition (L16:D8). However, in both types of populations, adults of an overwintering generation appear and oviposit in June and soon thereafter larvae hatch. Therefore, the younger larvae (at least the first instars) of both types of populations experience a long day; nevertheless, the larvae of univoltine populations diapause in nature. To resolve this inconsistency, we set up two hypotheses: (1) the photosensitive stage of larvae is the second instar or later, and (2) the photosensitive stage of univoltine populations is later than that of bivoltine populations. To test these hypotheses, we performed rearing experiments with two univoltine populations and two bivoltine ones. The results indicated that the photosensitive stage was the second or third instar and that the photosensitive stage was later in one univoltine population than in the two bivoltine populations. Larvae of the other univoltine population diapaused under all conditions. The former result supports our hypothesis, and the latter result indicates that the response to photoperiod is different among univoltine populations. In addition, larval development was slower in one univoltine population than in the bivoltine populations, which also delays the timing of the diapause decision in this univoltine population. Larvae that experienced a long day during the first and middle instars but experienced a short day at the end of their larval stage developed faster than larvae that experienced a constant long day. This may be an adaptation to enable emergence before the start of a cold season that is unsuitable for reproduction. 相似文献
16.
Yuichi Egi Shion Akitomo Tsuguru Fujii Yutaka Banno Katsuhiko Sakamoto 《Entomological Science》2014,17(4):396-399
In the silkworm, Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), embryonic diapause is under maternal control and the decision between diapause and direct development in bivoltine strains depends on environmental factors such as temperature and photoperiod experienced by the preceding generation. We reared ten bivoltine silkworm strains (c10, g32, k06, n25, p21, p22, p24, p44, p50 and p63) under various thermal and light conditions and examined the incidence of embryonic diapause in the next generation to identify strains in which the incidence of diapause can be controlled within the range of 0 to 100% by adjusting a single ambient parameter. Some strains were clearly destined towards either diapause or direct development. The diapause incidence in the c10, p22 and p50 strains was controlled by temperature during the egg stage (0% at 18°C and 100% at 25°C), that in the p50 strain was also determined to be dependent on illumination during the egg stage (0% under continuous darkness and 100% under continuous illumination), and photoperiod during the larval stage regulated diapause in p44 and p50 (0% and 100% under long‐day and short‐day photoperiod, respectively), when all other external parameters remained constant under each experimental condition. These diapause‐controllable silkworm strains might serve as model systems for studies of insect diapause, especially for the differential screening of related factors. 相似文献
17.
To more effectively manage walnut husk fly Rhagoletis completa (Diptera: Tephritidae), in California walnut orchards, it is important to understand the factors that affect the timing of adult emergence. In the present study, we examine the effects of incubation temperature, pre‐chill and chill durations, latitude, cultivar and size on the post‐diapause development of R. completa puparia. The lower developmental threshold, upper developmental threshold and optimal temperature for puparial development are estimated to be 4, 34 and 26.6 °C, respectively. The thermal requirement for adult emergence after 120 days of chilling is estimated to be 2024 degree days. Percentage adult emergence declines at both higher and lower incubation temperatures. Chill duration at 5 °C for diapausing puparia has a nonlinear negative effect on the thermal requirement but no effect on percentage emergence. Insufficient chilling leads to poor synchronization of adult emergence. Greater pre‐chill duration at room temperature increases the thermal requirement and slightly decreased percentage emergence. Latitude has a negative effect on the thermal requirement. Puparia from northern California black walnut (Juglans hindsii) have a slightly greater thermal requirement than puparia from cultivated walnut (Julgans regia). There is no significant difference in puparial fresh weight or mean thermal requirement between males and females, although the positive correlation between thermal requirement and puparial fresh weight is stronger for females than males. The effects of temperature and other environmental factors on the post‐diapause development of R. completa are discussed in relation to observations from other Rhagoletis species. 相似文献
18.
R. Ramachandran 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》1988,46(2):133-140
The intensity-response curve to light in a vertical plane (where gravity was a conflicting stimulus to light) and a horizontal plane (where gravity was not a conflicting stimulus) suggests that the climbing behaviour of the first instar Ectropis excursaria (Guénée) is consistent with a summation of response to gravity and a response to light. Response to gravity was affected by the curvature of the crawling surface and the level of food deprivation of the caterpillars. On a 2 cm diameter crawling surface orientation to gravity occurred at an inclination between 20° and 30° from the horizontal. In a centrifugal field, a behaviour analogous to negative geotaxis occurred at accelerations of 3.5 ms–2. Analysis of the geotactic turning tendencies of the caterpillar on flat inclined planes suggests that they exhibit meta-geotactic behaviour from inclinations of 40 to 90°. Negative geotaxis was exhibited by the caterpillars of later stadia although a response to gravity was lacking in the prepupal wandering caterpillars. The pre-pupal stage was also characterized by a reversal of the response to light.
Résumé Un comportement d'escalade du premier stade d'E. excursaria correspondant à l'addition des réponses à la gravité et à la lumière, est suggéré par la courbe d'intensité de la réponse à la lumière, dans un plan vertical (où la gravité constitue un stimulus en opposition avec la lumière) et un plan horizontal (où la gravité n'est pas en opposition). La réponse à la gravité a été modifiée par la courbure de la surface à escalader et du degré de privation d'aliment des chenilles. Sur une surface d'escalade de 2 cm de diamètre, l'orientation par rapport à la gravité se produit entre 20 et 30° par rapport à l'horizontale. Das run champ de centrifugation, un comportement analogue à une géotaxis négative se produit pour une accélération de 3,5 m s–2. L'analyse des tendances géotactiques des chenilles à tourner sur des plans inclinés suggère qu'elles présentent un comportement métagéotactique pour les inclinaisons de 40 à 90°. Des expériences d'immobilisation laissent penser que les antennes jouent un rôle dans la perception de la gravité. Les chenilles de stades ultérieurs ont présenté une géotaxie négative bien que la réponse à la gravité disparaisse chez les chenilles vagabondes en prénymphe. La prénymphose est aussi caractérisée par une inversion des réponses à la lumière.相似文献
19.
The developmental threshold and heat-unit requirements for larval eclosion of the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (L.) [Lepidoptera: Geometridae], were determined from experiments involving eggs exposed to various chilling and warming treatments. The developmental threshold was determined to be 4 °C. Eggs which were chilled below the developmental threshold required fewer heat-units for larval eclosion than did eggs not given a chill treatment. Eggs cultured at 14 °C required 470 (±47) degree-days for 50% larval eclosion. However, eggs chilled for 2 weeks at 1 °C and subsequently placed at 14 °C required 382 (±33) degree-days while eggs chilled for 12 weeks at 1 °C and subsequently placed at 14 °C required 156 (±12) degree-days. The results are discussed in relation to chilling intensity, diapause, and physiological-time models.
Résumé Le seuil de développement et la quantité de chaleur nécessaires pour l'éclosion larvaire chez Operophtera brumata (L.) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) ont été déterminés en exposant les oeufs à différents régimes de refroidissement suivis de périodes de réchauffement. Le seuil de développement déterminé est de 4 °C. Les oeufs placés d'abord à des températures inférieures à celle du seuil de développement demandent moins de quantité de chaleur pour l'éclosion larvaire, que les oeufs qui n'ont pas été exposés à de basses températures. Les oeufs maintenus à 14 °C demandent 470 (±47) degrés-jours pour permettre 50% d'éclosion. Cependant, des oeufs maintenus pendant 2 semaines à 1 °C, puis à 14 °C, exigent 382 (±33) degrés-jours; ceux placés pendant 12 semaines à 1 °C, puis à 14 °C, en exigent 156 (±12). Les résultats sont discutés en relation avec l'intensité du refroidissement, la diapause et les modèles physiologico-temporels.相似文献
20.
Andrea Battisti José A. Hódar Rodolfo Hernández Stig Larsson 《Ecological Entomology》2023,48(1):102-111
- In gregarious insects, groups commonly originate from females laying eggs in masses and feeding groups are established as soon as larvae hatch. Some group-living insect species may aggregate beyond the individual parent level, such that offspring from two or more egg masses develop within a common resource.
- Here we show that aggregative oviposition can vary with population density at oviposition and possibly be an important factor in outbreak dynamics of phytophagous insects.
- We analysed density data with respect to egg mass aggregation for two species of pine processionary moths, Thaumetopoea pinivora (in Sweden 2005–2019) and T. pityocampa (in Spain 1973–1991). Both species lay their eggs in egg masses and feed in groups. During the study periods, insect population density for both species varied by at least an order of magnitude.
- The two species showed strikingly similar patterns of egg mass aggregation. Egg masses were overdispersed at high population density, with few trees showing a high load of egg masses.
- Our data suggest that aggregative oviposition can be important in explaining the previously documented higher propensity for outbreaks in insects laying eggs in clusters, compared with those laying individual eggs.