First Report of Stem Canker on Phoenix Tree (Firmiana simplex) Caused by Fusarium oxysporum in China

A stem canker disease was observed on the phoenix trees located in the region of Dezhou, Shandong province. Symptomatic stems were collected and evaluated for the possible casual agent of the disease. A fungus resembling Fusarium sp. was consistently isolated from pieces of symptomatic tissues. The fungus formed abundant aerial mycelium on potato dextrose agar and produced the micro‐ and macro‐conidia on carnation leaf agar. The nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer of the rDNA from three representative isolates showed 100% identical to those of Fusarium oxysporum isolates deposited in the GenBank database. On the basis of morphological characteristics, pathogenicity test and molecular identification, the causal agent was identified as F. oxysporum. To our knowledge, this is the first report of stem canker on phoenix tree caused by F. oxysporum in China.     

红豆杉内生真菌次生代谢物的分离鉴定及其抗菌活性 分析

以产紫杉醇类化合物的云南红豆杉内生真菌12.3.2为目标菌株,对其次生代谢物进行分离鉴定和抗菌活性研究。通过硅胶柱层析,共分离得到3个主要成分,红外光谱、质谱、核磁共振氢谱等光谱解析鉴定其分别为松柏烯、邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯、油酸乙酯。生物活性试验表明3种化合物对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草杆菌、大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌和白色链球菌这5种致病菌都有一定的抑制作用。其中松柏烯对金黄色葡球菌、枯草杆菌和白色念珠菌有较强的抑制作用。松柏烯是首次报道从植物内生真菌次生代谢物中分离得到,这为松柏烯的来源开辟了一条重要的途径,同时也为松柏烯的进一步开发利用奠定了基础。     

宁前胡内生真菌Fusarium tricinctum次生代谢产物研究

为研究宁前胡内生真菌Fusariumtricinctum次生代谢产物,采用液体发酵法发酵内生真菌,利用硅胶、凝胶、MPLC、制备液相等多种方法分离获得13个单体化合物。利用波谱方法分别鉴定为cyclo-(L-pro-L-pro)(1)、cyclo-(S-pro-S-leu)(2)、cyclo-(L-phe-L-phe)(3)、cyclo-(D-pro-L-phe)(4)、cyclo-(L-pro-L-phe)(5)、cyclo-(D-pro-L-leu)(6)、cyclo-(S-pro-S-leu)(7)、cyclo-[D-(4-hydroxyprolinyl)]-(L)-leucine(8)、cyclo-[L-(4-hydroxyprolinyl)]-(L)-leucine(9)、cyclo-(trans-4-hydroxy-L-prolyl-L-phenylalanine)(10)、cyclo-(D-cis-hyp-L-phe)(11)、苯甲酸苄酯(12)和苯乙酸(13),所有化合物均首次从内生真菌F.tricinctum中分离得到。体外抗肿瘤活性显示,化合物4、6、7对CAR、CAL27、SCC-4、SCC-9、HSC-3五种口腔癌肿瘤细胞有一定的细胞毒活性。     

Fusarium spp. are Responsible for Shoot Canker of Kumquat in China

Shoot and branch canker and tree decline of kumquat (Fortunella margarita cv. Guban) were recorded in Yangshuo County, Guilin City, in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China during 2008–2011. Fusarium oxysporum and a new Fusarium species within the Gibberella fujikuroi complex (Fusarium sp. GLB1) were isolated repeatedly from the infected shoots and branches. Species identifications were verified by their high translation elongation factor 1‐alpha (TEF1) sequence similarity with those of the species epitypes. Koch's postulates were fulfilled on kumquat (cv. Guban) and mandarin establishing pathogenicity. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Fusarium shoot canker disease caused by F. oxysporum and Fusarium sp. on kumquat.     

Alterations in Root Exudation of Intercropped Tomato Mediated by the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Glomus mosseae and the Soilborne Pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can control soilborne diseases such as Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (Fol). Root exudates play an important role in plant–microbe interactions in the rhizosphere, especially, in the initial phase of these interactions. In this work, we focus on (i) elucidating dynamics in root exudation of Solanum lycopersicum L. in an intercropping system due to AMF and/or Fol; (ii) its effect on Fol development in vitro; and (iii) the testing of the root exudate compounds identified in the chromatographic analyses in terms of effects on fungal growth in in vitro assays. GC‐MS analyses revealed an AMF‐dependent increase in sugars and decrease in organic acids, mainly glucose and malate. In the HPLC analyses, an increase in chlorogenic acid was evident in the combined treatment of AMF and Fol, which is to our knowledge the first report about an increase in chlorogenic acid in root exudates of AM plants challenged with Fol compared with plants inoculated with AMF only, clearly indicating changes in root exudation due to AMF and Fol. Root exudates of AMF tomato plants stimulate the germination rate of Fol, whereas the co‐inoculation of AMF and Fol leads to a reduction in spore germination. In the in vitro assays, citrate and chlorogenic acid could be identified as possible candidates for the reduction in Fol germination rate in the root exudates of the AMF+Fol treatment because they proved inhibition at concentrations naturally occurring in the rhizosphere.     

Emergence of Antagonism Against the Pathogenic Fungus Fusarium oxysporum by Interplay Among Non‐Antagonistic Bacteria in a Hydroponics Using Multiple Parallel Mineralization

The rhizosphere microbial community in a multiple parallel mineralization (MPM) system contributes to suppression of root‐borne diseases. We hypothesized this phenomenon can be attributed to the interplay of non‐antagonistic bacteria rather than to a single antagonistic microbe. In this study, we tested this hypothesis by investigating the potential roles of bacterial interplay in a subset of MPM microbiota in the suppression of the fungal phytopathogen Fusarium oxysporum. Bacterial strains isolated from the MPM system were subjected to in vitro and in planta tests on F. oxysporum. A community of seven bacterial strains (Kaistia sp. TBD58, Sphingopyxis sp. TBD84, Bosea sp. TBD101, Ancylobacter sp. TBD132, Cupriavidus sp. TBD162, Brevibacillus sp. TBD179 and Sphingopyxis sp. TBD181) suppressed F. oxysporum growth. None of the strains alone was antagonistic against F. oxysporum, whereas several pairs of those non‐antagonistic strains inhibited its growth. Morphological observations showed the formation of swollen F. oxysporum cells in the presence of these bacterial pairs. The same bacterial pairs also suppressed Fusarium wilt disease in Arabidopsis thaliana. These results indicate that a complex bacterial interplay among non‐antagonistic bacteria can significantly contribute to the development of antagonism against F. oxysporum in the context of the MPM system.     

Population structure and linkage disequilibrium in a large collection of Fusarium oxysporum strains analysed through iPBS markers

In the current study, 160 pathogenic strains of Fusarium oxysporum collected from tomato, eggplant and pepper were studied. Eighteen inter‐primer binding site (iPBS)‐retrotransposon primers were used, and these primers generated 205 scorable polymorphic bands. The number of polymorphic bands per primer varied between 9 and 19, with a mean of 11 bands per primer. The highest polymorphism information content (PIC) value was determined as 0.27, and the lowest was 0.05. The unweighted pair‐group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) dendrogram including a heat map revealed that the 160 pathogenic strains of F. oxysporum were divided into two main clusters. The first cluster mainly included F. oxysporum f. sp. capsici (FOC) and F. oxysporum f. sp. melongenae (FOMG) isolates. The second cluster mainly comprised F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) and F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis lycopersici (FORL) isolates. The highest percentage of loci in significant linkage disequilibrium (LD) was detected for FOL, whereas the lowest level of LD was found for FOC, and 95.2%, 99.4%, 99.1% and 97.4% of the relative kinship estimates were less than 0.4 for FOL, FOMG, FORL and FOC, respectively. LD differences were detected among formae speciales, and LD was higher in FOL as compare to FOC species. The findings of this study confirm that iPBS‐retrotransposon markers are highly polymorphic at the intraspecific level in Fusarium spp.     

海绵共生真菌产黄青霉LS16抗菌活性物质的分离及结构鉴定

海洋真菌能够产生大量活性独特的次级代谢产物。为了探明海绵共生真菌产黄青霉LS16发酵液中抗副溶血弧菌Vibrio parahemolyticus的活性物质,本实验对副溶血弧菌Vibrio parahemolyticus的抑菌活性进行跟踪,采用VLC（vacuum liquid chromatography）、Sephadex LH-20柱层析、薄层层析和高效液相色谱等技术,从海绵共生真菌LS16乙酸乙酯发酵液中分离纯化得到5个化合物。进一步实验证明,化合物2具有抗副溶血弧菌Vibrio parahemolyticus活性。根据该化合物的波谱数据（¹H NMR、¹³C NMR）对其化学结构进行鉴定,确定其分子式为C₁₅H₁₅NO₃,为生物碱类化合物。     

Fusarium oxysporum mediates systems metabolic reprogramming of chickpea roots as revealed by a combination of proteomics and metabolomics

Molecular changes elicited by plants in response to fungal attack and how this affects plant–pathogen interaction, including susceptibility or resistance, remain elusive. We studied the dynamics in root metabolism during compatible and incompatible interactions between chickpea and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri (Foc), using quantitative label‐free proteomics and NMR‐based metabolomics. Results demonstrated differential expression of proteins and metabolites upon Foc inoculations in the resistant plants compared with the susceptible ones. Additionally, expression analysis of candidate genes supported the proteomic and metabolic variations in the chickpea roots upon Foc inoculation. In particular, we found that the resistant plants revealed significant increase in the carbon and nitrogen metabolism; generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lignification and phytoalexins. The levels of some of the pathogenesis‐related proteins were significantly higher upon Foc inoculation in the resistant plant. Interestingly, results also exhibited the crucial role of altered Yang cycle, which contributed in different methylation reactions and unfolded protein response in the chickpea roots against Foc. Overall, the observed modulations in the metabolic flux as outcome of several orchestrated molecular events are determinant of plant's role in chickpea–Foc interactions.     

Development of a bioassay to assess resistance to Fusarium oxysporum (Schlecht.) in asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.)

Fusarium oxysporum is one of the major pathogens causing root and crown rot in asparagus. Breeding of cultivars resistant to F. oxysporum would be the most efficient strategy for pathogen control. In this study, a bioassay was developed for screening seedling resistance. The non‐destructive bioassay comprises inoculation with a highly aggressive F. oxysporum isolate, incubation in a climate chamber and quantification of disease symptoms by a digital image analysing system and a PTA‐ELISA. This bioassay is simple to implement and demonstrated high reproducibility. Subsequently, it was used to determine the resistance behaviour of 16 asparagus genotypes to F. oxysporum. The asparagus cultivars revealed different levels of susceptibility, whereas the wild relative A. densiflorus was confirmed to be resistant.     

Purification and characterization of a lectin from endophytic fungus Fusarium solani having complex sugar specificity

A lectin from the mycelial extract of an endophytic strain of Fusarium solani was purified. Its hemagglutinating activity was inhibited by glycoproteins possessing N-linked as well as O-linked glycans. The thermodynamics and kinetics of binding of glycans and glycoproteins to F. solani lectin was studied using surface plasmon resonance. The lectin showed high affinity for asialofetuin, asialomucin, asialofibrinogen, and thyroglobulin; and comparatively low affinity for mucin, fetuin, fibrinogen, and holotransferrin. Glycoproteins showed several fold higher affinity than their corresponding glycans with significant contribution from enthalpy and positive entropy, suggesting the involvement of non-polar protein-protein interaction. Moreover, the higher affinity of the glycoproteins was due to their faster association rates and low activation energy.     

Development of a TaqMan Real‐Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Detection and Quantification of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in Soil

Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL), is an important disease of tomato. Pathogenicity and vegetative compatibility tests, although reliable, are laborious for the identification of FOL isolates and cannot efficiently quantify population densities of FOL in the soil. The objective of this study was to develop a rapid, sensitive and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for detecting and quantifying FOL in soil. An inexpensive and relatively simple method for soil DNA extraction and purification was developed based on bead‐beating and a silica‐based DNA‐binding method. A TaqMan probe and PCR primers were designed using the DNA sequence of the species‐specific virulence gene SIX1, which is only present in isolates of FOL, not in isolates of other formae speciales or non‐pathogenic isolates of F. oxysporum. The real‐time PCR assay successfully amplified isolates of three races of FOL used in this study and quantified FOL DNA in soils, with a detection limit of 0.44 pg of genomic DNA of FOL in 20 μl of the real‐time PCR. A spiking test performed by adding different concentrations of conidia to soil showed a significant linear relationship between the amount of genomic DNA of FOL detected by the real‐time PCR assay and the concentration of conidia added. In addition, the real‐time PCR assay revealed a significant quadratic regression for a glasshouse experiment between disease severity and DNA concentration of FOL. The soil DNA extraction method and real‐time PCR assay developed in this study could be used to determine population densities of FOL in soil, develop threshold models to predict Fusarium wilt severity, identify high‐risk fields and measure the impact of cultural practices on FOL populations in soils.     

内生真菌X1-2次级代谢产物研究

在从神农架地区特有植物内生真菌中寻找各种活性次级代谢产物的过程中,从濒危植物珙桐叶片中分离得到一株内生真菌X1-2。经过高效液相色谱(HPLC)和薄板色谱(TLC)分析其固体发酵产物多样性,通过正相硅胶柱层析、重结晶、高效液相色谱制备等手段纯化次级代谢产物,从该真菌中分离获得四个次级代谢产物。经核磁共振波谱(NMR),质谱(MS)等波谱学方法鉴定其结构,四个化合物分别为icosalide A1(1),militarinone A(2),(+)-N-deoxymilitarinone A(3),β-hydroxytetradecanoyl-β-hydroxyl tetraecanoyl-Rha-Rha-C_(14)-C_(14)(4),其中icosalide A1(1),militarinone A(2),(+)-N-deoxymilitarinone A(3)为三个复杂的生物碱类化合物,而化合物4是首次从真菌中获得。     

Genetic Diversity of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lentis Population Affecting Lentil in Syria

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is an important food legume crop in Syria. Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lentis – Fol) is a key yield‐limiting factor in the country. The genetic diversity of Fol population was studied using 96 isolates collected from different parts of the country using molecular markers. A total of 16 markers, random amplified polymorphic DNA, simple sequence repeats and inter‐simple sequence repeats were used and 218 polymorphic markers (scorable bands) were obtained. Cluster and structure analyses grouped the isolates into three major groups and subgroups indicating high genetic diversity in the pathogen populations. The molecular variance within the population accounted 87% of the total variation indicating high diversity within population than among geographic locations. The result of this study showed that no alleles were linked to specific province, and therefore, screening for the Fusarium wilt in one location using virulent isolates could be enough to save time and resources.     

产紫杉醇内生真菌TMS-26的分离和鉴定

为丰富产紫杉醇植物内生真菌资源库,从曼地亚红豆杉Taxus media茎中分离得到一株产紫杉醇的内生真菌TMS-26。通过对TMS-26的发酵提取物进行高效液相色谱分析,发现其具有与紫杉醇标准品(4.545 min)相近的色谱特征峰。进一步通过液质联用仪检测发现,内生真菌TMS-26的发酵提取物中具有与紫杉醇标准品((M+Na)+=876)相近的质谱特征峰,表明内生真菌TMS-26能够产生紫杉醇。同时通过传统形态学分类鉴定方法和18S r DNA序列分析、Internal-transcribed spacer(ITS)序列分析等现代分子生物学分类鉴定方法,最终将内生真菌TMS-26鉴定为曲霉属烟曲霉Aspergillus fumigatus,并命名为"烟曲霉TMS-26"。     

一株来自于伊犁贝母的内生尖孢镰孢菌Y1的抑菌活性初步研究

从新疆巩留县伊犁贝母的新鲜鳞茎中分离到一株具有分泌抑菌活性物质的内生尖孢镰孢菌Fusarium oxysporumY1,该菌在7种不同培养基上生长时显示出不同的菌落生长特征,而且只在沙氏培养基中生长时才具有分泌抑菌活性物质的能力。抑菌活性筛选结果表明:由该菌及其发酵液制备的发酵液浸膏、菌体裂解液浸膏以及经进一步纯化后获得的乙酸乙酯浸膏和正丁醇浸膏均具有明显的抑菌活性,其中以发酵液的乙酸乙酯浸膏和菌体裂解液的正丁醇浸膏活性最强,它们对金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus、表皮葡萄球菌Staphylococcus epidermidis、枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis、藤黄八叠球菌Sarcina lutea和大肠杆菌Escherichia coli的最低抑菌浓度均小于25μg/mL。     

Identification and validation of reference genes for RT‐qPCR analysis in banana (Musa spp.) under Fusarium wilt resistance induction conditions

Banana (Musa spp.) is severely damaged by Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). Biocontrol by inducing systemic resistance has been considered as one of the most important strategies to improve plant health. Very few studies have investigated appropriate reference gene selection for RT‐qPCR (quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction) analysis suitable for conditions of systemic activated resistance. In this study, we assessed over a time‐course the expression of seven candidate reference genes (EF1, TUB, ACT1, ACT2, L2, RPS2 and RAN) for Cavendish cultivar Brazilian (Musa spp. AAA) and dwarf banana cultivar Guangfen No. 1 (Musa spp. ABB) that were inoculated by Bacillus subtilis strain TR21 and Foc. We choose these plants because they are commonly planted in Southern China. Expression stability of the candidate genes was evaluated using various software packages (GeNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper). L2 and TUB genes displayed maximum stability in Guangfen No. 1. In Brazilian, ACT1 and TUB were the most stable genes. To further validate the suitability of the reference genes identified in this study, the expression of pathogenesis‐related 1 (PR1) gene under TR21 and Foc strains Foc004/Foc009 treatments was also studied. Identified reference genes in this work that are most suitable for normalizing gene expression data in banana under Fusarium wilt resistance induction conditions will contribute to the understanding of disease resistance mechanisms induced by biocontrol strains in banana.     

一株银杏内生真菌的分离及其产黄酮类物质的初步研究

从银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)树叶中分离得到一株内生真菌EG4,经鉴定为刺盘孢Colle-totrichum sp．。应用薄层层析、显色反应及分光光度法对该菌的发酵产物进行了初步分析,结果表明该真菌能够产生黄酮类化合物。