付疃河流域中下游大型底栖动物群落结构与水质生物学评价

2018年12月-2019年10月对山东省日照市付疃河流域中下游大型底栖动物及相应水环境因子进行分季节的监测,并对底栖动物群落组成、多样性特征及与水质因子的相关性进行分析。结果表明,调查共采集底栖动物42种（环节动物14种、节肢动物20种、软体动物8种）,广泛分布物种为霍甫水丝蚓（Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri）、水丝蚓属（Limnodrilus sp.）及摇蚊属（Chironomus sp.）;底栖动物总密度呈春季 > 冬季 > 秋季 > 夏季;CCA （Canonical Correspondence Analysis）分析表明环节动物与COD、TP有显著正相关性,各门类与NH₃-N相关性差异较大;底栖动物多样性分布特征与河流水源结构有关。采用生物多样性指标、指示物种水质生物学指标进行水质评价,Shannon-Wiener指数、Margalef指数评级偏差,Pielou指数评级偏优,而指示物种水质生物学评价（Goodnight-Whitley指数、相对重要性指数及Wright指数）基本一致,整体平均处于中污染,评价过程仍须考虑河流及物种客观属性特征,得到更具适用性的评价管理方法。     

黄河三角洲土壤运行多样性初步调查研究

1995－1996年对黄河三角洲9个代表性样区,进行了土壤运动定性,定量调查,并对古代,近代,现代黄河三角洲3个代表性样区开展了土壤动物周年调查,研究了土壤动物的种类组成,分布和节季变化,以及土壤动物多样性,调查研究结果,黄河三角洲共鉴定出土壤运动38种,土壤运动种类组成和数量分布因三个三角洲成土年龄不同而存在差异,土壤运动多样性以夏季为丰富,黄河三角洲土壤运动多样性]与均匀度表现为正相关关系,与单纯度呈负相关趋势。     

Circardian rhythm of mitoses in the epithelium of the cornea after splenectomy]

In corneal epithelium of CBA mice the index of colchicine mitoses diminished after splenectomy in the day period characterized by rising mitotic activity in control animals. The duration of active phase of cell division rhythm shortened while the maximum of mitotic activity delayed in comparison with control animals. The total amount of cells entering mitosis during 24 hours diminished by 27.7% and the rate of physiological regeneration of corneal epithelium decreased.     

Age Peculiarities of the Calpain/Calpastatin Cerebral System in Rats: Relation to the Hypothesis of Brain Aging

We studied age-related changes in the activity of calpain, those in the activity of its endogenous inhibitor calpastatin, and the ratio of these indices in the brain of rats of four age groups (2-3 weeks, 2-3, 5-6, and 24 months). The activity of calpain was estimated using FITC casein as the substrate. In a soluble fraction of the brain homogenate, the enzyme activity in general increased with age. In mature rats (5 to 6 months old), this index exceeded 3.65 times the corresponding index in juvenile (2 to 3 weeks old) animals, while in old animals this index somewhat decreased. In the fraction obtained after separation of calpain from other components using DEAE-cellulose chromatography, the age-related trend toward an increase in the activity of calpain was preserved, but it was much more moderate. The activity of calpastatin demonstrated an opposite direction of age changes: it was the maximum in 2-3-week-old animals and gradually decreased (by 27%) in old rats. We also found that the efficacy of inhibitory action of calpastatin in the cerebral tissue with respect to the activity of calpain was, as a rule, redundant. In this case, the ratio of inhibitor/enzyme activities decreased with age; this index was 1.65, 1.33, 1.1, and 1.0 or less in 2-3-week-old, 2-month-old, mature, and old animals. Therefore, we found that the intensity of calpain-mediated proteolysis in the rat brain increases from the juvenile period to the mature age and somewhat decreases in old individuals. Such alterations are developed at the expense of both an increase in the activity of the enzyme and weakening of the action of its inhibitor (calpastatin).     

Genetic differences based on a beef terminal index are reflected in future phenotypic performance differences in commercial beef cattle

The increased demand for animal-derived protein and energy for human consumption will have to be achieved through a combination of improved animal genetic merit and better management strategies. The objective of the present study was to quantify whether differences in genetic merit among animals materialised into phenotypic differences in commercial herds. Carcass phenotypes on 156 864 animals from 7301 finishing herds were used, which included carcass weight (kg), carcass conformation score (scale 1 to 15), carcass fat score (scale 1 to 15) at slaughter as well as carcass price. The price per kilogram and the total carcass value that the producer received for the animal at slaughter was also used. A terminal index, calculated in the national genetic evaluations, was obtained for each animal. The index was based on pedigree index for calving performance, feed intake and carcass traits from the national genetic evaluations. Animals were categorised into four terminal index groups on the basis of genetic merit estimates that were derived before the expression of the phenotypic information by the validation animals. The association between terminal index and phenotypic performance at slaughter was undertaken using mixed models; whether the association differed by gender (i.e. young bulls, steers and heifers) or by early life experiences (animals born in a dairy herd or beef herd) was also investigated. The regression coefficient of phenotypic carcass weight, carcass conformation and carcass fat on their respective estimated breeding values (EBVs) was 0.92 kg, 1.08 units and 0.79 units, respectively, which is close to the expectation of one. Relative to animals in the lowest genetic merit group, animals in the highest genetic merit group had, on average, a 38.7 kg heavier carcass, with 2.21 units greater carcass conformation, and 0.82 units less fat. The superior genetic merit animals were, on average, slaughtered 6 days younger than their inferior genetic merit contemporaries. The superior carcass characteristics of the genetically elite animals materialised in carcasses worth €187 more than those of the lowest genetic merit animals. Although the phenotypic difference in carcass traits of animals divergent in terminal index differed statistically by animal gender and early life experience, the detected interactions were generally biologically small. This study clearly indicates that selection on an appropriate terminal index will produce higher performing animals and this was consistent across all production systems investigated.     

Circadian rhythms in the mitotic index of the basal epithelium and in the uptake rate of 3 H-thymidine by the tongue of the rat

Circadian rhythms are demonstrated in the tongue of adult rats for both the mitotic index of the basal epithelium and the uptake rate of injected 3H-thymidine by the tongue tip. The animals were entrained to a light-dark cycle for four weeks prior to the experiments with the light phase extending from 0600 to 1800 hours (CST). The daily fluctuation is approximately 300% for the mitotic index and 185% for the uptake rate of 3H-thymi-dine. The highest mitotic index occurs at 1100, and the highest uptake of 3H-thymidine occurs four hours earlier at 0700. The least activity for both parameters occurs during the first part of the dark span of the light-dark cycle. Estimates of several other rhythmic parameters are determined by a computerized method.     

重金属污染对土壤动物群落结构及空间分布的影响

2002年6月,通过对淮南煤矿和发电厂灰场周围等8个样地采样调查,共获得大型及中小型土壤动物3859个,计22类,隶属4门9纲,优势类群为弹尾类、螨类、线虫类,占全部捕获土壤动物的74%;其余为常见类群和稀有类群.重金属污染对土壤动物的影响非常明显.在洛河发电厂灰场大坝外围,土壤动物群落的个体数和类群数随着距灰场水平距离的缩小和污染的加重而减少.土壤动物群落个体数和类群数在土层的垂直分布出现了逆分布或变化和缓现象,在土壤表层的聚集性消失.随着重金属污染的加重,土壤动物群落多样性指数、均匀性指数、密度-类群指数均趋于减小,优势度指数趋于增大.     

Changes in the learning ability of epiphysectomized rats

The experiments on rats have shown changes in the learning ability of animals. The learning of locomotor reactions of escape and avoidance conditioned reflex was accelerated in animals after pinealectomy. Training of rats in U-shaped and 16-door mazes was significantly affected after pinealectomy. The index of reflex retention (1 and 7 days later) was not changed in the operated animals. Epithalamin (0.5 mg/kg for 5 days) selectively facilitated learning of visual and space discrimination.     

天童常绿阔叶林五个演替阶段凋落物中的土壤动物群落

为探讨森林凋落物中土壤动物群落的结构特征以及土壤动物群落随植被演替而发生的变化 ,于 2 0 0 3年冬季 ,对浙江天童常绿阔叶林 5个演替阶段凋落物中的土壤动物群落 ,按代表不同分解阶段的新鲜凋落物层、腐叶层和腐殖土层进行了调查研究。共获得土壤动物 13381只 ,分别隶属于 2门 8纲 2 0目。优势类群为蜱螨目 (Arcarina)和弹尾目 (Collem bola) ,二者共占总数的 94 .2 4 % ,A/ C为 7.6 6 ;常见类群为双翅目 (Diptera)。研究结果表明 :(1)凋落物中的土壤动物群落存在明显的有别于真土层的垂直分布 ,类群数和个体数总体表现为向下递增的趋势。共有 19类、5 9.0 3%的土壤动物分布在底部腐殖土层 ,仅 8类、5 .35 %的土壤动物分布在新鲜凋落物层 ,其余共 8类分布在中间腐叶层。而且 ,不同类群在各演替阶段的分布表现出一定的差异 ;(2 )凋落物中土壤动物群落随植物群落的演替而发生明显的变化 :个体总数和类群总数在演替顶极阶段最高 ,其次为中期阶段 ,演替初期最低。但是 ,在目这一分类等级上 ,各演替阶段凋落物中土壤动物群落的主要类群基本一致 ,均为蜱螨目、弹尾目、双翅目和鳞翅目 (L epidoptera) ;(3)相似性分析表明 ,演替中期凋落物中土壤动物群落与顶极阶段最为相似 ;但它们的Shannon- Wiener多样性     

The microsomal oxidation system of the liver in the aging of animals with various specific lifespans

Experiments, carried out on adult and old animals with different specific lifespan (rat, guinea pig, rabbit, and dog), revealed age-related changes in content and activity of liver microsomal oxidation enzymes (cytochrome P-450, b5, aminopyrine demethylase, aniline hydroxylase). The changes become more pronounced with age. This allows to classify these species as chronobiological ones. A negative correlation between the specific lifespan and the level of decrease in activity of aminopyridine demethylase, an integral index of electron transport rate in microsomal chain, in aged animals was established.     

贵州仙家洞和忆苦洞洞穴动物群落多样性及其环境因子的影响

为了解矿区洞穴动物群落多样性特征及其影响因素,于2019年3月对贵州松桃锰矿区仙家洞和忆苦洞的动物进行了调查,运用主成分(PCA)综合分析了环境因子对洞穴动物群落多样性的影响,并利用潜在生态危害指数对洞穴内土壤重金属的生态风险水平进行了评价.结果 表明:共获动物标本445号,隶属4门8纲18目32科,其中仙家洞178号...     

Mitotic activity of the lymphocytes of the thymus cortex in hypokinesia during the period of readaptation

The changes in the weight and mitotic index were studied in the cortex of the thymus of Wistar rats during 10-day hypokinesia and 10-day readaptation (restoration). 24 hours after immobilization of the animals the mitotic index was 2 times as lower. No complete readaptation was attained during 10-day hypokinesia. No readaptation was attained during 10-day hypokinesia. In readaptation the stage of secondary stress was found (the mitotic index was 3.5 times as reduced), the stage of genuine restoration being revealed after 10 days.     

Evaluation of radioimmunoprecipitation for the detection of bovine leukemia virus infection in domestic cattle.

The potential application of a recently developed radioimmunoprecipitation test for antibody directed against the major structural protein of bovine leukemia virus was evaluated for use in detection of BLV-infection in domestic cattle. This technique was found to be considerably more sensitive than serologic procedures currently being utilized for this purpose. Radioimmunoprecipitation was also shown to have distinct advantages as compared to hematologic criteria, such as specified by Bendixen's index, for identification of BLV-infected animals. By the use of radioimmunoprecipitation, high levels of antibody to BLV were demonstrated in sera of animals with confirmed adult lymphosarcoma, but not in animals with a less common sporadic form of the disease which occurs in calves.     

Mast cell population in rats with experimental atherosclerosis

Mast cell population was studied in rats with experimental atherosclerosis. It has been established that animals kept for 8 months on atherogenic diet revealed marked changes in mast cell population. Predominance of light cells and cell defects were noted. Heparin saturation index was reduced (0.35), as compared to the control (3.9). Stimulation of anticoagulation system by DIP-alpha-thrombin in such animals revealed no heparin in the blood. Mast cell subpopulation was characterized by light cell predominance and low heparin saturation index. The nature of cell degradation remained unchanged. The data obtained indicate the defects in mast cell pool in animals with experimental atherosclerosis.     

上海宝钢工业区凋落物中土壤动物群落结构及季节变化

为探讨城市工业区凋落物中土壤动物的群落特征, 作者于2005年夏季至2006年春季, 对上海市宝山钢铁公司厂区不同功能区(生产区、过渡区和办公区)凋落物中的土壤动物进行了调查。共捕获土壤动物52,070 只, 分别隶属于3门10纲19目, 优势类群为蜱螨目和弹尾目, 二者共占总数的90.60%; 常见类群为鳞翅目和近孔寡毛目。不同功能区的优势类群相同, 常见类群相异, 且土壤动物总密度随着生产区-过渡区-办公区呈现递减趋势; 不同功能区凋落物和不同绿化类型(乔木和灌木)中的5种指数呈现规律不同: Simpson优势度指数(C)、Margalef丰富度指数(D)为中间过渡区高, 两边区域低; Pielou均匀度指数(E)为生产区>办公区>过渡区; DG指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数表现为生产区>过渡区>办公区; 凋落物中土壤动物数量的季节变化为冬季>秋季>夏季>春季, 而类群数量为冬季=秋季>夏季=春季; 不同功能区凋落物pH值、有机碳、总氮和总磷含量不同, 其中pH值、总氮达到显著性差异, 对凋落物中土壤动物有一定影响。     

Effects of melatonin on synaptic ribbons in pinealocytes of the Chinese hamster,Cricetulus griseus

Summary The effects of melatonin on synaptic ribbons (SR) in pinealocytes of the Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) were examined. SR were classified into types 1, 2 and 3, which appear as rods, round or irregular bodies and ring-shaped structures, respectively; a synaptic ribbon index (SR index) was determined for the three types. Administration of two doses of 1.5 mg/kg melatonin at noon and 3 p.m. causes an increase in the type-1 and type-2 SR indices 3 h after the second injection in hamsters kept under alternating light and dark conditions (lights on from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m.). Likewise, in animals that are exposed to extended light for 6 h and receive two doses of melatonin at 7 p.m. and 10 p.m., an increase in the type-1 and type-2 SR indices occurs 3 h after the second injection. The increase in the type-2 SR index induced by melatonin administration to hamsters exposed to extended light is greater than the increase in the type-1 SR index under the same experimental conditions. Type-2 SR index, but not type-1 SR index, increases following bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy. An increase in type-1 and type-2 SR indices occurs at 6 p.m. in ganglionectomized animals administered two doses of melatonin 6 h (noon) and 3 h (3 p.m.) before the time of sacrifice. No significant change is observed in type-3 SR index in animals subjected to any of the above treatments. The results indicate that exogenous melatonin may act directly on pinealocytes of the Chinese hamster to cause an increase in size and/or number of the type-1 and type-2 SR. Type 3-SR may have a role different from that of type-1 and type-2 SR; type-1 and type-2 SR may be functionally related.     

Identifying native animals in crossbred populations: the case of the Sardinian goat population

The aim of this work was to develop a strategy for using a genetic analysis for identifying native animals in regions where local breeds have been crossed with improved breeds and then compare that strategy to the overall morphology and breeding histories of the herds for identifying these animals. The experiment included the Sardinian goat population, which is a crossbred of native animals with the Maltese breed. Whole herds were assigned to Maltese (five herds; 49 animals), crossbred (18 herds; 117 animals) or Sardinian (12 herds; 164 animals) groups. For the genetic analysis, genotypes of 22 microsatellites were determined on 330 animals, and basic measurements of genetic diversity were calculated. Genetic variability in the microsatellites was different in the three groups. High positive F _IS showed that inbreeding existed in the subpopulations. The index of genetic differentiation, Nei's standard genetic distance and Reynolds' genetic distance were calculated and found to be significantly different between the three groups. The Sardinian and Maltese groups were the most distant whereas the crossbred group was closer to the Sardinian group. The proportion of the genome derived from two ancestral populations (native Sardinian and Maltese) was assessed using the structure software. Animals were assigned to three clusters on the basis of native Sardinian thresholds. A good correspondence between the empirical (morphology and breeding histories) and the objective genetic analysis was found. Both approaches indicate the presence of three different subpopulations in the Sardinian goat population.     

Updating the reference population to achieve constant genomic prediction reliability across generations

The reliability of genomic breeding values (DGV) decays over generations. To keep the DGV reliability at a constant level, the reference population (RP) has to be continuously updated with animals from new generations. Updating RP may be challenging due to economic reasons, especially for novel traits involving expensive phenotyping. Therefore, the goal of this study was to investigate a minimal RP update size to keep the reliability at a constant level across generations. We used a simulated dataset resembling a dairy cattle population. The trait of interest was not included itself in the selection index, but it was affected by selection pressure by being correlated with an index trait that represented the overall breeding goal. The heritability of the index trait was assumed to be 0.25 and for the novel trait the heritability equalled 0.2. The genetic correlation between the two traits was 0.25. The initial RP (n=2000) was composed of cows only with a single observation per animal. Reliability of DGV using the initial RP was computed by evaluating contemporary animals. Thereafter, the RP was used to evaluate animals which were one generation younger from the reference individuals. The drop in the reliability when evaluating younger animals was then assessed and the RP was updated to re-gain the initial reliability. The update animals were contemporaries of evaluated animals (EVA). The RP was updated in batches of 100 animals/update. First, the animals most closely related to the EVA were chosen to update RP. The results showed that, approximately, 600 animals were needed every generation to maintain the DGV reliability at a constant level across generations. The sum of squared relationships between RP and EVA and the sum of off-diagonal coefficients of the inverse of the genomic relationship matrix for RP, separately explained 31% and 34%, respectively, of the variation in the reliability across generations. Combined, these parameters explained 53% of the variation in the reliability across generations. Thus, for an optimal RP update an algorithm considering both relationships between reference and evaluated animals, as well as relationships among reference animals, is required.     

Cyclical Changes in the Testis of the Hagfish Eptatretus burgeri (Cyclostomata)

The development of the spermatogenetic stages in the testis of the hagfish Eptatretus burgeri was studied by means of histological techniques. These animals have an annual reproductive cycle with a spawning season in October. Spermatocytes begin to appear in January and reach a maximum in March. The development of spermatids of stage I and stage II starts in April and June, respectively. In August about 35% of the testicular follicles contain spermatids of stage II. The gonadosomatic index shows a more or less constant increase from November until August. During the spawning season, no animals with well developed testis could be trapped. About 10% of male hagfish bear undeveloped gonads.     

Functional evaluation of complete sciatic, peroneal, and posterior tibial nerve lesions in the rat

Quantification of peripheral nerve regeneration in animal studies of nerve injury and repair by histologic, morphologic, and electrophysiologic parameters has been controversial because such studies may not necessarily correlate with actual nerve function. This study modifies the previously described sciatic functional index (SFI), tibial functional index (TFI), and peroneal functional index (PFI) based on multiple linear regression analysis of factors derived from measurements of walking tracks in rats with defined nerve injuries. The factors that contributed to these formulas were print-length factor (PLF), toe-spread factor (TSF), and intermediary toe-spread factor (ITF). It was shown that animals with selective nerve injuries gave walking tracks that were consistent, predictable, and based on known neuromuscular deficits. The new formula for sciatic functional index was compared with previously described indices. The sciatic functional index, tibial functional index, and peroneal functional index offer the peripheral nerve investigator a noninvasive quantitative assessment of hindlimb motor function in the rat with selective hindlimb nerve injury.