Effects of copper, lead and zinc in soil on egg development and hatching of Folsomia candida

Effects of CaCl₂, CuCl₂, ZnCl₂ and PbCl₂ on development and hatching success of eggs of Folsomia candida (Collembola) were studied under laboratory conditions. Thousands of healthy eggs from synchronized cultures were incubated in soils treated with different concentrations of the metals. Compared with the water control, egg hatch significantly decreased when concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn reached 400, 1600 and 800 mg/kg dry soil, respectively. Values of EC_{50 (hatching)}, calculated according to the exponential model (with 95% confidence limits in brackets), were 625 (407–875), 2361 (2064–2687) and 1763 (1548–2000) mg/kg dry soils for Cu, Pb and Zn, respectively. When Cu concentration reached 1600 mg/kg dry soil, eggs became green and the percentage of green eggs changed from 5%–20% after incubation for 2 days to 15%–30% after incubation for 4 days. At 3200 mg Cu/kg dry soil, tissues inside eggs were black and shrunken.     

Metal Tolerance and Accumulation Ability of the Ni Hyperaccumulator Streptanthus polygaloides Gray (Brassicaceae)

High concentrations of metals occur in some plant species (termed hyperaccumulators), such as the Ni hyperaccumulator Streptanthus polygaloides. We determined the tolerance of S. polygaloides to, and its accumulation abilities for, six metals (Ni, Zn, Cu, Co, Mn, and Pb). Potting mix concentrations used for all metals ranged from 0 to 1200 μg/g dry weight. For Ni, a treatment of 1600 μg/g was included. For Mn, treatments of 1600, 2000, and 2500 μg/g also were used, and for Pb these concentrations plus 3500 μg/g were included. Germination, plant number per pot, and size at days 30 and 39, number of plants at the end of the experiment (day 49), flower production, and metal concentration in the aboveground biomass were documented. Lead and Ni showed no consistent effects on plant performance, but yielded increased tissue metal concentrations. Streptanthus polygaloides was more sensitive to Co, Cu, and Zn, as ≥ 400 mg/g significantly suppressed plant growth, survival, and flower production. Tissue metal concentrations also were increased to maxima of 1500 μg Co/g, 120 μg Cu/g, and 6000 μg Zn/g. Manganese affected S. polygaloides less markedly, as ≥ 800 mg/kg decreased growth, survival, and flower production. Maximum tissue Mn concentration was 2900 μg/g. We concluded that S. polygaloides would be an appropriate phytoextractor for soils contaminated with Ni or low levels of Co but would not be useful for Cu, Zn, Mn, and Pb.     

Trace Metals (Cd,Co, Cr,Cu, Hg,Ni, Pb,and Zn) in Food Supplements of Marine Origin

We determined the concentrations of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in dietary supplements of marine origin. Four supplement categories were studied; algae, coral, krill, and shark cartilage. A direct mercury analyzer was used for Hg determinations while acid digestions and ICP-AES were used for Cr analysis and ICP-MS for the other trace metals. Algae are the supplements showing the highest concentrations of Pb, Cr, and Ni with respective means of 1.6 mg Pb/kg dry weight (d.w.), 3.2 Cr mg/kg d.w., and 8.0 mg Ni/kg d.w. Krill supplements have the highest levels of Cd, Cu, and Zn with 0.65 mg Cd/kg d.w., 63 mg Cu/kg d.w., and 50 mg Zn/kg d.w., respectively. Shark cartilage supplements show the highest levels of Hg and Co with mean concentrations of 160 μg Hg/kg d.w. and 73 ± 51 μg Co/kg d.w., respectively. No samples in our study exceeded the provisional tolerable daily intakes set by Health Canada, the joint committee of the World Health Organization/Food and Agricultural Organization, or the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Nevertheless, Ni and Pb in algae and Hg in shark cartilage may end up contributing to a very significant portion of the allowable daily intake—leaving little room for normal intake through food consumption and other exposure pathways.     

Trace Elements in Street and Household Dusts in Amman,Jordan

This research aims at quantifying the concentrations of heavy metals within the home environment in Amman, the capital city of Jordan, and to compare the total concentrations of indoor dusts to that of exterior dusts and soils. Housedust samples were collected from different zones of Amman. Street dust samples and garden soil samples were collected in the immediate vicinity within 10–50 m of each residence. The geometric mean concentrations of metals in the household dust were Pb, 169 mg/kg; Cd, 2.92 mg/kg; Zn, 1985 mg/kg; Cu, 133 mg/kg; Cr, 66 mg/kg; Co, 21 mg/kg; Ni, 31 mg/kg; Mn, 284 mg/kg; Be, 3.0 mg/kg; Ba, 43 mg/kg; B, 697 mg/kg and Al, 1441 mg/kg. Comparisons of household dust, garden soil and street dust were based on the same particle size fraction. Results showed housedust samples to contain higher concentrations for Pb, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cd, Cu and B, than either street dust or garden soil samples. However, the differences between Pb and Cr levels in the three different sample categories were insignificant. Enrichment factor calculations and the enrichment factor ratios indicated that patterns of enrichment of indoor dust differ from that of exterior dusts.     

湖南柿竹园矿区土壤重金属含量及植物吸收特征

矿区重金属污染十分严重,寻找和发现适合当地气候与土壤条件的重金属耐性植物是矿区植被恢复和污染土壤修复的前提。对我国湖南柿竹园有色金属矿区调查发现,该地区选矿厂的重金属污染问题普遍比尾砂库严重。选矿厂土壤砷、镉、铅、锌严重超标,尾砂库周围也受到不同程度的重金属污染。土壤重金属胁迫效应影响着植物物种分布,选矿厂物种分布较少,相比之下尾砂库的植物多样性较为丰富。柿竹园矿区植物对重金属的吸收表现为富集型(如蜈蚣草Pteris Vittata L .和苎麻Boehmerianivea (L .) Gaud.)、根部囤积型(如攀倒甑Patrinia villosa和木贼Equisetum hyemale)和规避型(如蔓出卷柏Selaginelladavidii Franch和芒草Miscanthus sinensis Andlerss)等3种类型。     

Concentrations of heavy metals in vegetables between 2004 and 2018, and its impacts on human health in China

Abstract

Heavy metals in vegetables are of great concern worldwide due to their potential bioaccumulation in human. This review-based study researched the concentrations of heavy metals in vegetables from all provinces of China between 2004 and 2018, and assessed the health risk for the residents. The results displayed the highest Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn concentrations in vegetables were 0.192?mg/kg (west area), 0.071?mg/kg (central area), 3.961?mg/kg (central area), and 10.545?mg/kg (central area), which were lower than the maximum allowable concentration. In the national scale, the weighted average level of heavy metals in vegetables was found to be in the order of Zn?>?Cu?>?Pb?>?Cd. The hazard index (HI) of each province showed that beside Anhui and Hunan province, residents in other provinces of China faced a low high risk of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn. However, people consuming vegetables faced a high risk of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in Anhui and Hunan provinces. This research may provide insight into heavy metal accumulation in vegetables and forecast to residents to cope with these problems for improved human health.     

Evaluation of trace metals in sediment,water, and fish (Mugil cephalus) of the central Black Sea coast of Turkey

In this study, concentrations of trace metals such as As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Pb, Ni, Sn, Se, and Zn were determined in sediments, water, and a kind of fish (Mugil cephalus) of the central Black Sea coasts by employing Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and microwave digestion technique. Gill, muscle, liver, and other tissues were analyzed separately for each sample. The accuracy of the results were checked by using a certified reference material (DORM-4). In water samples, the metal determined at highest concentrations was Cu (1645.44 µg/L). In sediment samples, the metal determined at highest concentrations was Fe (12223.50 mg/kg). The levels of trace metals found in the different parts of the fish were: Zn in muscle tissue (30393.28 mg/kg), Sn in gill tissue (5140.08 mg/kg), and Cu in liver tissue (289.31 mg/kg). These results were also compared with various relevant guidelines and literature.     

Seasonal Variation of Metals in Seawater, Sediment, and Manila Clam Ruditapes philippinarum from China

Concentrations of trace metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Hg, and As) were determined for the first time in seawater, sediment, and Manila clam from Deer Island, Liaoning Province, China. The seawater, sediment, and clam samples were collected seasonally at three clam farming sites around Deer Island during 2010–2011. The average concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Hg, and As in the seawater samples were 4.16, 0.72, 5.88, 0.45, 2.51, 0.03, and 1.02 μg/l, respectively. The seasonal variations of trace metals in seawater showed a significant difference in the concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn, Hg, and As among seasons. The average concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Hg, and As in the sediment samples were 6.43, 13.80, 53.08, 1.10, 36.40, 0.05, and 4.78 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. Trace metal concentrations in sediment seasonally varied significantly except for Cd and Hg. The average concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Hg, and As in the clam samples were 11.28, 0.61, 92.50, 0.58, 3.98, 0.03, and 1.98 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, and As in Manila clam showed marked seasonal fluctuations with significant difference. Cu and Zn were the metals with the highest mean biosediment accumulation factor values in Manila clam. Besides, significant correlations for the concentrations of Cu and Zn relative to their concentrations in sediment were also found. Such differences in regression analyzes may be explained by differential bioaccumulation of essential and xenobiotic metals. Concentrations of trace metals in Manila clam did not exceed the maximum established regulatory concentrations for human consumption. Moreover, the calculations revealed that the estimated daily intake values for the examined clam samples were below the internationally accepted dietary guidelines and the calculated hazard quotient values were well less than 1, thus strongly indicating that health risk associated with the intake studied metals through the consumption of Manila clam from Deer Island was absent.     

An Investigation of the Soil Property Changes and Heavy Metal Accumulation in Relation to Long-term Wastewater Irrigation in the Semi-arid Region of Iran

Concentrations and spatial distribution of Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb along two landscapes including a wastewater-irrigated area and a control area were determined to assess the impact of long-term wastewater irrigation and landscape properties on heavy metal contamination. Some disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were taken from soil trenches and soil cores, located on three main landscape positions (upper slope, midslope, and lower slope) in northwestern Iran. The investigation showed that the mean concentration of the heavy metals followed the order Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd in the wastewater-irrigated soil and Pb > Zn > Cu > Cd in the control soils. On average, compared to similar positions in the control region, the wastewater-irrigated regions contained 3.0 (midslope) to 4.9 (lower slope), 2.7 (midslope) to 4.6 (lower slope), 3.3 (upper slope) to 4.1 (lower slope), and 1.7 (upper slope) to 2.6 (lower slope) times higher amounts of Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb, respectively. Significant positive relationships (P < 0.05) were recorded between the heavy metals concentration with <0.002 mm particle-size fraction and organic matter content, the fractions linked to runoff and soil erosion. It is believed that the two soil fractions play a crucial role in the distribution of the metals along the wastewater-irrigated landscape. Despite the significant increase of heavy metals (P < 0.05) in the wastewater-irrigated soils compared with control soils, the concentration of all evaluated metals was below the maximum accepted limits (Zn < 300 mg/kg, Cu < 100 mg/kg, Cd < 5 mg/kg, and Pb < 100 mg/kg), and grouped as “not-enriched” to “moderately-enriched” categories regarding the topsoil enrichment index. Overall, the lower slope was shown to be more contaminated with the heavy metals compared to the other positions.     

The Combined Effect of Cu,Zn and Pb on Enzyme Activities in Soil from the Vicinity of a Wellhead Protection Area

Heavy metals are known to have adverse effects on soil ecosystems, while soil enzyme activities are sensitive to soil pollution. This study investigated the combined effects of Cu, Zn and Pb on the activities of invertase (IN), urease (U) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in soil obtained from the vicinity of a wellhead protection area via an orthogonal array (OA) design method. The experimental results showed the following: (1) Cu showed higher inhibition on the activities of all three enzymes than Zn and Pb when three metals were all present in the soil sample. IN activity, U activity and ALP activity decreased as the levels of Cu increased, and ranged from 15.9% to 55.7%, 3.57% to 78.6%, and 3.23% to 75.3%, respectively. Their lowest values were found in samples at 35 days with 400 mg/kg Cu. (2) Zn and Pb had different influences on the activities of the three enzymes. The lowest IN activity (the highest reduction 58.0%) and U activity (76.8%) were observed when Zn was at the concentration of 100 mg/kg after 35 days, whereas the highest inhibitory function of Zn on ALP activity (75.3%) was at 300 mg/kg after 7 days. When the concentration of Pb increased from 35 to 350 mg/kg, the activities of IN (62.5%) and U (69.6%) were most inhibited at 35 days and 14 days, respectively. However, when Pb was at the concentration of 500 mg/kg after 14 days, ALP activity (72.0%) showed the lowest value. (3) With respect to the three hydrolases in this study, ALP was the most sensitive to the two-variable interactive effects of Cu, Zn and Pb, especially Cu?×?Pb. It is concluded that the soil ALP activity may be a sensitive tool for assessing additive toxic effect on soil biochemical parameters. To provide more information about the potential ecological risk of chemicals on soil ecosystems, much more should be done to clearly determine the mechanisms of the combined effects of heavy metals in soil.     

Effects of tin and lead on organ levels of essential minerals in rabbits

The effect of tin and lead on levels of essential metals (Zn, Cu, Ca, Fe) in rabbit tissues was compared in relation to the route of administration. Animals received intraperitoneally, or per os, SnCl2 (2 mg Sn/kg) or Pb(CH3COO)2 (3.5 mg Pb/kg) every day for 5 d or for 1 mo. Copper, zinc, iron, and calcium were determined by AAS in the liver, kidneys, spleen, brain, bone marrow, and blood; lead and tin concentration were measured in the blood of animals. Tin and lead administered per os caused either no changes or the decreased concentration of endogenous metals in several tissues. The other route of administration (ip) of both metals generally contributed to the increased storage of essential elements. Blood tin levels of tin treated animals were only about less than or equal to 1/10 of blood lead concentrations of rabbits exposed to lead.     

Accumulation of Indium and other heavy metals by Eleocharis acicularis: an option for phytoremediation and phytomining

Eleocharis acicularis was exposed to different concentrations of In, Ag, Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn in the laboratory to assess its capability in accumulating these metals. After 15 days, 477 mg/kg dry wt. of In was accumulated by the roots; concentrations of Ag, Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn in the shoots were 326, 1120, 575, 195, and 213 mg/kg dry wt., respectively. The results indicate that E. acicularis has the ability to accumulate these metals from water, making it a good candidate species for phytoremediation and phytomining.     

八种水生植物对重金属富集能力的比较研究

通过野外采样和系统分析方法,研究了芜湖市四褐山工业区附近水域中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn和Mn5种重金属的含量及其在8种水生植物体内的积累特性。结果表明,工业区水体污染严重,重金属含量严重超标,分别为标准值的9、10.1、400、3和438倍;8种水生植物的重金属积累量均较大,其中以水鳖根、茎叶的Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn含量最高,分别为水体中重金属浓度的9.12和2.59倍、33.41和5倍、0.8和0.3倍、26.9和9.1倍,明显高于其它7种水生植物;8种水生植物不同器官对Cu、Pb、Zn的富集系数均>1,富集能力较强。其中,香蒲对Pb、Cd的吸收能力表现为茎叶>根。结果表明,在Cu、Pb和Zn等重金属复合污染水域的植物治理中,浮萍、香蒲、水鳖、中华慈姑、芦苇、空心莲子草等植物有着较大的发展潜力和应用前景。     

Leaching Behavior of Heavy Metals and Transformation of Their Speciation in Polluted Soil Receiving Simulated Acid Rain

Heavy metals that leach from contaminated soils under acid rain are of increasing concern. In this study, simulated acid rain (SAR) was pumped through columns of artificially contaminated purple soil. Column leaching tests and sequential extraction were conducted for the heavy metals Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn to determine the extent of their leaching as well as to examine the transformation of their speciation in the artificially contaminated soil columns. Results showed that the maximum leachate concentrations of Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn were less than those specified in the Chinese Quality Standards for Groundwater (Grade IV), thereby suggesting that the heavy metals that leached from the polluted purple soil receiving acid rain may not pose as risks to water quality. Most of the Pb and Cd leachate concentrations were below their detection limits. By contrast, higher Cu and Zn leachate concentrations were found because they were released by the soil in larger amounts as compared with those of Pb and Cd. The differences in the Cu and Zn leachate concentrations between the controls (SAR at pH 5.6) and the treatments (SAR at pH 3.0 and 4.5) were significant. Similar trends were observed in the total leached amounts of Cu and Zn. The proportions of Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn in the EXC and OX fractions were generally increased after the leaching experiment at three pH levels, whereas those of the RES, OM, and CAR fractions were slightly decreased. Acid rain favors the leaching of heavy metals from the contaminated purple soil and makes the heavy metal fractions become more labile. Moreover, a pH decrease from 5.6 to 3.0 significantly enhanced such effects.     

Fingernails as biological indices of metal exposure

Metal determination in human tissues is the most common application of biological monitoring for screening, diagnosis and assessment of metal exposures and their risks. Various biopsy-materials may be used. This paper deals with the quantitative determination of Cd, Pb, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, and Zn concentrations in nails of male subjects exposed to these metals alongwith their respective controls, while working in locomotive, carriage and roadways workshops, and lead battery factories. The levels of Cd, Pb, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu and Zn in fingernails, assayed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, were compared with their respective controls by student ‘t’ test. All the obtained values were correlated to the personal and medical history of the subjects under study. Significantly high levels of Cd, Pb, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu and Zn were present in smokers, compared to nonsmokers. The concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cr, Mn and Fe were not significantly high in vegetarian subjects. It was also observed that there is no contribution of liquor towards nail-metal concentration. Significant correlations were observed between skin disease and Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu; hypertension and Cd, Mn, Cu; mental stress and Cd, Pb, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn; diabetes and Cr, Mn, Ni; chest pain and Pb; respiratory trouble and Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Zn; tuberculosis and Zn; acidity and Cd; and ophthalmic problems and Mn, Fe, Ni, and Zn     

Trace-metal contamination of the African giant land snail Archachatina marginata from Southern Nigeria

The levels of bio-accumulated trace metals in the African giant land snail Archachatina marginata, collected in six different states of Southern Nigeria, were determined. The Cu and Fe levels were 3.0-9.8 and 12.4-35.2 mg/kg body weight, respectively (Table). Similarly, the concentrations of Zn, Ni, Pb, and Cd were 10.3-20.5, 3.20-10.4, 0.80-6.00, and 0.60-0.84 mg/kg, respectively. Although the trace-metal levels for some samples collected in highly industrialized zones approached or even considerably exceeded the upper WHO limits, the average concentrations of trace metals recorded in this study remained below critical values.     

集约化养殖禽畜粪中主要化学物质调查

对广东省集约化养殖场61个禽畜粪样本进行调查的结果表明,鸡粪和猪粪的总N、P、K含量均明显高于传统养殖,鸡、猪和鸽粪的P/N比高于一般作物的P/N比;3种禽畜粪总盐分含量分别为49.0、20.6和60.3 g·kg^-1,盐分组成以K和Na的硫酸盐和氯化物为主;鸡粪Cu、Zn和As的平均含量分别为107.5、366.6和21.6 mg·kg^-1;猪粪分别为765.1、1128.0和89.3 mg·kg^-1;鸽粪分别为56.1、210.9和2.9 mg·kg^-1.这3种禽畜粪的Pb、Cd和Cr含量均很低,在未检出至12.0 mg·kg^-1之间.按不同肥料重金属限量标准,鸡粪和猪粪重金属超标以Cu、Zn和As为主,其中Zn的超标最为普遍.     

蜈蚣草耐铅、铜、锌毒性和修复能力的研究

重金属复合污染是主要土壤污染类型之一。为了探明蜈蚣草修复土壤重金属复合污染的能力,土培试验研究了分别添加不同浓度铅、铜、锌条件下蜈蚣草生物量变化,结果表明,不同浓度铅和较低浓度锌处理下蜈蚣草生物量呈显著性地增加,土壤Pb、Zn添加浓度分别为1750mg／kg和1350mg／kg,蜈蚣草生物量最大。说明蜈蚣草有极强的耐Pb、Zn毒性能力,能在较高有效态Pb或Zn污染土壤上正常生长。蜈蚣草具有一定的耐Cu毒性能力,在Cu耐性方面,蜈蚣草可能存在生态型的差异。以上结果说明,利用蜈蚣草修复萃取Pb—As,Zn—As,Cu-As等复合污染土壤上As有重要的意义。     

黄山松年轮硫及重金属元素含量动态特征

对黄山松80年的年轮序列中S及重金属元素Mn、Fe、Zn、Cu和Pb含量分析结果表明,年轮中S浓度可划分为3个等级:58.5%年轮段,S浓度<2mg·kg^-1;24.4%年轮段,S浓度3.65～6.0mg·kg^-1;17.1%年轮段,S浓度>11mg·kg^-1.年轮序列中S的积累有较大幅度的波动,可分为波动型(1917～1960年)、相对稳定型(1961～1980年)和持续增长型(1981年以后)3种类型;在1935～1938年、1959～1960年以及最近10年的年轮中,S含量均>11mg·kg^-1,表明该时段大气中S的浓度较高.统计分析表明,近18年来,旅游人数的增加与年轮中S含量呈显著相关性,一些景点较集中的燃料消耗可能造成局部大气污染,从而影响到树木.年轮序列中Pb的积累浓度低于土壤背景值;Mn、Fe、Zn和Cu在年轮中的积累均有明显的波动性;统计上无显著的相关性,表明这4种元素在年轮中的积累是独立的;Zn和Cu在年轮序列中积累的波动与树龄无关;Mn在年轮序列中的浓度随树龄增加而降低,在最新的几个年轮段又略有增加,Fe则相反.     

Impact of Land-Use Patterns on Chemical Properties of Trace Elements in Soils of Rural,Semi-Urban,and Urban Zones of the Niger Delta,Nigeria

The study of the concentrations of Cr, Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni, and Cu in soils under different land uses in rural, semi-urban, and urban zones in the Niger Delta was carried out with a view to providing information on the effects of the different land uses on the concentrations of trace elements in soils. Our results indicate significant variability in concentrations of these metals in soils under different land uses in rural, semi-urban, and urban zones. The maximum concentrations of metals in the examined soil samples were 707.5 mg.kg^?1, 161.0 mg.kg^?1, 2.6 mg.kg^?1, 59.6 mg.kg^?1, 1061.3 mg.kg^?1, and 189.2 mg.kg^?1 for Cr, Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni, and Cu, respectively. In the rural zone, the cassava processing mill is a potent source of Ni, Cr, Cu, and Zn while agricultural activities are a source of Cd, and automobile emissions and the use of lead oxide batteries constitute the major sources of Pb. In the urban zone, soils around the wood processing mill showed elevated concentrations of Cu, Cr, Zn, and Ni, while soils around automobile mechanic works and motor parks showed elevated levels of Pb. Elevated Cd concentrations were observed in soils under the following land uses: urban motor park, playground, welding and fabrication sheds, and metallic scrap dump. The contamination/pollution index of metals in the soil follows the order: Ni > Cd > Cr > Zn > Cu > Pb. The multiple pollution index of metals at different sites were greater than 1, indicating that these soils fit into “slight pollution” to “excessive pollution” ranges with significant contributions from Cr, Zn, Cd, Ni, and Cu.