安徽大别台区虫生真菌区系的物种多样性研究

对安徽大别山区虫生真菌区系的物种多样性进行了研究。结果表明该地区虫生真菌资源十分丰富 ,共有虫生真菌 5 0种 ,隶属于 4目 4科 16属。科从大到小依次为麦角菌科 (Clavicipitaceae) (2 7种 ,占 5 4 % )、丝孢科 (Hy phomycetaceae) (15种 ,占 30 % )、虫霉科 (Entomophthoraceae) (5种 ,占 10 % )、束梗孢科 (Stilbellaceae) (3种 ,占 6 % )。含 3个种以上的优势属依次为虫草属 (Cordyceps) (2 6种 ,占 5 2 % )、拟青霉属 (Paecilomyces) (6种 ,占 12 % )、白僵菌属 (Beauveria) (3种 ,占 6 % ) ,共计 35种 ,占总种数的 70 % ;含 2个种的属为刺束梗孢属 (Akanthomyces)和虫瘟霉属 (Zoophthora) ;其余 11个属皆为单种属。优势种依次为粉拟青霉 (Paecilomycesfarinosus)、细脚拟青霉 (P .tenuipes)、下垂虫草 (Cordycepsnutans)、球孢白僵菌 (Beauveriabassiana)、金龟子绿僵菌小孢变种 (Metarhiziumanisopliaevar.anisopliae)。区系地理成分划分为 7大类型 :世界分布种 (42 .11% )、欧亚大陆分布种 (10 .5 3% )、亚热带—热带分布种 (5 .2 6 % )、东亚分布种 (7.89% )、东亚—新几内亚分布种 (5 .2 6 % )、中国—日本分布种 (5 .2 6 % )和特有成分 (2 3.6 8% ) ,表现出明显的东亚区系特征 ,而且本区及     

真菌次生代谢产物多样性及其潜在应用价值

从生物间的协同进化和微生物次生代谢产物的功能意义原理出发,本文侧重介绍了与植物和昆虫密切相关的一些真菌及其次生代谢产物在医药和农用新药物开发应用中的潜在价值。     

Avifaunal diversity of five high-altitude cloud forests on the Andean western slope of Ecuador: testing a rapid assessment method

A standardized rapid assessment method was used to evaluate the variation in avifaunal diversity between five equal-sized high-altitude cloud forests on the Pacific slope of the Ecuadorian Andes. Within the limited latitudinal range (370 km) across the equator, there was little difference in avifaunal richness and α-diversity between these sites, but moderately high differences in species compositions (β-diversity). In this study, the latitudinal gradient comprised two biogeographically distinct areas on each side of a postulated Cañar high-altitude corridor between the eastern and western slopes of the Andes. If our results are applicable to other places with the same environmental conditions, species compositions and names of species referred to threatened categories (e.g. endemics, restricted-range, CITES) are the necessary data in standardized surveys for pointing out priority conservation areas. The efficiency of our standardized method was tested by comparing our results from Río Mazan with two previous detailed surveys from this site. In only 4 days, our method accounted for 85% of a forest avifauna previously assessed using an effort of thirty person-months.     

农业生态系统中的AM真菌多样性

农业生态系统复杂庞大,是由如麦田生态系统、水稻田生态系统、果园生态系统、草地生态系统、保护地生态系统等组成的一个复合生态系统。重点介绍农业生态系统中丛枝菌根(AM)和AM真菌多样性,探讨农业生态系统中调控AM真菌多样性的途径以及今后研究的动向。     

Application of species richness estimators for the assessment of fungal diversity

Species richness and distribution patterns of wood-inhabiting fungi and mycetozoans (slime moulds) were investigated in the canopy of a Central European temperate mixed deciduous forest. Species richness was described with diversity indices and species-accumulation curves. Nonmetrical multidimensional scaling was used to assess fungal species composition on different tree species. Different species richness estimators were used to extrapolate species richness beyond our own data. The reliability of the abundance-based coverage estimator, Chao, Jackknife and other estimators of species richness was evaluated for mycological surveys. While the species-accumulation curve of mycetozoans came close to saturation, that of wood-inhabiting fungi was continuously rising. The Chao 2 richness estimator was considered most appropriate to predict the number of species at the investigation site if sampling were continued. Gray's predictor of species richness should be used if statements of the number of species in larger areas are required. Multivariate analysis revealed the importance of different tree species for the conservation and maintenance of fungal diversity within forests, because each tree species possessed a characteristic fungal community. The described mathematical approaches of estimating species richness possess great potential to address fungal diversity on a regional, national, and global scale.     

西藏昆诺阿藜种子可培养内生真菌多样性

探究西藏不同地区昆诺阿藜种子内生真菌的物种组成、多样性等群落结构特征,丰富昆诺阿藜种子相关微生物的可利用资源,对于微生物资源利用和昆诺阿藜病害的生物防控具有重要意义。本研究收集西藏不同海拔3个地区(日喀则、拉萨和林芝)的昆诺阿藜种子,利用传统分离方式进行了真菌的培养。从46份昆诺阿藜种子中共分离出947株真菌,经ITS序列分析结合形态观察鉴定为1门9目12科26属77种。所有的真菌都归类为子囊菌门Ascomycota,菌株数量相对丰度最高的3个属为链格孢属Alternaria (40.2%)、镰刀菌属Fusarium (17.4%)和茎点霉属Phoma (13.9%)。按照多样性指数,日喀则地区的昆诺阿藜内生可培养真菌的多样性明显高于拉萨和林芝两个地区。     

民间植物分类系统与区域性物种多样性快速评估——以西双版纳傣族为例

生物多样性的快速流失 ,使传统分类工作在热带物种多样性评估中显出不足 ,而民间分类系统在区域性物种多样性快速评估中的作用已经引起人们的重视。前人对西双版纳傣族民间植物命名和分类系统已做过研究 ,该文在此基础上 ,探讨能否将这种知识用于区域性物种多样性快速评估。利用生物多样性快速编目、样方调查及民族植物学中民间访谈的方法 ,考察了三个傣族村寨原住民的植物识别能力。结果表明 ,傣族原住民的植物识别程度与其年龄呈显著正相关 ,中年以后识别能力趋于稳定 ,识别率高达 91 %以上。通过与长期在西双版纳地区工作的野外植物分类学家相比较 ,我们发现傣族原住民的植物识别率不低于分类学家 ,且所需时间比分类学家少。作者认为 ,民间植物分类系统可以用于局部地区的物种多样性快速评估。     

Studying fungal pathogens of humans and fungal infections: fungal diversity and diversity of approaches

Seminal work by Louis Pasteur revealed the contribution of fungi – yeasts and microsporidia to agroindustry and disease in animals, respectively. More than 150 years later, the impact of fungi on human health and beyond is an ever-increasing issue, although often underestimated. Recent studies estimate that fungal infections, especially those caused by Candida, Cryptococcus and Aspergillus species, kill more than one million people annually. Indeed, these neglected infections are in general very difficult to cure and the associated mortality remains very high even when antifungal treatments exist. The development of new antifungals and diagnostic tools that are both necessary to fight fungal diseases efficiently, requires greater insights in the biology of the fungal pathogens of humans in the context of the infection, on their epidemiology, and on their role in the human mycobiota. We also need a better understanding of the host immune responses to fungal pathogens as well as the genetic basis for the increased sensitivity of some individuals to fungal infections. Here, we highlight some recent progress made in these different areas of research, in particular based on work conducted in our own laboratories. These progresses should lay the ground for better management of fungal infections, as they provide opportunities for better diagnostic, vaccination, the development of classical antifungals but also strategies for targeting virulence factors or the host.     

不同采样策略影响土壤捕食线虫真菌物种多样性检测结果

【背景】土壤微生物多样性是土壤学领域的研究前沿和热点,而科学的土壤样品采集策略是保证研究结果真实性的重要保障。【目的】探究不同采样策略对土壤捕食线虫真菌(nematode-trapping fungi,NTF)纯培养检测结果的影响。【方法】对3个不同生境样方的土壤进行不同样点数(3点、5点、9点和13点)、不同样点空间排布(一字型、V型、W型、三角型和梅花型)的土壤混合及不混合采样,以单孢子分离法纯化NTF,结合形态和分子技术鉴定物种,分析比较不同样点数、不同样点空间排布的土壤混合及不混合采样策略下NTF的α多样性及检出菌株数的差异。【结果】在单点采样、分别纯化、合并分析各点检测数据策略下,NTF的α多样性和检出菌株数随着合并样点数的增加而增高,5个点或9个点的不同整合数据间差异较小,检测结果相对较稳定。在土壤混合采样策略下,超过5个点土样混合不利于NTF的检测。【结论】土壤样品采集策略影响NTF纯培养结果。在单点采样、数据合并分析策略下,5点或9点采样法相对更好;土壤混合采样策略下,5点采样混合法相对更科学和可行。     

纳木措可培养丝状真菌多样性及其与理化因子关系

微生物多样性在评估水体生态环境方面发挥着重要作用。本研究以青藏高原纳木措湖为研究对象, 开展水体可培养丝状真菌多样性及影响因子研究。通过膜过滤平置培养法、经典分类法和rRNA转录间隔区(ITS)序列分析对纳木措湖20个采样点的丝状真菌进行分离、纯化及鉴定, 测定水体理化指标, 综合分析丝状真菌空间分布格局与理化因子的相关性。菌种鉴定结果显示, 从纳木措水体样品中共分离纯化出1,412株丝状真菌, 隶属22属47种, 其中链格孢属(Alternaria)、青霉属(Penicillium)和毛霉属(Mucor)为优势属, 链格孢(Alternaria chlamydosporigena)和冻土毛霉(Mucor hiemalis)为优势种; Pearson相关性分析显示, 丝状真菌总丰度与温度、铵态氮、全磷呈显著正相关; 冗余分析显示, 铵态氮、温度、全磷、全氮、盐度及电导率是影响纳木措湖丝状真菌群落组成与分布的主要理化因子。综上所述, 纳木措水体可培养丝状真菌具有较高的物种多样性和空间异质性, 而且水体环境因子影响其分布。     

Severe plant invasions can increase mycorrhizal fungal abundance and diversity

Invasions by non-native plants can alter ecosystem functions and reduce native plant diversity, but relatively little is known about their effect on belowground microbial communities. We show that invasions by knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) and leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula, hereafter spurge)—but not cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum)—support a higher abundance and diversity of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) than multi-species native plant communities. The higher AMF richness associated with knapweed and spurge is unlikely due to a co-invasion by AMF, because a separate sampling showed that individual native forbs hosted a similar AMF abundance and richness as exotic forbs. Native grasses associated with fewer AMF taxa, which could explain the reduced AMF richness in native, grass-dominated communities. The three invasive plant species harbored distinct AMF communities, and analyses of co-occurring native and invasive plants indicate that differences were partly driven by the invasive plants and were not the result of pre-invasion conditions. Our results suggest that invasions by mycotrophic plants that replace poorer hosts can increase AMF abundance and richness. The high AMF richness in monodominant plant invasions also indicates that the proposed positive relationship between above and belowground diversity is not always strong. Finally, the disparate responses among exotic plants and consistent results between grasses and forbs suggest that AMF respond more to plant functional group than plant provenance.     

AM真菌物种多样性:生态功能、影响因素及维持机制

AM真菌物种多样性是土壤生态系统生物多样性的重要组分之一。尽管对AM真菌多样性已有多年研究,但是,已有研究绝大多数仅停留在对AM真菌群落种属解析层面上,对AM真菌物种多样性生态功能及维持机制方面的认识较浅。从生态功能、影响因素及维持机制3个方面系统地综述了近年来AM真菌多样性领域的研究进展。认为AM真菌多样性对植物群落生产力的调控机制及结合理论与实践解析AM真菌多样性维持机制是该领域未来的重点研究方向。     

羊卓雍错不同湖区水体真菌群落结构及其多样性

湖泊水体真菌能够对水体变化做出迅速响应,在湖泊生态系统地球化学循环中扮演着非常重要的角色。以羊卓雍错、空母错以及沉错为研究对象,利用高通量测序的方法探讨羊卓雍错水体真菌群落结构及多样性。结果表明,不同湖区水体理化因子差异较大。真菌群落主要由子囊菌门（Ascomycota）、被孢霉门（Mortierellomycota）、担子菌门（Basidiomycota）等组成。α-多样性指数显示,羊卓雍错沿岸区OTU数显著高于羊卓雍错湖心区,其他α-多样性指数在不同湖区间差异不显著。NMDS分析显示,各湖区间真菌群落的β-多样性差异明显。聚类分析显示,同一湖区样点间水体真菌群落结构存在不同程度的差异,空母错与沉错交接处水体真菌群落结构较为相似。相关性分析及RDA分析结果表明,浊度、化学需氧量、氨氮以及总氮是影响羊卓雍错水体真菌丰富度的主要理化因子,总磷和氨氮是影响羊卓雍错各样点水体真菌群落结构的主要理化因子。羊卓雍错水体真菌资源比较丰富,人类活动及湖泊水文状况对水体真菌分布有较大影响。     

Spatial and temporal variation of fungal endophytic richness and diversity associated to the phyllosphere of olive cultivars

Fungal endophytes are micro-organisms that colonize healthy plant tissues without causing disease symptoms. They are described as plant growth and disease resistance promoters and have shown antimicrobial activity. The spatial-temporal distribution of endophytic communities in olive cultivars has been poorly explored. This study aims to investigate the richness and diversity of endophytic fungi in different seasons and sites, within the Alentejo region, Portugal. Additionally, and because the impact of some pathogenic fungi (e.g. Colletotrichum spp.) varies according to olive cultivars; three cultivars, Galega vulgar, Cobrançosa and Azeiteira, were sampled. 1868 fungal isolates were identified as belonging to 26 OTUs; 13 OTUs were identified to the genera level and 13 to species level. Cultivar Galega vulgar and season autumn showed significant higher values in terms of endophytic richness and diversity. At site level, Elvas showed the lowest fungal richness and diversity of fungal endophytes. This study reinforces the importance of exploring the combined spatio-temporal distribution of the endophytic biodiversity in different olive cultivars. Knowledge about endophytic communities may help to better understand their functions in plants hosts, such as their ecological dynamics with pathogenic fungi, which can be explored for their use as biocontrol agents.     

石漠化强度对喀斯特植被演替过程土壤真菌组成及多样性的影响

喀斯特是我国南方广泛分布的地貌类型,土壤真菌对喀斯特植被演替恢复具有重要调节功能,不同石漠化程度的喀斯特区植被演替受到土壤微生物影响,因此研究不同石漠化区域植被演替阶段的土壤真菌组成及多样性,探索土壤真菌在喀斯特植被演替过程中的作用机制具有重要意义。本文采用时空替代法采集了不同石漠化程度（潜在、中度和强度）的喀斯特区植被演替乔木、灌木和草本演替阶段土壤样品,通过Illumina HiSeq第二代高通量测序分析了土壤真菌组成及多样性。结果表明,试验共获得3 871个OTUs,分属4门17纲116科174属;潜在和中度石漠化区各演替阶段土壤真菌优势门均为担子菌门,强度石漠化区各演替阶段土壤真菌无相同优势门;土壤真菌组成及多样性在潜在石漠化区表现为乔木>草本>灌木,中度石漠化区为灌木>乔木>草本,强度石漠化区为灌木>草本>乔木,且石漠化程度对真菌组成及多样性的影响大于植被演替的影响;土壤理化性质随石漠化程度及演替阶段发生变化,且显著影响真菌多样性指数,以碱解氮为主导因子显著影响土壤真菌群落。     

Resource availability controls fungal diversity across a plant diversity gradient

Despite decades of research, the ecological determinants of microbial diversity remain poorly understood. Here, we test two alternative hypotheses concerning the factors regulating fungal diversity in soil. The first states that higher levels of plant detritus production increase the supply of limiting resources (i.e. organic substrates) thereby increasing fungal diversity. Alternatively, greater plant diversity increases the range of organic substrates entering soil, thereby increasing the number of niches to be filled by a greater array of heterotrophic fungi. These two hypotheses were simultaneously examined in experimental plant communities consisting of one to 16 species that have been maintained for a decade. We used ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (RISA), in combination with cloning and sequencing, to quantify fungal community composition and diversity within the experimental plant communities. We used soil microbial biomass as a temporally integrated measure of resource supply. Plant diversity was unrelated to fungal diversity, but fungal diversity was a unimodal function of resource supply. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that plant diversity showed a relationship to fungal community composition, although the occurrence of RISA bands and operational taxonomic units (OTUs) did not differ among the treatments. The relationship between fungal diversity and resource availability parallels similar relationships reported for grasslands, tropical forests, coral reefs, and other biotic communities, strongly suggesting that the same underlying mechanisms determine the diversity of organisms at multiple scales.     

Serpentine soils promote ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity

Serpentine soils impose physiological stresses that limit plant establishment and diversity. The degree to which serpentine soils entail constraints on other organisms is, however, poorly understood. Here, I investigate the effect of serpentine soils on ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi by conducting a reciprocal transplant experiment, where serpentine and nonserpentine ECM fungal communities were cultured in both their native and non-native soils. Contrary to expectation, serpentine soils hosted higher fungal richness compared to nonserpentine, and most species were recovered from serpentine soil, suggesting ECM fungi are not overall specialized or strongly affected by serpentine edaphic constraints.     

Detection of viable fungal spores contaminant on documents and rapid control of the effectiveness of an ethylene oxide disinfection using ATP assay

Filamentous fungi are able to damage and even destroy archival and library materials. Nowadays the conventional method for detecting such micro‐organisms is to put them in cultures but such methods are laborious and time‐consuming. ATP methodology has been widely applied in other domains and its success on bacteria and yeast has been demonstrated. Several commercial reagent kits are available but they did not give satisfactory results on spores mould. We have elaborated new extraction strategies specific to fungi. A comparison of 42 extraction protocols of ATP from fungal spores was carried out. Extraction at 100°C with DMSO 90% in a Tris–acetate–EDTA buffer proved to be the best method. The viability of cells is estimated by the determination of adenylate energy charge (EC). We applied our method successfully on well‐known species such as Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. fumigatus, A. versicolor, Neosartorya fischeri, Eurotium chevalieri, Penicillium chrysogenum, Chaetomium globosum and Ulocladium spp. The results suggest that the ATP bioluminescence assay provides a sensitive and time‐saving method for detecting viable fungal spores. The validity of the procedure was also tested on spores killed by steam and on spores treated with ethylene oxide. We showed that EC determination could be used for a rapid control of the effectiveness of a disinfection process performed with ethylene oxide. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国菌物分类学和多样性研究的历史与现状概况

我国菌物分类学研究始于20世纪初,经过百余年的不断探索和发展,取得了丰硕的成果,并逐渐走进世界前列。本研究通过对世界菌物名称信息库Fungal Names进行数据统计,对发现自中国的菌物新物种和中国学者发表菌物新分类单元等数据开展分析,从中揭示中国菌物分类学的历史和发展趋势。过去,一共有2 214位中国学者参与发表了15 626个菌物新分类单元,包括 3个新纲、27个新目及亚目、117个新科及亚科、769个新属及亚属、11 100个新种、322个新种下单元和3 288个新组合。在全球已知的菌物物种中,自中国发现的新物种有10 233种,隶属于 3界13门44纲174目572科2 379属,占全球已知物种多样性的6.84%,居世界第二位。地理分布上,我国西南地区(云南、四川、贵州、西藏)和低纬度的热带、亚热带地区(中国台湾、广东)发现的新物种最多。根据每年发现的新分类单元数量趋势和命名作者的构成,可将中国菌物分类学的发展历史分为五个阶段：外人在华采菌及研究(1750s-1929)、中国菌物分类学起步(1930-1949)、新中国菌物分类学早期发展(1950-1977)、全国性菌物标本采集与研究(1978-2010)、走进世界前列(2011至今)。本研究对每个发展时期的分类学概况和重要历史事件进行了总结和回顾,通过上述综述性研究,有助于系统地了解中国菌物分类学不同阶段的发展趋势和研究概况,为学科当下和未来的发展提供参考。