红壳色文蛤F1代养殖群体多样性分析

运用形态学标记和分子标记对江苏省文蛤良种场红壳色文蛤F1代养殖群体(父母本为江苏野生红壳色群体)进行遗传多样性分析。用文蛤壳长、壳宽、壳高和体重4个可量性状进行形态学数据的聚类分析,显示可量性状变异系数在38.48%-82.95%。运用7个引物微卫星基因座的多态性进行了养殖群体F1代的分子标记评估,结果表明,7个微卫星基因位点的平均等位基因数3.857 1,平均有效等位基因数2.583 0,平均观察杂合度0.565 3,平均期望杂合度0.565 3,Shannon指数平均数1.050 1,多态信息含量平均数0.522 5。综合形态学数据和分子标记的研究结果表明,红壳色文蛤江苏养殖群体F1代的遗传多样性处于中度偏高水平,具有较高的遗传改良潜力。     

德宏水牛微卫星标记分析的群体遗传变异

德宏水牛是云南省地方水牛的优良品种之一,为了进一步阐明其群体遗传变异和遗传结构,筛选了分别位于水牛14条染色体上的15对微卫星引物,对德宏水牛81个个体进行了检测分析.共检测到62个等位基因,每个座位等位基因数目从2到6个不等,平均等位基因数为4.13,该水牛群体期望杂合度和多态信息含量分别为0.6520±0.1526和0.5863±0.1789,各座位的遗传分化系数在0～0.0919之间,平均值为0.0202.每个座位的基因流较大,平均12.1502.研究结果表明德宏水牛群体遗传多样性较丰富,亚群间的遗传分化程度低,基因流较大,且很少发生近交.     

蒙古沙葱萤叶甲种群遗传多样性的微卫星分析

【目的】沙葱萤叶甲 Galeruca daurica (Joannis)是一种近年来在内蒙古草原上猖獗成灾的新害虫,本研究旨在明确内蒙古沙葱萤叶甲不同地理种群间的遗传分化和基因交流程度。【方法】应用5对微卫星引物分析了沙葱萤叶甲8个地理种群的遗传多样性、基因流和遗传分化。【结果】5个位点等位基因数为10~18,有效等位基因数为9.2796~16.0388,多态信息含量值为0.6760~0.8985,期望杂合度为0.3430~0.5284,说明所选5个微卫星位点均为高度多态性位点。8个种群的期望杂合度为0.2216~0.3701,平均值为0.2680;种群间遗传分化系数为0.1244~0.4116,平均值为0.2521;种群间基因流为0.3574~1.7596,平均值为0.9622。8个地理种群根据遗传距离聚为3个分支,遗传距离与地理距离呈显著的正相关关系 (r=0.4854,P=0.0180)。【结论】沙葱萤叶甲种群遗传多样性低,不同地理种群之间基因流较小,遗传分化程度高;沙葱萤叶甲迁移能力弱和地理阻碍可能是限制其基因交流和导致遗传高度分化的主要原因。     

Genetic variation of Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. (Avicenniaceae) in Vietnam revealed by microsatellite and AFLP markers

Genetic variation of Avicennia marina in the costal area of Vietnam was examined using microsatellite and AFLP markers. By using five microsatellite loci a total of 21 alleles were detected. The average number of alleles per locus per population ranged from 1.667 to 3.000. The observed heterozygosity varied from 0.180 to 0.263, with an average of 0.210 indicating relatively low level of genetic variation comparing to the previous studies on A. marina in the worldwide range. The expected heterozygosity was larger than the observed heterozygosity leading to positive inbreeding coefficients in all the six populations. Highly significant departures from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium were detected in four populations. AFLP analysis revealed a total of 386 loci, of which 232 (60.1%) were polymorphic. In congruent with microsatellite markers relatively low levels of genetic variation were detected at both gene and nucleotide levels (H = 0.086; pi = 0.0054). Reduced level of genetic variation was found in the central population, and in the southern populations. Both microsatellite and AFLP markers revealed large genetic differentiation (F(ST) = 0.262 and 0.338, respectively) indicating strong genetic structure among regional populations. Pairwise genetic distance by AFLP showed two populations in the north and the other two in the south are closely related each other.     

沂蒙山地区中华蜜蜂种群遗传多样性分析(英文)

【目的】中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana是一种重要的种质资源和传粉昆虫,本研究旨在探究山东省沂蒙山地区中华蜜蜂种群遗传多样性和种群结构关系,为沂蒙山地区中华蜜蜂种质资源利用与保护提供理论依据。【方法】本研究通过选取山东省沂蒙山地区7个采样地点的114群中华蜜蜂采集蜂,根据Ruttner的形态学分析方法,对其36项形态学指标进行测定;并利用筛选后的11对荧光标记微卫星引物,研究其遗传多样性。【结果】形态学分析结果表明,沂蒙山地区中华蜜蜂工蜂的平均体长为12.064~13.351 mm,平均前翅长为8.198~8.694 mm。11个微卫星位点共检测到58个等位基因,每个位点的等位基因数从2~17不等,7个群体的平均期望杂合度和多态信息含量分别为0.3115和0.2872,平均等位基因数为2.4545(ST-AQ)~4.0000(BHY),平均期望杂合度为0.1916~0.3397,群体的平均遗传分化系数Fst为0.048。Nei氏遗传距离为0.0092(XL-DLZ到XZ-XLZ))~0.1000(XL-DLZ到XL-DJW)。聚类分析结果表明沂蒙山地区的中蜂可以分成3类。【结论】沂蒙山地区各个采样地点之间的中华蜜蜂种群结构接近,表明不同种群之间存在着基因交流,与其他地区中华蜜蜂种群比较,沂蒙山地区中华蜜蜂在形态和遗传结构上存在一定的特异性。     

The genetic basis of developmental stability in Apis mellifera II. Relationships between character size, asymmetry and single-locus heterozygosity

Haploid male and diploid female honey bees, Apis mellifera, from colonies headed by queens polymorphic at the malate dehydrogenase (MDH) locus were examined for the influence of MDH genotype and heterozygosity on the size and asymmetry of six morphological characters. Although there were significant differences among MDH genotypes for mean character size within colonies, these effects were inconsistent between colonies. There were no significant relationships between MDH genotype or heterozygosity and asymmetry, indicating that genetic variation at this locus has no impact on developmental stability in this species.     

Population structure, genetic variation and morphological diversity in indigenous sheep of Ethiopia

We investigated genetic and morphological diversity and population structure of 14 traditional sheep populations originating from four ecological zones in Ethiopia (sub-alpine, wet highland, sub-humid lowland and arid lowland). All animals (n = 672) were genotyped for 17 microsatellite markers and scored for 12 morphological characters. The sheep were initially classified as fat-tailed (11 populations), thin-tailed (one population) and fat-rumped sheep (two populations). These classifications are thought to correspond to three consecutive introduction events of sheep from the Near-East into East Africa. For the 14 populations, allelic richness ranged from 5.87 to 7.51 and expected heterozygosity (H(E)) from 0.66 to 0.75. Genetic differentiations (F(ST) values) between all pairs of populations, except between sub-alpine populations, were significantly different from zero (P < 0.001). Cluster analysis of morphological characters and a dendrogram constructed from genetic distances were broadly consistent with the classification into fat-tailed, thin-tailed and fat-rumped sheep. Bayesian cluster analysis using microsatellite markers indicated that there has been further genetic differentiation after the initial introduction of sheep into Ethiopia. Investigation of factors associated with genetic variation showed that an isolation-by-distance model, independently of other factors, explained most of the observed genetic variation. We also obtained a strong indication of adaptive divergence in morphological characters, patterns of morphological variation being highly associated with ecology even when the effect of neutral genetic divergence (F(ST)) was parcelled out in partial Mantel tests. Using a combination of F(ST) values, Bayesian clustering analysis and morphological divergence, we propose a classification of Ethiopian sheep into six breed groups and nine breeds.     

Microsatellite analysis of genetic population structure in an endangered salmonid: the coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki clarki)

The genetic population structure of coastal cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarki clarki ) in Washington state was investigated by analysis of variation in allele frequencies at six highly polymorphic microsatellite loci for 13 anadromous populations, along with one outgroup population from the Yellowstone subspecies ( O. clarki bouvieri) (mean heterozygosity = 67%; average number of alleles per locus = 24). Tests for genetic differentiation revealed highly significant differences in genotypic frequencies for pairwise comparisons between all populations within geographical regions and overall population subdivision was substantial ( F _ST = 0.121, R _ST = 0.093), with 44.6% and 55.4% of the among-population diversity being attributable to differences between streams ( F _SR = 0.054) and between regions ( F _RT = 0.067), respectively. Analysis of genetic distances and geographical distances did not support a simple model of isolation by distance for these populations. With one exception, neighbour-joining dendrograms from the Cavalli-Sforza and Edwards' chord distances and maximum likelihood algorithms clustered populations by physiogeographic region, although overall bootstrap support was relatively low (53%). Our results suggest that coastal cutthroat trout populations are ultimately structured genetically at the level of individual streams. It appears that the dynamic balance between gene flow and genetic drift in the subspecies favours a high degree of genetic differentiation and population subdivision with the simultaneous maintenance of high heterozygosity levels within local populations. Results are discussed in terms of coastal cutthroat trout ecology along with implications for the designation of evolutionarily significant units pursuant to the US Endangered Species Act of 1973 and analogous conservation units.     

两个镜鲤半同胞家系的遗传多样性及经济性状分析

在两个镜鲤半同胞家系中,各随机选取47尾作为实验鱼,测量体重、体长、全长等数量性状,利用24个微卫星分子标记对其进行遗传检测,共检测到57个等位基因,每个基因座的等位基因数为1－6个不等,平均等位基因3.21个,片段长度在134－371bp之间,有效等位基因数Ne为1.00－2.89, 平均观察杂合度Ho为0.00－0.83,平均期望杂合度He为0.00－0.66,平均多态信息含量PIC为0.00－0.58。结果表明：2个家系的遗传多样性处于中度水平,但连锁不平衡分析表明这两个家系在较大的选择压力下,已严重偏离Hardy-Wenberg平衡。利用SPSS程序下的GLM过程对24个微卫星位点与主要经济性状的相关性进行分析,结果发现：HLJ519,HLJ848、HLJ855、HLJE8 4个微卫星位点对镜鲤体重显著影响(p<0.05),其中,位点HLJ519,HLJ848、HLJ855还对体长和全长存在显著影响(p<0.05)。对这些位点基因型所对应的表型均值进行了多重比较,找到了一些对主要经济性状有利的基因型。     

Population structure of lake‐type and river‐type sockeye salmon in transboundary rivers of northern British Columbia

The population structure of 'lake‐type' and 'river‐type' sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka , primarily in transboundary rivers in northern British Columbia, was examined with a survey of microsatellite variation. Variation at 14 microsatellite loci was surveyed from c . 3000 lake‐type and 3200 river‐type sockeye salmon from 47 populations in six river drainages in British Columbia. The mean F _ST for the 14 microsatellite loci and 47 populations was 0·068, and 0·034 over all river‐type populations. River‐type sockeye salmon were more genetically diverse than lake‐type sockeye salmon, with expected heterozygosity of river‐type sockeye salmon 0·72 and with an average 12·7 alleles observed per locus, whereas expected heterozygosity of lake‐type sockeye salmon was 0·65 with and average 10·5 alleles observed per locus. River drainage of origin was a significant unit of population structure. There was clear evidence of genetic differentiation among river‐type populations of sockeye salmon from different drainages over a broad geographic range in British Columbia.     

中国6个国家级保护鸭种群遗传多样性分析

为探讨国家级保护鸭种群的遗传多样性和遗传分化关系,利用17个微卫星标记,对我国6个国家级保护鸭品种资源的遗传多样性进行了分析,统计了平均遗传杂合度(H)、多态信息含量(PIC)、基因多样度(FST)、平均遗传分化系数(GST)和遗传距离等。结果表明,各鸭品种的杂合度较高,除两个群体表现为显著的杂合子缺失外,其他群体均处于Hard-Weinberg平衡状态。6个鸭种群间平均FST值为17.0%,平均遗传分化系数GST为14.7%,各品种平均杂合度为0.706～0.604,平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.561～0.663。本研究说明我国6个国家级保护鸭品种资源各品种内和品种间的遗传变异大,遗传多样性丰富。     

Stock composition in North Atlantic populations of whiting using microsatellite markers

A size-selected library constructed from DNA of the whiting Merlangius merlangus was screened. From about 3200 recombinant clones, 43 microsatellite loci were detected. Thirteen were sequenced in full. Primers were designed from the sequence of the flanking regions for six loci and used to test the allelic variability at these loci using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In addition, five primer pairs developed for the stickleback and another seven for cod were tested. Only six primer pairs revealed at least three alleles per locus. The three useful loci Gmo2, Mmer- UEAW01 and Mmer- UEAW02, had 14–23 alleles per locus in 370 samples. Estimates of genetic structure (φ) were not statistically significant. However, estimates of genetic differentiation ( F _st) were significantly different from zero. Heterogeneity χ²-analysis of allele frequencies among populations suggested relatively low levels of differentiation among samples. Significantly different allele frequency distributions were found for Borgensfjord and northern and southern North Sea samples for at least one locus, and between the latter samples for Mmer -UEAW02 and Gmo2 . There were significant excesses of homozygotes in all samples, over expectation for randomly mating populations in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The estimated frequencies of null alleles were 14.3%, for Mmer -UEAW01, 10.2% for Mmer- UEAW02 and 11.6% for Gmo2 . This result calls for a careful interpretation of the significance of these microsatellite data.     

Genetic Variation Within and Among Metal-Tolerant and Non-Tolerant Populations of Armeria maritima (Mill.) Willd. s.l. (Plumbaginaceae) in Central and Northeast Germany

Abstract: Six metal-tolerant populations and sub-populations of Armeria maritima ssp. halleri, ssp. hornburgensis, and ssp. bottendorfensis and two non-tolerant populations of ssp. elongata in Central and Northeast Germany have been analysed using RAPD markers. The populations show very strong genetic differentiation (Φ_ST = 0.46), corresponding gene flow between them is low (N_em = 0.29). A moderate positive correlation between the matrices of genetic and geographical distances was found between the seven populations and sub-populations of central Germany (r = 0.68, p < 0.001). Calculated parameters of genetic variability are molecular variance, percentage of heterozygosity and percentage of polymorphic loci. A significant correlation between population size and parameters of genetic variability was not recognisable. Genetic structure was investigated by an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). The studied populations show strong genetic differentiation. Genetic variation within populations ("normal" as well as metalliferous) is higher (53.9 %) than among them (46.1 %). Six hypotheses of possible genetic relatedness between the studied populations have been tested by AMOVA. A data set structure above the populational level is hardly recognisable. It was impossible to combine the populations to edaphic (tolerant and "non-tolerant") or taxonomic groups. A. maritima ssp. halleri of the north Harz mountains and ssp. hornburgensis are clearly separated from a geographical group containing all other populations (across taxonomic and edaphic boundaries). These results are a further indication for a polyphyletic origin of metal-tolerant populations of A. maritima s.l. by multiple colonizations of metalliferous sites from neighbouring populations on non-metalliferous soil.     

Genetic variation and relationships among Turkish water buffalo populations

The genetic variation and relationships among six Turkish water buffalo populations, typical of different regions, were assessed using a set of 26 heterologous (bovine) microsatellite markers. Between seven and 17 different alleles were identified per microsatellite in a total of 254 alleles. The average number of alleles across all loci in all the analysed populations was found to be 12.57. The expected mean heterozygosity (H _e ) per population ranged between 0.5 and 0.58. Significant departures from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium were observed for 44 locus–population combinations. Population differentiation was analysed by estimation of the F _st index (values ranging from 0.053 to 0.123) among populations. A principal component analysis of variation revealed the Merzifon population to show the highest differentiation compared with the others. In addition, some individuals of the Danamandira population appeared clearly separated, while the Afyon, Coskun, Pazar and Thural populations represented a single cluster. The assignment of individuals to their source populations, performed using the Bayesian clustering approach implemented in the structure 2.2 software, supports a high differentiation of Merzifon and Danamandira populations. The results of this study are useful for the development of conservation strategies for the Turkish buffalo.     

华南鲤选育群体不同世代遗传多样性与遗传结构的微卫星分析

为了解人工选育对华南鲤(Cyprinus carpio rubrofuscus)选育群体遗传结构的影响, 采用微卫星技术分析了华南鲤4个连续选育世代(F₁、F₂、F₃和F₄)的遗传多样性和遗传结构。结果显示:在4个选育群体中, 16对微卫星引物共扩增得到99个等位基因, 每个微卫星座位检测到的等位基因数为3—10个, 平均为6.1875个。随着人工连续选育的进行, F₁到F₄的平均等位基因数(N_a)从5.6875下降到4.6755, 平均观测杂合度(H_o)从0.7943下降到0.7135, 平均多态信息含量(PIC)从0.6577下降到0.5834。F₁与其后各代的遗传距离逐代增加(从0.1486上升到0.2181), 遗传相似系数逐代减小(从0.8619下降到0.8041), 而相邻世代间的遗传分化指数(F_st)逐代变小(F₁与F₂为0.062, F₂与F₃为0.058, F₃与F₄则为0.051), 遗传相似性逐步升高。世代间F_st值配对比较结果显示4个世代间的遗传分化处于中等水平, 表明人工选育已对华南鲤选育群体的遗传结构产生了影响。实验结果表明, 华南鲤经过4代选育后, 虽然遗传杂合度和遗传多样性存在下降的现象, 但遗传多样性水平依然较高, 还具有进一步选育的潜力。研究结果为下一步制定华南鲤新品种选育计划提供基础遗传数据。     

Genetic diversity analysis and population structure in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) grown under north-western himalayas using ISSR markers

Investigation of genetic variability and population relationship of 50 accessions of the apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) was carried out using ISSR markers. The results revealed that the number of alleles per locus varied from 4 to 8 with a mean value of 6.75, and the mean effective number of alleles (Ne) per locus was 1.54. Similarly, the polymorphic information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.464 to 0.424, with a mean value of 0.424. The mean heterozygosity, marker index, resolving power, and effective multiplex ratio (EMR) ranged from 0.001 to 0.002, 0.01–0.06, 1.76–3.84, and 1–4.12. The dendrogram clustered genotypes into two main clades based on their origins. The population structure revealed two sub-populations with some admixtures. The average expected heterozygosity and population differentiation within two sub-populations was 0.1428 and 0.216, respectively. The results outcome reveals that the four ISSR markers comprehensively separated the indigenous germplasm from the exotic germplasm. The genetic divergence within indigenous genotypes and exotic genotypes could allow for future insights into apricot breeding programs.     

镜鲤繁殖群体的遗传结构及微卫星标记与经济性状的相关性分析

选用35个多态性微卫星分子标记对天津换新良种场镜鲤一个繁殖群体的有效等位基因数(Ae)、观测杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)、多态信息含量(PIC) 等进行了检测, 以卡方检验估计群体Hardy-Weinberg平衡。结果表明：在35个基因座共检测到118个等位基因, 平均等位基因数为3.37个, 每个座位检测到的等位基因数2~7个不等, 平均有效等位基因数为2.16, 观测杂合度平均值0.431, 无偏期望杂合度的平均值为0.4736, 平均多态信息含量0.42, 说明这个群体属于中度多态, 遗传多样性水平不高。卡方检验的P值显示多于半数的位点都发生了偏离。并将35个基因座的不同基因型与个体的体重、体长值进行了连锁分析, 得到了4个与体重、体长连锁的基因型, 并将所得结果与鲤鱼体长性状QTL定位结果进行对比, 其中HLJ319标记与QTL定位结果基本一致。分析了几个严重偏离平衡的基因型, 并讨论出现这种现象的可能原因。     

蛇鳄龟微卫星标记的开发及一个养殖群体的遗传多样性分析

利用磁珠富集法, 以生物素标记的(CA)15为探针, 构建了蛇鳄龟(Chelydra serpentina L.)微卫星富集文库。通过PCR法从富集文库中共筛选出70条微卫星序列, 一共设计了48对微卫星引物, 采用PCR扩增的方法从中筛选出36对引物, 对一个蛇鳄龟养殖群体进行遗传多样性分析。通过分析, 36个位点获得的等位基因数从29不等, 平均为4.361, 有效等位基因为1.4617.767, 平均为3.498。等位基因片段大小为56342 bp, 观测杂合度为0.0671.000, 平均为0.725; 期望杂合度为0.3160.850, 平均0.600; 多态信息含量为0.26550.8359, 平均为0.5573; 结果表明此蛇鳄龟养殖群体存在较高的遗传多样性水平。群体内固定系数-0.6880.856, 平均为-0.214, 说明蛇鳄龟群体中杂合子过剩。       

Limited genetic differentiation in Labeo rohita (Hamilton 1822) populations as revealed by microsatellite markers

Labeo rohita, popularly known as rohu is a widely cultured species in the whole Indian subcontinent. Knowledge of the genetic diversity of this species is important to support management and conservation programs which will subsequently help in sustainable production of this species. DNA markers, mostly microsatellite markers are excellent tool to evaluate genetic variation of populations. Genetic variation of three wild and one farm population was assessed using eleven microsatellite loci. In analyzing 192 samples, the number of alleles ranged from 4 to 23; observed heterozygosity 0.500 to 0.870 and expected heterozygosity from 0.389 to 0.878. Exact test for Hardy Weinberg disequilibrium revealed that each riverine sample had at least one locus not in equilibrium except one river. Negative inbreeding coefficients (F_IS) were observed across populations indicating very high level of genetic diversity but little genetic differentiation among populations.     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci for the analysis of genetic diversity in Whitmania pigra

The objective of this study was to isolate microsatellite loci to analyze the genetic diversity of Whitmania pigra. Four new microsatellite markers of W. pigra were developed from an enriched library and ten from a modified SAMPL assay. A total of 127 alleles were detected, with an average of 9.1 alleles per locus. The expected heterozygosity (He) of each microsatellite locus varied from 0.451 to 0.857, with an average of 0.688. The polymorphism information content (PIC) of each microsatellite locus ranged from 0.361 to 0.838, with an average of 0.640. Analysis of molecular variance showed that the main variation component existed within the populations (81.64%) rather than among the populations (18.36%). Phylogenetic tree for 15 populations of Hirudo using the NJ method by MEGA 5.1 software were divided into two major clusters. These microsatellite markers will contribute to research on the individual identification, genetic diversity, population structure, genome mapping and conservation biology of Hirudo.