基于功能磁共振成像低频振幅算法的逻辑计算任务的脑活动研究

利用功能磁共振成像（functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging,fMRI）进行脑功能研究是目前的一个热点。现以逻辑计算为认知任务,利用fMRI进行数据采集。采用低频振荡振幅（amplitude of low frequency fluctuation,ALFF）算法分别对14例正常人的计算和无任务静息状态的功能磁共振数据进行处理,并做对比分析。观察振幅增强或减弱情况,发现计算任务下相关激活脑区存在低频振荡,逻辑认知的负载也导致了默认（default mode）网络改变;同时针对相关的改变做出了初步探索。     

空间独立成分分析实现fMRI信号的盲分离

独立成分分析（ICA）在功能核磁共振成像（fMRI)技术中的应用是近年来人们关注的一个热点。简要介绍了空间独立成分分析（SICA）的模型和方法,将fMRI信号分析看作是一种盲源分离问题,用快速算法实现fMRI信号的盲源分离。对fMRI信号的研究大多是在假定已知事件相关时间过程曲线的情况下,利用相关性分析得到脑的激活区域。在不清楚有哪几种因素对fMRI信号有贡献、也不清楚其时间过程曲线的情况下,用SICA可以对fMRI信号进行盲源分离,提取不同独立成分得到任务相关成分、头动成分、瞬时任务相关成分、噪声干扰、以及其它产生fMRI信号的多种源信号。     

基于空间ICA和时间相关方法的人脑视觉皮层V5区的功能连通性研究

利用功能磁共振成像技术,将空间ICA和时间相关方法相结合来研究不同活动状态下人脑视觉皮层V5区的功能连通性。首先利用空间ICA处理组块视觉运动刺激的数据,定位V5区;然后分别计算静息和连续视觉运动刺激两种稳态下V5区与其它脑区低频振荡的时间相关,检测出该区的功能连通网络。实验结果表明,静息时V5区的功能连通网络更广泛,且与已知的解剖连通一致;当被试接受连续视觉运动刺激时,与V5区连通的脑区网络局限在视觉皮层,此时的网络特定于处理视觉运动这一任务。     

fMRI与DTI在神经科学研究中的联合应用

功能磁共振成像(fMRI)和扩散张量成像(DTI)是近年来磁共振成像领域出现的两种新的成像技术,它们各具特色。功能磁共振成像能对人脑相关任务激活区进行准确的功能定位并提供相关皮层区域的磁共振信号改变特征信息,但时于脑白质相关改变则不能提供任何信息;扩散张量成像则是目前能够在体呈现人脑解剖连接的唯一手段,采用它能对人脑组织,包括灰质和白质的扩散特性进行定量研究,并且能够形象显示人脑生理或病理状态下的纤维束形态、走行等,但扩散张量成像不能提供皮层功能情况信息。功能磁共振成像和扩散张量成像技术具有很强的互补性,二者联合在神经科学研究中具有广阔的应用前景。目前也正成为神经科学研究领域的热点之一。本文从功能磁共振成像和扩散张量成像的原理、特点,二者结合应用的具体方法以及目前二者在神经科学各基础及临床学科结合应用的研究进展进行了综述。     

视皮层分区及其fMRI 研究进展

血氧水平依赖功能磁共振成像（BOLD—fMRI）作为一种无创、可精确定位的脑功能研究技术,已广泛应用于视觉系统的研究中,并取得了许多重要成果,本文就fMRI研究进展及其在大脑视觉皮层功能分区中的应用做一综述。     

ACC在冲突监测和执行控制中的脑成像研究进展

本文回顾了近期关于前扣带回皮层（anterior cingulate cortex,ACC）fMRI和ERP的研究成果,并对ACC功能的相关理论进行了简要介绍。结果表明：前扣带回皮层可以对人的认知活动进行实时监测。当需要更多的认知控制成分参与时,前扣带回皮层向负责执行控制的系统发出信号,调整认知活动,从而达到顺利完成任务的目的。近期的研究成果支持了冲突监测理论。另外,本文对当前ACC研究的几个热点问题进行了介绍和评述。     

形状识别的功能定位和时间过程:功能磁共振与脑电结合的研究

通过结合具有高空间分辨率的功能磁共振成像（fMRI）和具有高时间分辨率的128导脑电事件相关电位（ERP）两项技术,测量了视皮层腹侧区域对图形形状识别任务反应的空间定位和时间过程。fMRI的实验结果表明,图形的形状和觉引起了腹测GTi／GF皮层区域的兴奋。进一步,基于fMRI兴奋区域的种子偶极子模型拟合的的ERP动态定位分析的结果和自由运动的偶极子模型拟合的ERP定位分析结果表明：GTi／GF区域活动的时间发生在刺激呈现之后132－176ms时间段,峰值150ms左右,相应于ERP的N1成分。这些结果在人类大脑皮层上同时确定了视觉通路中涉及图形形状识别的兴奋区域和兴奋的时间过程。     

fMRI技术在犬科动物认知领域研究的应用

家犬(Canis lupus familiaris)与人类社会生态高度融合,已成为人类解析认知进化理论、进行比较认知研究、开展人类认知功能障碍性疾病研究的一种自然模型动物。功能性磁共振成像(functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI)是一种非侵入式、安全的能反映生物体大脑神经活动时空分布的神经影像学技术,近年来被应用于家犬行为认知特征神经机制的研究。本文简介了fMRI技术;概述了部分研究者使用视觉、嗅觉、听觉等不同的实验范式对家犬大脑开展fMRI,定位不同实验范式下被激活的大脑功能区,从而揭示家犬认知的神经机制;总结了fMRI技术在犬认知研究中技术和方法上的挑战。以期为国内开展家犬等动物认知研究者提供新的技术方法。     

数据驱动的科学发现的神经机制：一项fMRI研究

作为人脑的一种高级认知功能,数据驱动的科学发现的神经机制仍不清楚．数列完型任务是一种典型的数据驱动的科学发现任务,一些研究已经证实了数列完型任务中的启动效应,并将其归因于规则发现及其应用这一核心成分．为了降低实验任务的异质性并使得实验任务适于进行脑成像研究,本文对数列完型任务中的数字大小及运算规则进行了进一步的约束．与预期一致,行为实验一显示了稳定的启动效应．在实验一的基础上,实验二采用事件相关fMRI研究数据驱动的科学发现的脑机制．fMRI结果揭示了左侧DLPFC（背外侧前额）和左侧APFC（前额前部）对于简单和复杂数列完型任务的双分离．简单任务在左侧DLPFC的启动效应强于复杂任务,而复杂任务在左侧APFC的启动效应强于简单任务．这一双分离说明了左侧DLPFC和左侧APFC在数据驱动的科学发现中的不同作用．左侧DLPFC（BA46）可能与规则识别有关,而左侧APFC（BA10）可能与规则识别与应用过程中的心理状态保持有关．     

屈光不正对儿童视觉皮层神经元活动影响的功能磁共振研究

目的：利用血氧水平依赖性功能性磁共振成像（BOLD-fMRI）技术及非金属MRI专用眼镜,分析探索屈光不正对儿童大脑皮层视觉功能区神经元活动的影响。方法：以1．5T磁共振成像系统采集8例屈光不正眼儿童屈光矫正前后枕叶视皮层兴趣区BOLD—fMRI数据,及8例正常眼凸透镜离焦前后枕叶视皮层兴趣区BOLD—fMRI数据,进行对比分析,比较屈光不正眼及其矫正后、正常眼及其离焦后皮层视觉功能区神经元活动的不同,分析其改变特点及原因。结果：屈光不正眼儿童矫正屈光后皮层视觉功能区神经元活动范围明显增加（P〈0．05）;正常眼离焦后皮层视觉功能区神经元活动范围明显减小（P〈0．05）。结论：屈光不正会明显降低儿童皮层视觉功能区的神经元活动。屈光不正患儿应尽早配镜矫正,以免影响视觉皮层功能发育。     

The interaction of circahoral and circadian rhythms. A cybernetic model]

Parameters of ideal circadian cycle were compared with those of a circadian cycle composed of near-hour fluctuations. The integral cycle was optimized by the algorithm of matrix random search studying the approximation of its parameters to the ideal cycle after the phase shift of the latter. Computer calculations revealed a low efficiency of the search by fluctuation amplitude. The search by phase and frequency was effective in a narrow range of changes and needed time. The average level of fluctuations tuned up practically immediately: ideal and optimized curves coincided in all points. Examples of interactions between day, near-hour and shorter cycles are cited.     

Changes in contractile properties and neuromuscular propagation evaluated by simultaneous mechanomyogram and electromyogram during experimentally induced hypothermia.

The present study examined, whether or not mechanomyogram (MMG) amplitude and frequency component could reflect the contractile properties of the triceps surae muscles, composed of relatively slow soleus (SOL) and fast medial gastrocnemius (MG), during experimentally induced hypothermia condition. In eight male subjects, lying in prone position, supramaximal single twitch and repetitive electrical stimulations at 10 Hz were applied at the intramuscular temperatures of control (34 degrees C), 15, 20, and 25 degrees C, respectively. The hypothermia induced substantial reduction in muscle contractile properties, e.g. prolonged twitch contraction and half relaxation times, resulted in a highly significant reduction in the fluctuation of force signal during the repetitive stimulations. These changes were almost mirrored by the similar and significant reductions in the MMG amplitude in both SOL and MG. Power spectrum analysis revealed that peak frequency components of MMG and fluctuation of force were almost matched with the applied stimulation frequencies, independent of the temperature condition. These results strongly suggest that MMG analysis could be employed to study muscle contractile properties varying across different physiological conditions.     

Evaluation of respiratory modulation on the pulse wave amplitude in low-birth-weight neonate.

A slow oscillation of sympathetic vasoconstriction (Mayer waves) which is affected by the respiratory movements seems to appear as the fluctuation of pulse wave amplitude (PPG.P-P) in the frequency domain (0.1 Hz). Whether the vasomotor in low frequency has appeared in the pulse wave of the neonate and whether Mayer waves appear as the pulse wave oscillation of the immature low-birth-weight neonate are not fully understood from the point of autonomic nerve regulation mechanism. We therefore analyzed the frequency characteristics of PPG.P-P, respiration wave and its amplitude (RW.P-P) together with the heart rate variability (HRV) to examine the relationships between the frequency spectra.     

基于地形起伏度的中国西南地区人口集疏格局演化研究

中国西南地区复杂的地形起伏造就了人口分布的区域差异,研究地形起伏度与区域人口增减以及集疏格局演化的关系,有利于深入理解人口的分布规律和流动趋势,从而为增进对区域人地关系的认识,实现人口、资源、环境可持续利用提供科学依据。以西南地区DEM数据和人口统计数据为基础,采用人口密度、人口集聚度以及人口商度等指标,结合GIS空间分析方法,定量研究了西南地区1995—2010年期间地形起伏度与人口集疏格局演化的关系。结果表明:(1)西南地区县域尺度上的地形起伏度主要以中小起伏为主,其中小起伏(0—200m)占30.34%,中起伏(200—400m)占30.33%,且地形起伏度的空间分布特征与区域地貌类型分布状况基本一致,即小起伏主要出现在四川盆地盆中区域、广西丘陵以及青藏高原高原面,中起伏主要集中分布在云贵高原境内,大起伏和极大起伏主要分布在横断山区、青藏高原东南部边缘以及川西高原地区。(2) 1995—2010年间,西南地区人口"西疏东密"的集疏格局未发生明显变化,地形起伏度的整体格局根本上决定了区域人口格局的形成。人口流动主要发生在中小起伏地区,且流出人口比例逐渐占据主导地位;而地形起伏度较大的高山以及高原边缘地区多为人口稳定区域。(3)地形起伏度差异决定了西南地区高度集聚和极端稀疏两种人口格局并存的现状。平原、丘陵、低山等起伏较小的地区人口增长迅速;而地形起伏度大的高山以及高原边缘地区人口增减变化不显著。     

草原区区域气候变化对物种多样性的影响

 人口增长以及人类活动对环境产生的深刻影响,导致除自然规律产生的变化以外的全球或区域的气候变化,这些变化又从不同尺度影响生物多样性。本文就内蒙古草原区40年间气候变化对植物种的多样性影响作了初步探讨,结果如下：1)从1950年到1990年的40年间,草原区的气候变化造成湿润度等值线的摆动,而且向东摆动的幅度和频率都大,其中以0.3线的摆动最为明显。2)0.3线的核心区不同样方向个体数和生物量向相邻区的相对变化率(0.42,0.56)与波动方差都很显著,物种多样性指数有增大的趋势。3)湿润度等值线所处的位置正好是两个相邻湿润度区的交错区,在正常情况下,交错区植被数量特征的变化应比核心区敏感,本文所出现的异常情况,正是由于区域气候变化影响的结果。     

Assessment of EEG frequency dynamics using complex demodulation.

The complex demodulation (CD) approach was applied to human EEG recorded during a cognitive task performance, including voluntary goal-directed movements. The standard CD algorithm was extended by a simple procedure using frequency histograms and power spectra to select the characteristic frequencies of EEG segments around the task performance. In the majority of records, amplitude modulation was found, which decreased or disappeared in the period prior to and at the very beginning of the task performance. It was found that the decrease of modulation in fast beta and gamma components begins approximately one second before that of the alpha components. Frequency modulation appeared in some records at the end of the task in beta and gamma components. The results showed that a cognitive task performance is accompanied by non-linear processes in the frequency components of EEG. These dynamic changes could extend the findings of event-related desynchronization obtained by linear methods.     

Phase coordination of the rhythms of changes in solar activity and of the monthly biorhythms of altered cholesterol levels of the blood serum in rabbits

The concentration of total, free and bound cholesterol in the blood serum of 13 intact Chinchilla male rabbits was determined in two four-month experiments carried out in 1973-1974 and in 1984-1985 during a "minimum" phase of an 11-year solar activity cycle. A hierarchy of ten cholesterol biorhythms and solar activity rhythms were singled out on a computer, using an original algorithm, in the individual changes in cholesterol concentration in each rabbit and in changes in seven environmental indexes. A statistical stability of the frequency and phase of low-frequency cholesterol biorhythms and solar activity rhythms has been established within an 11-year period, the fluctuation amplitude of the indexes studied being, on the contrary, statistically unstable.     

A gastrointestinal function bioassay evaluation of the mycotoxin,T-2 trichothecene

The Fusarium-produced mycotoxin T-2 trichothecene toxin was administered to two groups of young CD-1 mice to test the effects on three parameters of intestinal motility. The criteria selected included composite motility (cm²/min), peak amplitude (mm) and contraction frequency (recorded peaks/min). T-2 treated mice showed an increase in composite motility in response to low dosage (0·085 mg/kg), and at the higher dosage (0·250 mg/kg) a decreased motility. In the lowest treatment group there was a mean decrease of 39·54% in contraction amplitude while contraction frequency increased by 24·84%. The motility measurements were obtained by perfusing 2 cm sections of small intestine, including the entire duodenum excised from mice pre-treated with mycotoxin. Contractions were recorded with a physiograph and the composite motility measurements were taken using a computer program to determine the area of the data curves. T-2 toxin caused an alteration in the amplitude and frequency of motility measurements, but no overall concentration-related changes were noted. T-2 toxin causes measurable responses in the duodenum which may be one of the sites-of-action for this mycotoxin.     

Effects of broad frequency vibration on cultured osteoblasts

Bone is subjected in vivo to both high amplitude, low frequency strain, incurred by locomotion, and to low amplitude, broad frequency strain. The biological effects of low amplitude, broad frequency strain are poorly understood. To evaluate the effects of low amplitude strains ranging in frequency from 0 to 50 Hz on osteoblastic function, we seeded MC3T3-E1 cells into collagen gels and applied the following loading protocols for 3 min per day for either 3 or 7 days: (1) sinusoidal strain at 3 Hz, with 0-3000 microstrain peak-to-peak followed by 0.33 s resting time, (2) "broad frequency vibration" of low amplitude strain (standard deviation of 300 microstrain) including frequency components from 0 to 50 Hz, and (3) sinusoidal strain combined with broad frequency vibration (S + V). The cells were harvested on day 4 or 8. We found that the S + V stimulation significantly repressed cell proliferation by day 8. Osteocalcin mRNA was up-regulated 2.6-fold after 7 days of S + V stimulation, and MMP-9 mRNA was elevated 1.3-fold after 3 days of vibration alone. Sinusoidal stimulation alone did not affect the cell responses. No differences due to loading were observed in alkaline phosphatase activity and in mRNA levels of type I collagen, osteopontin, connexin 43, MMPs-1A, -3, -13. These results suggest that osteoblasts are more sensitive to low amplitude, broad frequency strain, and this kind of strain could sensitize osteoblasts to high amplitude, low frequency strain. This suggestion implies a potential contribution of stochastic resonance to the mechanical sensitivity of osteoblasts.     

Temporal fluctuations of silver,copper and zinc in the bivalve Macoma balthica at five stations in South San Francisco Bay

Concentrations of Cu, Ag and Zn were measured in the soft tissues of the estuarine bivalve Macoma balthica in South San Francisco Bay at near-monthly intervals for periods of two to three years at four stations, and eight years at a metal-enriched station. The amplitude and frequency of fluctuations differed among stations and among metals. Fluctuations were greatest at stations with the greatest metal enrichment and with the least dilution and flushing of wastes. A consistent seasonal pattern of fluctuation in Cu and Ag concentrations was evident in M. balthica at the metal-enriched station. These seasonal changes in tissue metal concentrations appeared to be affected by metal inputs, hydrologic processes that may affect both metal concentrations and bioavailability, and seasonal changes in the weight of the bivalve. The contributions of each of these interacting factors could not be determined quantitatively. At the metal-enriched station significant variation in the amplitude of seasonal fluctuations was also evident from year to year. Interpretation of metal concentrations in bivalves from estuaries will require careful consideration of the processes which affect metal dynamics in these complex environments.