不同品系番茄对番茄刺皮瘿螨生长发育的影响

为了弄清楚不同番茄品种对番茄刺皮瘿螨Aculops lycopersici (Massee)的抗感性程度,通过田间调查、室内盆栽接螨和离体培养等方法,考察了12个番茄品种（系）（多茸毛类YZ618和YZ619;少茸毛类YZ419, YZ507和YZ504;野生品系YZ7和YZ5 叶黄类YZ401;常规品系YZ406,YZ412,YZ413和YZ515）上番茄刺皮瘿螨的种群发育情况。结果表明：番茄刺皮瘿螨在不同番茄品种（系）上的种群密度有明显差异,野生品系YZ7及多茸毛品系YZ618和YZ619上较低,少茸毛品系YZ504,YZ507和YZ419较高。不同番茄品种（系）可能是通过影响螨的存活率和产卵能力来影响在品种（系）上的种群发展。离体培养观察发现,番茄刺皮瘿螨的存活率在少茸毛品系YZ504和YZ507上最高,其次是品系YZ419,野生品系YZ7上最低。在YZ504上的产卵量最大,YZ419和YZ507次之,YZ7最小。根据实验种群参数判断,野生品系YZ7及多茸毛品系YZ618和YZ619感螨程度低,为抗性品系; 少茸毛品系YZ504,YZ419和YZ507感螨程度高,为感螨品系。     

温湿度对番茄刺皮瘿螨实验种群的影响

在同一湿度（53%RH）不同温度（14℃、17℃、20℃、23℃、26℃、29℃、32℃、35℃及同一温度（26℃）不同湿度（30%RH、53%RH、75.5%RH、85%RH、92.5%RH、100%RH）组合条件下,测定了温湿度对番茄刺皮瘿螨Aculops lycopersici (Massee)生长发育及繁殖的影响。结果表明,温、湿度对该螨存活率有明显影响,以23℃（53%RH）和75.5%RH（26℃）条件下最高,分别为89.9%和87.1%; 其发育历期较短,在14～35℃和30%～100%RH范围内,历期随温度升高而缩短,随湿度升高而延长; 番茄刺皮瘿螨的发育起点温度较高,卵、若螨和整个世代的发育起点温度分别为10.51、9.02和9.15℃。完成一代需要105.56日·度。温湿度对番茄刺皮瘿螨的繁殖力有明显影响,产卵期随温度升高而缩短,随湿度升高而延长; 产卵量在26℃(53%RH)和53%RH(26℃)下最高,每头雌虫产卵分别为44.3粒和42.2粒; 26℃(53%RH)和53%RH(26℃)条件下种群的内禀增长率最高,分别为0.2645和0.2669。结果表明,适宜的温湿度条件为温度26～29℃、相对湿度53%～75%。     

二斑叶螨为害对番茄叶片主要营养物质和防御酶活性的影响

本文研究了二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae为害对寄主植物番茄营养物质和防御酶活性的影响。结果表明:二斑叶螨为害对番茄植株体内营养物质含量和防御酶活性均有一定影响,且为害密度和为害时间存在交互作用。二斑叶螨为害后番茄叶片可溶性糖含量下降幅度与叶螨为害密度和时间呈正比;可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸含量在二斑叶螨高密度为害3 d时最低。二斑叶螨为害后番茄叶片防御酶活性普遍增强,过氧化物酶POD活性在5头/叶密度时与为害时间呈正比;苯丙氨酸解氨酶PAL、多酚氧化酶PPO和脂氧合酶LOX活性的变化一致,均在中密度为害时活性最高。以上结果说明番茄叶片通过调节其体内营养物质含量和各种防御酶活性的变化,对二斑叶螨的胁迫产生了应激反应。     

叶刺瘿螨亚科三新种记述(真螨目:瘿螨科)

本文记述了叶刺瘿螨亚科 Phyllocoptinae三新种。模式标本保存在南京农业大学植保系。文中量度为μm。 珍珠菜刺皮瘿螨 Aculops lysimachiae 新种(图1—6) 雌螨体纺锤形,长175,宽55,淡黄色。口喙长22.5,下伸。背盾板长40,宽7.5,近三角形;背中线不完整,侧中线完整,波状,于二处有横线与背中线连接,亚中线完     

核黄素和接种番茄黄化曲叶病毒对番茄叶片防御酶活性的影响

以番茄品种‘1479’为材料,研究了喷施核黄素(Riboflavin)和接种番茄黄化曲叶病毒(TYLCV)对幼苗叶片中过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)3种防御酶活性的影响。结果显示:(1)核黄素能显著降低番茄植株的番茄黄化曲叶病毒病的病情指数,并以2 mmol/L时诱导效果最佳,诱抗效果最高可达41.91%。(2)2mmol/L核黄素处理后96h内,番茄叶片的POD、PPO和PAL活性显著高于对照。(3)接种TYLCV后,核黄素处理和接种TYLCV处理均可诱导番茄叶片中防御酶活性显著增强。研究表明,核黄素处理可诱导POD、PPO和PAL活性的系统增强与番茄对TYLCV的诱导抗性密切相关。     

刺皮瘿螨属二新种记述(真螨目:瘿螨科)

本文记述刺皮瘿螨属Aculops二个新种,文内长度单位是微米,模式标本保存在南京农业大学植保系。 蟠槐刺皮瘿螨Aculops sophorae新种(图1—5) 雌螨 体长160,宽55,厚50,纺锤形。喙长24,斜下伸。背盾板具前叶突,端部具小刺;盾板长17,宽45;盾背上背中线不完整,约存后部的2/3,侧中线波状,并与背中线相连,有亚中线;背瘤位于盾后缘,瘤距25,背毛27,斜后指。前基节间具腹板线,基节刚毛Ⅰ8,Ⅱ15,Ⅲ25,基节具粒点。足Ⅰ长26,股节9,股节刚毛10;膝节4,膝节刚     

二斑叶螨刺吸胁迫对白三叶叶绿素含量和两种保护酶的影响

本文采用室内人工接螨法,研究了二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch不同虫口密度和不同为害时间对白三叶生理的影响。结果表明:在0、5和10头/小叶3个虫口密度下,二斑叶螨取食为害2、4、6和8 d后白三叶植株体内叶绿素含量、过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性有不同程度的变化。二斑叶螨为害后,在同一虫口密度下,随着为害天数的增加白三叶植株体内叶绿素含量呈下降的趋势、而POD和PPO活性呈上升趋势;在同一为害时间内,虫口密度越高,叶绿素含量下降的幅度越大,酶活力增加幅度越明显;方差分析表明,3个虫口密度下白三叶体内叶绿素含量、POD、PPO活性差异显著(P<0.05)。     

番茄幼苗对接种晚疫病菌的生理响应

以番茄晚疫病抗病品系CLN2037E、感病品系5号自交系及其杂种一代F1为材料,人工接种番茄晚疫病菌生理小种T1、T2、T3,研究番茄苗期抵抗晚疫病的生理响应.结果显示：（1）感病品系的膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）与过氧化氢（H2O2）的含量增加幅度较大,抗病品系的含量则相对稳定,F1代的变化趋势接近感病品系;（2）抗病品系和感病品系的多酚氧化酶（PPO）、过氧化物酶（POD）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性变化都呈先升高后下降,抗病品系的酶活性高峰出现早且峰值小于感病品系.研究发现,抗病番茄品系幼苗的多项生理指标在接种晚疫病菌后变化幅度小而稳定,并能在短时间内基本恢复到原来的正常状态,从而表现出较强的抗病性.     

水杨酸、乙酰水杨酸对番茄幼苗叶片中PPO和POD的诱导作用

以番茄品种改良美国908和合作906为试验材料,研究了水杨酸(SA)和乙酰水杨酸(ASA)喷雾处理6-7叶期幼苗后,叶片内多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性在120 h内的变化.结果显示:SA和ASA对2个番茄品种的适宜诱导浓度分别为1 mmol/L和1.39 mmol/L;SA和ASA对PPO活性的诱导效果无显著差异,但对POD活性的诱导效果SA极显著强于ASA;合作906的PPO活性增幅显著大于改良美国908,而POD活性增幅却显著小于改良美国908,且合作906对诱导处理反应更敏感.研究表明,SA和ASA能显著提高番茄幼苗叶片的PPO、POD活性,而酶活性变化在品种和诱导剂间有显著差异.     

二斑叶螨危害对棉花应激防御酶活性的影响

探明二斑叶螨取食对棉花叶片内应激防御性酶活性的影响。在棉苗5-6叶期接种不同数量(10-40头)的二斑叶螨雌成虫,取食1-4 d后采摘不同处理的叶片,利用分光光度计测定过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、脂氧合酶(LOX)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性。结果表明二斑叶螨取食后,棉花叶片CAT活性显著升高,且随诱导时间的延长其活性变化呈先上升后下降的趋势,为害3 d时,10、20、H(每株接棉蚜跟叶螨各40头)头/叶的CAT活性达到最高峰,显著高于对照(P0.05);POD、PAL活性也随诱导时间的延长和螨口数量的增加呈上升趋势,为害4 d时达到最高峰;而PPO、LOX活性随着时间的增加呈现上升后下降趋势,且为害2 d时达到最高峰,仍显著高于对照(P0.05)。棉叶应激防御酶活性随着二斑叶螨为害时间与螨口密度的增加而增加,表明二斑叶螨的危害胁迫能诱导寄主植物产生一系列应激生化反应,不同的酶活性表现有所不同。     

Resistance to Acarapis woodi by honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae): divergent selection and evaluation of selection progress

Two generations of honey bees, Apis mellifera L., selected for resistance to tracheal mites, Acarapis woodi (Rennie), were produced from a foundation stock. The mite resistant lines had significantly low mite abundances and prevalences in each selected generation. The high mite-resistant lines of the first selected generation showed resistance equal to that of bees that had undergone natural selection from tracheal mite infestations for 3 yr in New York. Additionally, the high mite-resistant lines of the second selected generation and Buckfast bees had significantly lower mite abundances and prevalences than honey bees from control colonies which had never been exposed to tracheal mite infestation in Ontario. These results corroborate studies that have shown that honey bees possess genetic components for tracheal mite resistance that can be readily enhanced in a breeding program. The two methods used for evaluating relative resistance of honey bees to tracheal mites, a short-term bioassay and evaluation in field colonies, were positively correlated (rs = 0.64, P < 0.001).     

山楂叶螨种群空间格局及其应用的研究Ⅰ.成螨在苹果树上的三维空间格局

考察了山楂叶螨成螨在树内的三维空间格局及其聚集与扩散的趋势,并用聚块性指标研究了其聚集强度的时序变化。结果表明,在垂直和水平方向,山楂叶螨成螨在树内的空间格局均为聚集型,呈单个个体或小的个体群分布,以下层树冠的聚集强度为最高。根据种群的空间格局,给出了上、中、下3层树冠的数据代换公式。     

蚜虫(Aphis medicaginis Koch)危害胁迫对不同苜蓿品种体内丙二醛含量及防御性酶活性的影响

研究了蚜虫危害胁迫后不同抗蚜性苜蓿品种叶片内丙二醛含量及防御性酶活性的动态变化。结果表明：在蚜虫刺吸诱导的过程中,高感品种的MDA含量始终高于高抗品种,并且高感和高抗品种均保持上升的趋势;高感品种的SOD、POD和PAL活性始终低于高抗品种,其中高感和高抗品种的SOD和POD活性均表现先上升后下降的趋势,而PAL活性上升到高峰后均趋于稳定;CAT活性在高感和高抗品种间表现为交替的上升下降;高抗品种的PPO活性前期低于高感品种,而后期高于高感品种。由此可见,在蚜虫危害胁迫下,高感和高抗品种间MDA、SOD、POD、PAL和PPO活性的变化与苜蓿的抗蚜性密切相关,均可作为苜蓿抗蚜性鉴定的生理指标,而CAT活性变化与苜蓿抗蚜性的联系有待进一步研究。     

绿盲蝽取食与机械损伤对棉花叶片内防御性酶活性的影响

为探明绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum (Mayer-Dür)取食和机械损伤对不同抗性棉花叶片内主要防御酶活性的影响以及防御酶与棉花抗绿盲蝽性的关系,以棉花3个不同抗性品系为材料,室内条件下测定绿盲蝽取食和机械损伤处理后棉叶中苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性.结果表明:对...     

Endophytic bacteria (Sphingomonas sp. LK11) and gibberellin can improve Solanum lycopersicum growth and oxidative stress under salinity

This study aims to understand the effects of salinity on the growth and oxidative stress enzymes of endophytic bacteria (Sphingomonas sp. LK11) and tomato plants. In response to salinity and gibberellic acid (GA₄), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase, and reduced glutathione were significantly regulated in LK11 as compared to peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO). Salinity stress to tomato plants caused significant cessation in growth and biomass, which was accompanied by threefold increase in lipid peroxidation and decrease in glutathione, CAT, POD, and PPO activities. In contrast, sole and combined treatment of LK11 and GA₄ rescued plant growth and biomass production whilst exhibited lower lipid peroxidation and higher glutathione content under salinity stress. The activities of CAT, POD, and PPO were either lower or nonsignificant as compared to control. In conclusion, inoculation of bacterial endophytes offers a relative stress counteracting potentials as evidenced by the known plant growth regulators.     

Accumulation and turnover of 2-tridecanone in Tetranychus urticae and its consequences for resistance of wild and cultivated tomatoes

In this study we assessed the dynamic changes of 2-tridecanone in a herbivorous mite (Tetranychus urticae) on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum, cv. Moneymaker), a plant with methyl ketones in the tetracellular tips of the glandular trichomes (Type VI). We showed that spider mites accumulate 2-tridecanone when foraging on cultivated tomato. Thus, the rate of mite–trichome contact multiplied by the amount of toxin per trichome tip exceeded the relative rate of toxin turnover multiplied by the amount of toxin per mite. The relative rate of toxin turnover was estimated to be 1.1 per day on cucumber, a plant without this toxin. The amount per trichome tip varied from 0.33 ng for middle-leaf trichomes to 1.26 ng for main-stem trichomes. Hence, to achieve a static level of 2-tridecanone equal to 8–17 ng per mite – representing the level we found in mites on middle leaves – the rate of mite–trichome contact should be 26–57 per day. Because methyl ketone apparently accumulates in the spider mites on tomato, the rate of mite–trichome contact is probably higher than that. We expect the accumulation of ketones to occur especially on the stems of cultivated tomato, since this is the area most densely occupied with glandular hairs and because here the hairs have higher levels of the methyl ketones.Using dose–response relationships assessed earlier (Chatzivasileiadis and Sabelis, 1997, 1998), we estimated that the number of mite–trichome contacts causing 50% mortality per day is equal to 88 on a tomato stem, whereas it equals 70 for another strain of spider mites collected from cucumber. On wild tomato, L. hirsutum f. glabratum (PI 134417), just one to two contacts would suffice to cause 50% mortality per day. We suggest that methyl ketones from glandular hairs on tomato are an important mortality factor for spider mites on wild tomato and probably also on cultivated tomato.