哺乳动物胚胎滞育及其调控机制研究进展

胚胎滞育(Embryonic diapause)是存在于部分哺乳动物中的一种生存策略和繁殖状态.其具体过程为:胚胎在着床前停止或减缓发育形成胚胎滞育期,滞育期结束后胚胎再次活化,且滞育过程不会对随后的胚胎发育产生任何不良影响.胚胎滞育主要分为两种类型:兼性滞育(Facultative diapause)和专性滞育(Ob...     

蜱类的滞育现象

<正> 滞育(diapause)是昆虫、蜱类等节肢动物中普遍存在的现象。对昆虫滞育现象的研究开展较早,也比较深入而对蜱类这一现象的研究则较晚。(1948)曾首次论述过硬蜱的滞育,近年来研究进展较快,已对几十种蜱类的滞育进行了研究。本文将概述蜱类滞育的表现形式,影响滞育的环境因素以及滞育期间蜱类的生理状态等问题。     

昆虫滞育持续时间的影响因子及其对滞育后生物学的影响

滞育持续时间(diapause duration)是昆虫的一种生理特性,它主要由特定环境条件下的滞育强度或滞育发育速率来决定,滞育强度或滞育发育速率通常以将滞育状态的昆虫转移至解除滞育的条件(如低温处理、光周期的转换)后,滞育消除所需时间的长短来衡量。文章系统综述昆虫滞育持续时间的影响因子及其对滞育后生物学的影响。     

光周期对白纹伊蚊卵滞育影响的观察

过去几年在实验室饲养白纹伊蚊的过程中,作者见到每到9月中旬左右,虽平均温度仍在20℃以上,但成蚊所产的卵其孵化率大大降低,甚至完全不孵化,即使及时饲养在自然光源、25℃的恒温室中,也不能改变上述情况。近年来实验生态学的研究阐明了昼夜光照节律控制昆虫的季节发生有巨大的作用,其中最主要的是对昆虫的多型现象(polymor-phism)和滞育(diapause)形成的影响(de Wilde,1962;Andrewartha 1952)。作者受此启发,进行了光周期对白纹伊蚊产滞育卵关系的观察。     

登革Ⅱ型病毒经白纹伊蚊滞育卵的传递

采用C6/36细胞培养分离病毒的方法检测感染登革Ⅱ型病毒的白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus滞育卵孵化的F₁代蚊虫感染率,从第一个生殖营养周期子代蚊虫中未分离到病毒,第二与第三生殖营养周期子代蚊虫最低感染率没有显著性差异（χ²=0.01,P＞0.0 5）,感染子代的批阳性率为9.1%,最低感染率为1∶330;间接免疫荧光检测结果表明感染登革Ⅱ型病毒的白纹伊蚊滞育卵孵化的子代成蚊能通过叮咬将登革病毒传播给敏感乳鼠。这些研究结果表明登革病毒能在媒介滞育卵内存活并传至子代,子代蚊虫能通过叮咬敏感宿主水平传播病毒。     

光周期对中华按蚊脂肪含量的影响

光周期是引起蚊虫滞育越冬的主要因素,脂肪是滞育越冬期间的能源物质,研究光周期对中华按蚊(Anopheles sinensis)脂肪含量的影响,对进一步解释该蚊越冬机理具有重要的参考价值。1材料与方法1.1实验蚊株中华按蚊上海株,为本实验室养殖。1.2蚊虫饲养条件温度25±1℃,长光照为16L:8D,短光照为8L:16D。1.3脂肪含量测定法称重法参照王仁赉方法〔1〕,比色法参照Van Handel方法〔2,3〕。2结果2.1称重法测定中华按蚊上海株脂肪含量及体重在短光照和长光照条件下羽化的中华按蚊10日龄平均单个雌蚊脂肪含量、体重分别为163μg、842μg和150μg、100…     

Molecular mechanism of diapause in insect (I) --Expression of diapause hormone gene and incubation temperature in embryonic stage of Bombyx mori

The embryonic diapause of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, is induced by the diapause hormone (DH) which is secreted from the suboesophageal ganglion of pupae. The diapause nature of bivoltine strains uses environmental stimuli as the initial signal to determine the diapause nature. The experiments showed that DH gene expression is a direct response to the environmental stimulus, such as high incubation temperature. The cDNA from the embryonic stage was cloned and sequence analysis showed the cDNA encoding DH. Expression patterns of the DH gene in embryonic stage are different at incubation temperatures 15℃ and 25℃, suggesting that the incubation temperature as an environmental signal is kept within the body to control the DH gene expression at the pupal stage, so that the embryonic diapause of next generation can be determined.     

PHOTOPERIODIC CONTROL OF ADULT DIAPAUSE IN CHRYSOPERLA SINICA （TJEDER） （NEUROPTERA： CHRYSOPIDAE） -I. CRITICAL PHOTOPERIOD AND SENSITIVE STAGES OF ADULT DIAPAUSE INDUCTION

Photoperiodic sensitivity for diapause induction of the green lacewing, Chrysoperla sinica (Tjeder) was examined at 22℃. The adult diapause of C. sinica was induced by short-day photoperiods, and the critical photoperiod for its induction was between 12.5L-11.5D and 13L-11D.Adults developed without diapause under long-day conditions, and entered diapause under short-day conditions. The adult stage was the uppermost sensitive stage for adult diapause induction, adults could go into diapause only when the emerging adults were under diapause-inducing short-day photoperiods. The short-day photoperiodic experience by transferring between 15L: 9D and 9L: 15D at preimaginal stages did not result in adult diapause under 15L: 9D photo regime, although some treatments extended the pre-oviposition period in adult stage. The results showed that the 3rd instar larvae and pre-pupae were more sensitive to the photoperiodic change from 15L: 9D to 9L: 15D photo regime than the other preimaginal stages.     

Effects of photoperiod and temperature on diapause induction in Conogethes punctiferalis （Lepidoptera： Pyralidae）

The yellow peach moth, Conogethes punctiferalis （Guenee）, a multivoltine species that overwinters as diapausing larvae, is one of the most serious insect pests on maize in China. Effect of photoperiod and temperature on larval diapause was examined under empirical laboratory conditions. Short-day treatments caused larval diapause at 25℃, and the critical photoperiod was between 12 and 13 h （or 12 h 51 min） light per day. No sensitive instar was identified for diapause induction under alternated short- （L ： D 11 ： 13 h） and long-day （L ： D 14 ： 10 h） treatments at different larval stages. However, accumulative treatment of three instars and 10 d under short-day treatment was required for the induction of 50% larval diapause. All larvae entered diapause at 20℃, whereas less than 3% did so at 30℃, irrespective of the long- or short-day treatment. Furthermore, under the short-day treatment, more than 90% of larvae went into diapause with temperatures ≤ 25℃, but less than 17% did so at 28℃. In contrast, under the long-day treatment, less than 19% of larvae went into diapause with temperatures ≥23 ℃. The forward shift （5℃） of critical temperature under the long-day regime demonstrated the compensatory effect of temperature and photoperiod on diapause induction. In conclusion, C. punctiferalis had a temperature-dependent type Ⅰ photoperiodic diapause response; there was no sensitive instar for diapause determination, but the photoperiodic accumulation time countermeasures both of the short-day cycles and the number ofinstars exposed, and the photoperiodic diapause response, was a temperature-compensated phenomenon.     

滞育七星瓢虫的代谢适应与抗寒性评价

滞育是部分昆虫固有的适应逆境胁迫的遗传属性,七星瓢虫具有显著的滞育现象。本文以七星瓢虫雌成虫为试材,研究正常发育、滞育及滞育解除后3组处理试虫糖、脂、蛋白等关键代谢物质含量波动规律,总结滞育期间的代谢适应特点,解析其与过冷却能力的相关性,探索滞育对七星瓢虫逆境胁迫耐受力的促升效应,丰富七星瓢虫的滞育基础理论研究。利用物质干湿重差数法测定七星瓢虫的含水量;利用氯仿-甲醇(体积比为2∶1)法抽提除去自由水个体的脂肪;总糖、海藻糖、甘油、山梨醇及总蛋白的测定采用标准曲线法,利用SUN-II型智能昆虫过冷却点测定仪测定七星瓢虫的过冷却点(supercooling point,SCP)。结果表明,七星瓢虫滞育组含水量(58.11%±6.55%)显著低于正常发育组(68.49%±2.26%)和滞育解除组(65.84%±4.02%)(F=8.15,P0.01),滞育解除后含水量恢复至正常发育组水平;滞育组总糖(10.60±0.54μg/mg)、糖原(8.72±0.62μg/mg)、脂肪(173.66±19.01μg/mg)含量远远高于正常发育组和滞育解除组(F=46.57,P=0.0006;F=114.25,P0.0001;F=8.48,P0.01);滞育组总蛋白含量(49.20±3.80μg/mg)显著低于正常发育组(71.02±6.15μg/mg)和滞育解除组(69.45±4.66μg/mg)(F=46.57,P=0.0006);滞育组中海藻糖(1.31±0.27μg/mg)、甘油(1.74±0.50μg/mg)、山梨醇(9.84±3.02μg/mg)含量与正常发育组、滞育解除组无显著性差异(F=0.79,P=0.4946;F=1.33,P=0.3004;F=1.69,P=0.2387)。七星瓢虫在滞育条件下其过冷却点(-16.53℃±1.44℃)显著低于正常发育组(-14.07℃±1.33℃)和滞育解除组(-15.29℃±2.10℃)(F=13.47,P0.0001),经过滞育低温驯化后滞育解除组过冷却点较对照组有所降低。滞育诱发七星瓢虫发生显著的代谢适应,蛋白含量显著降低,抑制新陈代谢进程;糖脂含量显著升高,保障滞育维持及解除后发育的能量需求;七星瓢虫滞育属糖原积累型;滞育个体过冷却点大幅下降,耐寒性显著提升。     

滞育家蝇幼虫氨基酸、SOD、CAT的变化

目的 观察家蝇幼虫滞育前后血淋巴中氨基酸、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的变化,探讨家蝇幼虫滞育发生的生化机制.方法 低温诱导家蝇幼虫滞育,氨基酸自动分析仪测滞育组及非滞育组血淋巴氨基酸含量;紫外分光光度计测滞育组及非滞育组家蝇幼虫血淋巴SOD、CAT含量.结果 除滞育20 d组家蝇幼虫血淋巴内胱氨酸较非滞育组升高外,各滞育组家蝇幼虫血淋巴内氨基酸含量均低于非滞育组;各滞育组SOD、CAT均低于非滞育组,随着滞育时间的延长SOD、CAT含量逐渐增高.结论 家蝇滞育幼虫体内各氨基酸含量减少,SOD、CAT活力降低.     

葱蝇非滞育、夏滞育和冬滞育蛹体内抗氧化酶活性的比较分析（英文）

【目的】通过测定并比较分析抗氧化酶活性及谷胱甘肽氧化还原状态,探讨葱蝇Delia antiqua非滞育、夏滞育和冬滞育蛹体内抗氧化系统的差异。【方法】取葱蝇非滞育、夏滞育和冬滞育蛹,分别测定铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(Cu/Zn-SOD)、锰超氧化物歧化酶(Mn SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性及还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和氧化性还原型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量及GSH/GSSG比随发育时间的变化;并对各抗氧化因子进行了典型判别分析。【结果】5种抗氧化酶的活性在整个蛹期是动态变化的。与非滞育蛹和夏滞育蛹相比,处于滞育前期的冬滞育蛹具有较高的Cu/Zn-SOD酶活性,但处于夏滞育及冬滞育的维持期和滞育后期的滞育蛹体内Cu/Zn-SOD酶活性则明显低于同一发育时期的非滞育蛹。在整个蛹期,非滞育蛹体内Mn SOD酶活性显著高于夏滞育和冬滞育蛹,而在夏滞育和冬滞育蛹之间则无明显差异。比较两种酶活性则发现同一发育时期的Mn SOD平均酶活性明显高于Cu/Zn-SOD酶活性。在头外翻之前,滞育蛹体内CAT酶活性高于非滞育蛹,但处于滞育维持期和后期的蛹体内CAT酶活性则低于非滞育蛹。无论在非滞育蛹还是滞育蛹中,GPx和GR酶活性变化基本上呈相反的趋势。典型判别分析进一步表明葱蝇蛹体内的抗氧化系统具有发育时期和滞育类型特异性。【结论】非滞育蛹与夏滞育和冬滞育蛹体内的氧化还原状态存在明显差异。滞育前期和滞育后期的蛹体内较高的抗氧化酶活性和较低的GSH/GSSG比提示氧化状态的变化与高的呼吸速率及发育过程密切相关。     

昆虫滞育后的生物学特性

从昆虫滞育后性比、寿命、生殖力和重复滞育等方面对昆虫滞育后的生物学特性进行了概括,并分析了影响昆虫滞育后生物学特性数量表达的因子。这些因子包括:(1)滞育前昆虫的发育速率、取食行为和个体大小;(2)滞育期间的环境条件及昆虫取食行为;(3)滞育持续期;(4)滞育后的取食需求;以及(5)滞育后的温度和光周期。     

昆虫延长滞育的研究

持续时间达1年以上的滞育,称为延长滞育,延长滞育的诱导、维持、解除均不同于简单滞育(滞育期短于1年)。本论文系统阐述了昆虫延长滞育的类型、滞育诱导及解除的环境因子、延长滞育物候学和生物学特性,延长滞育的遗传学及延长滞育的生态学意义。延长滞育是昆虫生活史的重要组成部分,是一种普遍现象。     

小麦吸浆虫滞育研究进展

小麦吸浆虫Sitodiplosismosellana(Gehin)和Contariniatritici(Kirby)是小麦生产中间歇性猖獗发生的害虫 ,也是一种具有典型的滞育多态性的昆虫。该文从滞育特点、影响滞育的因素、滞育幼虫的形态变化、滞育生理特征、滞育幼虫的化学物质变化和我国小麦吸浆虫滞育区划等 6个方面 ,较全面地回顾总结了国内外小麦吸浆虫滞育研究的进展情况 ,并对今后的研究工作进行了展望。     

意大利蝗卵发育过程保幼激素和蜕皮激素含量的变化及其代谢相关基因的表达谱

【目的】鉴于保幼激素(juvenile hormone, JH)与蜕皮激素(ecdysone, Ecd)在昆虫生长发育中的重要作用,本研究旨在明确这两种激素及其代谢相关基因对意大利蝗Calliptamus italicus卵发育过程的调控机制。【方法】采用ELISA技术检测意大利蝗卵发育过程中JH与Ecd含量的变化;采用qRT-PCR技术检测JH与Ecd代谢通路的重要基因(JHE,JHEH,DIB和EcR)在意大利蝗卵发育过程的表达模式。【结果】意大利蝗卵滞育阶段(阶段Ⅳ-Ⅵ)的JH含量显著高于早期发育阶段(阶段Ⅰ-Ⅲ)的,滞育后发育阶段(阶段Ⅶ-Ⅸ) JH含量显著下降;Ecd含量于滞育早期(阶段Ⅳ)显著上升,而后显著下降,滞育后发育阶段再次上升。JHE的表达量在意大利蝗卵早期发育阶段和滞育后发育阶段均呈先升后降的趋势,滞育阶段JHE的表达量较低;JHEH表达量在意大利蝗卵早期发育阶段也先升后降,滞育阶段变化不显著,滞育后发育阶段显著升高;DIB表达量在意大利蝗卵滞育阶段高于早期发育阶段的,在滞育后发育阶段下降;EcR表达量在意大利蝗卵早期发育阶段及滞育阶段均无显著变化,滞育后发育阶段...     

苜蓿切叶蜂滞育的诱导因素研究

苜蓿切叶蜂Megachile rotundata(F.)预蛹的滞育主要受光周期和温度的影响。雌蜂感受光周期的变化是决定子代预蛹是否进入滞育的一个主要因素;当代的幼期,特别是高龄幼虫(约3龄)到预蛹这一阶段所感受的温度变化,对预蛹滞育有很大的影响,此期如果环境温度低于(21.59±1.03)℃,可有超过50%的个体进入滞育。此外,放蜂地区的纬度及蜂的代次对预蛹的滞育亦有重要的影响。     

麦红吸浆虫不同滞育期四种糖代谢酶活力分析

海藻糖是麦红吸浆虫Sitodiplosis mosellana (Gehin)滞育期间储藏能量的主要物质,为弄清其在滞育期的积累机理,本文测定了麦红吸浆虫滞育前后和滞育期糖原磷酸化酶（Gpase）、己糖激酶（HK）、磷酸果糖激酶（PFK）和醛缩酶（ALD）这4种糖代谢酶活力的变化。结果表明: 麦红吸浆虫滞育前后这些糖代谢酶活力明显不同,滞育后Gpase 活力显著提高,糖酵解有关酶HK,PFK和ALD活力降低;滞育解除后,Gpase 活力降低,HK,PFK和ALD活力升高。滞育期间,4种糖代谢酶的活力均与滞育发育有关;同时Gpase 和PFK的活力也与环境温度有关,即夏、冬季高于春、秋季;同期不同滞育状态幼虫比较,裸露幼虫HK,PFK和ALD活力总是略高于结茧幼虫,Gpase则相反。滞育当年与第2年同期幼虫4种糖代谢酶的活力无显著差异。     

CHANGES OF GLYCEROL CONTENT IN DIAPAUSE LARVAEOF THE ORANGE WHEAT BLOSSOM MIDGE, SITODIPLOSIS MOSELLANA （GEHIN） IN VARIOUS SEASONS

The glycerol contents in diapause larvae of the orange wheat blossom midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Gehin), collected from various seasons, were measured. The results showed that there was less glycerol content in larvae during living on the wheat head. Content of glycerol began to increase significantly when the larvae left the wheat head and entered the soil. A change trend of upper- lower- upper- lower in larvae glycerol contents during diapause in soil was observed from June to April of next year. More glycerol could be examined in larvae collected in summer and winter than in spring and autumn. There was not more glycerol in cocooned larvae than that in non-cocooned larvae during various seasons from the point of statistics. Comparing the glycerol content of larvae being diapause in the first year with that of larvae in the second year, there was yet no obvious difference when larvae were collected in the same season belonged to different years. Therefore, it is shown that the content of glycerol in larvae of the wheat midge in diapause is affected mainly by the seasons or diapause intensity.     

昆虫滞育与激素调节

<正> 滞育是广泛地存在于昆虫界的一种现象,是昆虫在长期与环境条件斗争中所获得一种特殊生存本领。滞育利于虫体适应不利环境条件及种群同步生长发育。然而,昆虫要实现滞育,还必须通过昆虫体内激素的调节控制。因此,滞育是一个从接收外界环境信号一直到体内激素进行调节复杂的生理过程。激素控制滞育在不同种昆虫中各不相同,下面按虫态滞育类型加以叙述。 一、卵滞育 卵滞育即胚胎滞育,可以发