Air pressure effects on biomass yield of two different Kluyveromyces strains

The use of air pressure as a way of improving oxygen transfer in aerobic bioreactors was investigated. To compare the air pressure effects with traditional air bubbled cultures, experiments using a pressure reactor and a stirred flask, with the same oxygen transfer rate, were made. Kluyveromyces marxianus is an important industrial yeast and some of it show a “Kluyver effect” for lactose: even under oxygen limited growth conditions, certain disaccharides that support aerobic, respiratory growth, are not fermented. This study deals with the effect of increased pressure on the physiological behavior of two Kluyveromyces strains: K. marxianus ATCC10022 is a lactose-fermenting strain, whereas K. marxianus CBS 7894 has a Kluyver-effect for lactose. For K. marxianus ATCC10022 an air pressure increase of 2 bar led to a 3-fold increase in biomass yield. When air pressure increased an enhancement of ethanol oxidation of cell yeasts was also observed. Batch cultures of K. marxianus CBS 7894 exhibited different growth behaviour. Its metabolism was always oxidative and ethanol was never produced. With the increase in air pressure, it was possible to increase the productivity in biomass of K. marxianus CBS 7894. As a response to high oxygen concentrations, due to the increase in oxygen partial pressure, oxidative stress in the cells was also studied. Antioxidant defences, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase, were at high activity levels, suggesting that these yeast strains could tolerate the increased pressures applied.     

Expression of a foreign eukaryotic gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: beta-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis

Three recombinant DNA vectors carrying the β-galactosidase structural gene, LAC4, from the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis were constructed and transformed into Saccharomyces cerevisiae. All transformants expressed the β-galactosidase activity of LAC4. However, the level of enzyme activity varied, being highest in cells transformed with vectors which are maintained as multicopy plasmids and lowest in cells transformed with a vector which integrates into chromosomes. Enzyme levels probably reflect gene dosage. LAC4 is very stable when integrated into a chromosome, but unstable when carried on a plasmid. Therefore, stability is a property of the recombinant vector rather than of LAC4, LAC4-coded β-galactosidase synthesized in either S. cerevisiae or in K. lactis is the same as judged by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. However, S. cerevisiae transformed with     

Lactic acid production by mixed cultures of Kluyveromyces marxianus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and Lactobacillus helveticus

Lactic acid production using Kluyveromyces marxianus (IFO 288), Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus (ATCC 11842) and Lactobacillus helveticus (ATCC 15009) individually or as mixed culture on cheese whey in stirred or static fermentation conditions was evaluated. Lactic acid production, residual sugar and cell biomass were the main features examined. Increased lactic acid production was observed, when mixed cultures were used in comparison to individual ones. The highest lactic acid concentrations were achieved when K. marxianus yeast was combined with L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, and when all the strains were used revealing possible synergistic effects between the yeast and the two lactic acid bacteria. The same synergistic effects were further observed and verified when the mixed cultures were applied in sourdough fermentations, proving that the above microbiological system could be applied in the food fermentations where high lactic acid production is sought.     

鼠伤寒沙门菌spvBC基因编辑株的构建

利用λRed重组系统和pBAD原核表达载体构建鼠伤寒沙门菌spvBC质粒毒力基因修饰菌株,为深入探究沙门菌毒力基因spv的功能和致病机制及宿主抗感染免疫提供工具菌。以pKD4为模板,PCR扩增含spvBC同源臂的卡那霉素抗性基因以构建同源打靶片段,再将其电转入含有质粒pKD46的鼠伤寒沙门菌中进行同源重组,随后将质粒pCP20电转导入阳性转化子,消除卡那霉素抗性基因,PCR鉴定敲除株的构建。PCR扩增含酶切位点的spvBC基因片段,扩增产物与原核表达载体pBAD/gⅢ分别双酶切后连接构建pBAD-spvBC重组质粒,PCR筛选阳性菌落并测序鉴定。将构建成功的pBAD-spvBC重组质粒电转导入spvBC敲除株中,Western blot测定不同浓度L-阿拉伯糖诱导SpvB和SpvC蛋白表达情况。PCR结果表明鼠伤寒沙门菌spvBC基因敲除成功;PCR及测序结果表明pBAD-spvBC重组质粒构建成功,Western blot结果表明13 mmol/L L-阿拉伯糖可诱导SpvB和SpvC蛋白正常表达。λRed重组系统可用于沙门菌质粒上大片段基因的敲除,pBAD原核表达载体可用于沙门菌质粒上大片段基因的回补,丰富了细菌质粒的基因修饰和编辑策略。     

基于游离质粒的木糖诱导型枯草芽孢杆菌转化体系的建立及其应用

枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）作为食品级安全菌株,因其具有理化特征清晰、培养发酵方便等特点,广泛应用于异源蛋白质的高效表达以及高附加值物质的合成。传统的B. subtilis遗传转化方法存在操作流程繁琐、效率低等缺点,因此,开发方便高效的遗传转化系统具有重要意义。转录因子ComK被证实能调控B. subtilis感受态的形成,并在B. subtilis高效转化中有重要作用。构建1个含有木糖诱导启动子P_xyl调控comK表达的穿梭质粒pUBC01?P_xyl?comK的菌株B. subtilis K1,经木糖诱导条件优化后,质粒pHY300?p43?egfp的转化效率达到4.8×10³ CFU·μg^-1。此外,质粒pUBC01?P_xyl?comK可在无胁迫条件下连续培养及消除。木糖诱导感受态体系及质粒消除极大地提高了芽孢杆菌基因编辑和菌株改造的便捷性,同时增强了菌株尤其是生产菌株的性状稳定性。     

Some cultural conditions for maximum bioextraction of beet pulp pectin

The bioextraction of the beet pulp pectin by Kluyveromyces marxianus was inhibited by ferrous sulphate penta hydrate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate, but stimulated by magnesium sulphate hepta hydrate salt. The pectin yields were also influenced by the addition of some enzymatic activators and some natural additives such as yeast extract.

The characterization of both microbiologically and chemically extracted pectin samples indicated that the former had higher percentages of galacturonic acid, methoxyl groups and a higher degree of esterification and thus possesses superior qualities to chemically-extracted pectin.     

Ethanol production from cheese whey permeate by Kluyveromyces marxianus UFV-3: A flux analysis of oxido-reductive metabolism as a function of lactose concentration and oxygen levels

In order to investigate the effect of lactose concentration and oxygen level on the growth and metabolism of Kluyveromyces marxianus UFV-3 in cheese whey permeate, batch cultures were conducted under aerobic, hypoxic, and anoxic conditions, with lactose at initial concentration ranging from 1 to 240 g L⁻¹. The increase in lactose concentration increased ethanol yield and ethanol volumetric productivity, and has reduced cell yield. When lactose concentration was equal or above 50 g L⁻¹ and the oxygen levels were low, the ethanol yield was close to its theoretical value. Maximum ethanol concentrations attained in this study were 76 and 80 g L⁻¹ in hipoxia and anoxia, respectively. The lactose consumption rate in anoxia was greater than in aerobiosis and hipoxia. However, under anoxia, the lactose consumption rate of K. marxianus followed a saturation kinetics, which was not observed in hypoxia and aerobiosis. All oxygen levels investigated, showed a tendency for saturation of the ethanol production rate above 65 g L⁻¹ lactose. Ethanol production rate was also higher on anoxia.     

Effect of phenylacetic acid on the growth and production of penicillin G acylase of recombinant and host strains derived from Escherichia coli W

The industrial production strain Escherichia coli RE3(pKA18) for penicillin G acylase (PGA) bears simultaneously the pga gene on the chromosome as an inducible gene pgaⁱ, (the inductor is phenylacetic acid, PAA) and on the recombinant plasmid pKA18 as a constitutively expressed gene pga^c. Under non-selective conditions, plasmid-less strains (P⁻) appeared in 17th successive batch culture. However, the population was over taken by P⁻ cells already in fourth culture if the medium was supplemented with PAA. The rate of plasmid loss from the culture depends on the PAA concentration and on the expression of pgaⁱ, not on PGA overproduction from pga^c. PAA at inducing concentration has a negative effect on PGA expression and plasmid stability in the high-expression self-cloning system RE3(pKA18) which results in the reduction of: (1) the specific growth rate of a culture and biomass concentration, (2) the synthesis of PGA (e.g. the specific activity of the strain) and (3) the copy number of the recombinant plasmid and promotion of the plasmid loss from the culture. Segregational stability of pKA18 increases in P⁺ persisting clones and in re-transformed P⁻ clones segregated during the selection in the presence of PAA.     

Inducible amplification of gene copy number and heterologous protein production in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis.

Heterologous protein production can be doubled by increasing the copy number of the corresponding heterologous gene. We constructed a host-vector system in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis that was able to induce copy number amplification of pKD1 plasmid-based vectors upon expression of an integrated copy of the plasmid recombinase gene. We increased the production and secretion of two heterologous proteins, glucoamylase from the yeast Arxula adeninivorans and mammalian interleukin-1beta, following gene dosage amplification when the heterologous genes were carried by pKD1-based vectors. The choice of the promoters for expression of the integrated recombinase gene and of the episomal heterologous genes are critical for the mitotic stability of the host-vector system.     

谷子SiRLK35基因克隆及功能分析

为探讨谷子(Setaria italica L.)耐旱抗逆机制,解析类受体蛋白激酶(receptor like protein kinase, RLKs)基因功能,进而为培育谷子抗逆新品种提供依据,本文以干旱处理的谷子“豫谷1号”为材料,通过iTRAQ技术筛选到1个干旱响应的类受体蛋白激酶基因,命名为SiRLK35。以谷子RNA反转录的单链cDNA为模板,经PCR扩增获取SiRLK35基因全长序列。应用qRT-PCR方法,对SiRLK35在NaCl、PEG、ABA、GA、MeJA等不同处理下的表达模式进行分析。进一步构建基因原核表达载体pET28a-SiRLK35,结合斑点法对SiRLK35的抗盐能力进行初步评价。同时构建过表达载体pCAMBIA1301P-SiRLK35转化水稻,并对转基因植株抗盐能力进行检测。结果显示：胁迫及激素处理均可不同程度诱导SiRLK35基因的表达;斑点法研究结果显示,在相同NaCl浓度的LB平板上,含有SiRLK35基因的原核表达载体的大肠杆菌菌株生长状态较阴性对照好,SiRLK35具有一定的抗盐能力;获得的转SiRLK35基因水稻植株对盐胁迫的耐受性高于对照。SiRLK35基因对不同胁迫均可以产生响应,但对盐胁迫的响应较为明显,推测该基因可能在谷子的抗盐及抗逆过程中发挥作用。     

New vectors for construction of recombinant high-copy-number yeast acentric-ring plasmids

Yeast acentric-ring plasmid 1 (YARpl), comprising 1453 bp of entirely yeast chromosomal DNA, is maintained in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a high-copy, relatively stable plasmid. To determine the feasibility of using YARp1 as a yeast cloning vehicle, we subcloned the GAL1-10 promoter and the URA3 gene into YARp1 at different locations. To facilitate these constructions, a class of permuted YARpl construction vectors was generated which enabled us to use various restriction sites in YARp1 as insertion points. Transformation frequencies, plasmid stabilities, and copy numbers of these YARp1 derivatives remained elevated, comparable to those of YARp1 itself. Also, when OMP decarboxylase was assayed using strains containing URA3-YARp's, specific activities of 100–300 times that of wild type were found. This evidence supports the use of YARpl as a high-copy yeast-expression vector or for analyzing structural and regulatory DNA sequences.     

构建重组枯草芽孢杆菌催化制备D-对羟基苯甘氨酸

目的: 在Bacillus subtilis中表达异源D-海因酶基因(hyd)和D-氨甲酰水解酶基因(adc),构建重组细胞作为催化剂,用于生产D-对羟基苯甘氨酸(D-HPG)。方法: 构建hyd表达质粒,考察培养基中二价金属离子对D-海因酶活性的影响。过表达acoR基因,考察AcoR蛋白胞内水平与P_acoA-hyd基因拷贝数的关系。筛选表达adc基因的启动子,构建hyd和adc基因共表达质粒,考察双酶活性菌株的催化特性。结果: 成功构建了海因酶表达质粒pHPS和pUBS,培养基中添加0.8mmol/L的MnCl₂·4H₂O,使168N/pUBS菌株的D-海因酶活性达到956U/gDCW。整合表达P_cdd-acoR基因,使LSL02/pUBS菌株的D-海因酶活性达到1 470U/gDCW。单拷贝P_AE-adc基因的表达水平相对最高。双酶共表达质粒pUBSC被成功构建,菌株LSL02/pUBSC的最适催化温度为40℃45℃,催化活性能够持续12h,当底物起始浓度为20g/L时,反应12h生成的D-HPG达到14.32g/L,转化率达到95%,收率超过80%。结论: 构建具有D-海因酶和D-氨甲酰水解酶双酶活性的重组Bacillus subtilis作为全细胞催化剂,用于海因酶法生产D-HPG,具有技术上的可行性和优势。     

地高辛标记Ucp2基因RNA探针的制备和应用

目的:制备用于检测小鼠胚胎早期Ucp2基因表达的地高辛标记的特异性RNA探针。方法:提取小鼠胚胎脑组织总RNA,设计引物,通过RT-PCR方法获取Ucp2基因片段,将其克隆到pGEM-T载体。分别利用Sp6、T7和Ucp2特异性引物,PCR扩增获得转录模板,通过Sp6及T7 RNA聚合酶,获得地高辛标记的正义、反义Ucp2 RNA原位杂交探针。检测标记探针的效价后,通过全胚胎原位杂交分析制备探针的特异性和杂交效果。结果:成功获得Ucp2基因正义、反义探针,反义探针能高效灵敏检测到Ucp2基因在小鼠胚胎Ed9.5、Ed10.5神经系统呈现高表达,而正义探针未能检测到表达信号。结论:成功制备了特异高效的地高辛标记Ucp2 RNA原位杂交探针,为进一步研究Ucp2基因在小鼠胚胎组织中的表达,尤其在神经组织的定位奠定基础。     

Partial-pKD1 plasmids provide enhanced structural stability for heterologous protein production in Kluyveromyces lactis

The stability of pKD1-based vectors in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis was investigated during short- and long-term culture. The vectors carried an expression/secretion cassette consisting of the Saccharomyces cerevisiaeSUC2 gene under the control of the S. cerevisiaeα-factor promoter and leader. The first set of vectors contained the entire pKD1 sequence linearized at either the unique EcoRI or the unique SphI site of the pKD1 plasmid. During long-term sequential batch culture in selective medium with either vector, invertase activity rapidly dropped while the plasmid-bearing population increased from 60% to 100%. This apparently contradictory behavior was due to structural instability. The enzyme restriction patterns of recovered plasmid DNA retained the pKD1 band while the band containing the SUC2 cassette had decreased substantially in size. To overcome this structural instability, a vector carrying the pKD1 replication origin and the cis-acting stability locus (lacking the inverted repeats) was employed in a pKD1⁺ (but otherwise isogenic) strain. With this plasmid, invertase activity remained constant (for at least 70 generations). While the new vector was significantly more stable, initial invertase activity was substantially lower than that for the vectors containing the full pKD1 sequence. Southern hybridization confirmed that this decrease was primarily due to reduced copy number. The results indicate that full-pKD1 vectors may be preferred for batch culture, while partial-pKD1 vectors are more suitable for long-term (e.g. fed-batch or continuous) culture. Received: 24 June 1997 / Received revision: 14 November 1997 / Accepted: 29 November 1997     

Inducible Amplification of Gene Copy Number and Heterologous Protein Production in the Yeast Kluyveromyces lactis

Heterologous protein production can be doubled by increasing the copy number of the corresponding heterologous gene. We constructed a host-vector system in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis that was able to induce copy number amplification of pKD1 plasmid-based vectors upon expression of an integrated copy of the plasmid recombinase gene. We increased the production and secretion of two heterologous proteins, glucoamylase from the yeast Arxula adeninivorans and mammalian interleukin-1β, following gene dosage amplification when the heterologous genes were carried by pKD1-based vectors. The choice of the promoters for expression of the integrated recombinase gene and of the episomal heterologous genes are critical for the mitotic stability of the host-vector system.     

农杆菌介导Txpam基因转化烟曲霉TMS-26及其产紫杉醇效果评价

为研究红豆杉紫杉醇合成途径限速酶基因功能及其对内生真菌烟曲霉TMS-26发酵产紫杉醇的影响,以曼地亚红豆杉愈伤组织制备cDNA作为模板扩增苯丙氨酸氨基变位酶基因（Txpam）,构建重组质粒pGEX-4T-1-Txpam,转入大肠杆菌中进行异源诱导表达,经亲和层析纯化,获取重组酶TxPAM并验证其酶活性。构建pCAMBIA1302-Txpam质粒,转化农杆菌感受态细胞,利用农杆菌介导的转化体系获得转化子并优化转化条件,结合插入片段携带的分子标记和目的基因进行转化子验证,同时培养转化菌株并检测紫杉醇产量。结果表明：纯化获取的重组酶TxPAM,经HPLC检测具有将α-苯丙氨酸催化为β-苯丙氨酸的功能;在最优转化条件下,转化子数目达到471个/10⁶个孢子;根据基因hyg和Txpam的克隆以及测序结果,说明成功构建了基因工程菌株,通过对其发酵条件进行优化,紫杉醇产量达到721.87μg/L。