麻雀雏鸟生长的研究

生长是生物学上一个老问题,D'Arcy Thomson远在1917年即加以总结,写出“生长与形状”,其后Huxley(1932)又对相对生长问题写过专著,Brody(1945)写过“生物能量学与生长”的巨著。但生长是生物学上最重要的问题之一,所以近来在这方面的论著仍甚多(Sholl,1954;Berrill,1956;Le Gros Clark and Medawar, 1945)。但对野生鸟类的     

麻雀雏鸟体温调节的发育

近十多年来,人们对晚成鸟体温调节发育问题不断给予注意(King等,1961; Dawson等,1971; Ricklefs, 1974)。截至目前为止,所涉及的种类仍然不多,讨论的范围也不宽,特别在化学体温调节方面的研究还相当少。关于麻雀雏鸟体温调节方面的研究,盛和林(1962)曾做过初步摘要报道,Myrcha等(1973)在研究麻雀雏鸟的能量平衡时,多少也有些涉及,但尚未见专门的研究。为了讨论晚成鸟体温调节发育的规律性及其生物意义,现将我们在1962—1965年对麻雀(Passcer montanus saturatus)雏鸟进行的研究,予以分析。     

飞羽世界

鹰雕←鹰雕是鹰科大型猛禽,国家Ⅱ级保护动物,多栖息活动于林中或开阔地,长栖于树顶,以鼠和小鸟小兽为食。鹰雕在本区各区域均有分布,骨入药,属于益鸟。     

上海崇明东滩须浮鸥繁殖期雏鸟生长初步研究及首次雏鸟环志和彩色旗标

2005年夏季,对在崇明东滩繁殖孵化的须浮鸥Chlidonias hybrida雏鸟生长进行了研究,发现雏鸟孵化后至具飞行能力之前体重日增重3.52 g,时间为21天。此外,对29只雏鸟进行了国内首次的环志和彩色旗标系放工作。     

中杜鹃寄生繁殖及雏鸟生长一例

2002年6月,在甘肃省莲花山自然保护区观察到中杜鹃在淡眉柳莺巢中寄生繁殖,本文从体重、羽毛特征、跗蟅量度和嘴裂斑特征等方面说明了中杜鹃雏鸟的鉴别特征,并描述了雏鸟的行为和生长情况。     

白琵鹭雏鸟的生长和恒温能力的发育

1994年和 1995年 4～ 6月在扎龙自然保护区 (4 7°2 9′N ,12 4°0 2′E)测定了 13只白琵鹭 (Platalealeucorodia)雏鸟的体重、体长、翅长、跗长和体温 ,以及环境温度。雏鸟生长符合逻辑斯谛模型 ,而 4～ 8日龄相对生长率最大。随着雏鸟日龄增大 ,体温稳步增加而且不随环境温度局部波动改变 ;冷暴露 2 5min后体温下降的幅度减小。孵出至 2 8日 ,雏鸟的体重与在巢内和冷暴露后的体温正相关 ,其体重和体长也与恒温指数正相关 ,雏鸟身体生长和恒温能力发育有某种同步关系 ,体现了晚成鸟的发育特点。     

陕西红碱淖遗鸥育雏行为和雏鸟生长

2012年5～7月,应用e-Science信息技术和标记法,对陕西神木县红碱淖(N 38°13′～ 39°27′,E 109°42′～110°54′)遗鸥(Larus relictus)的育雏行为和雏鸟生长发育进行了研究.结果表明,雏鸟由双亲共同承担喂食.育雏前期,亲鸟采取直接喂食、食物呕吐于巢边和在巢中间断性喂食这3种喂食模式;亲鸟昼间平均喂食(0.706±0.036)次/h,夜间平均喂食(0.469±0.024)次/h,双亲在喂食频次上无显著差异(F=32.54,P＞0.05).育雏后期,主要采取双亲直接喂食和亲鸟把食物呕吐于地面上,由雏鸟自己取食的喂食模式;亲鸟昼间平均喂食(0.416±0.021)次/h,夜间平均喂食(0.331±0.018)次/h,亲鸟喂食次数与雏鸟的日龄存在相关性(r =0.074,P＜0.05).随着雏鸟日龄的增长,暖雏次数趋于减少,而在炎热晴天、降雨和大风等天气状况下,暖雏时间和护雏行为都增强.雏鸟20日龄后未再观察到暖雏行为.雏鸟体长及外部器官的形态学参数适合用Gompertz曲线方程拟合.同时,与其近缘种黑嘴鸥(L.saundersi)的育雏行为和雏鸟生长进行了比较.     

黄腹山鹪莺育雏行为和雏鸟生长

2007年3~9月,在广东省肇庆市江溪村对黄腹山鹪莺(Prinia flaviventris)的育雏行为和雏鸟生长进行了研究。通过取食行为观察、育雏食物分析和雏鸟身体量度的测量来研究黄腹山鹪莺亲鸟繁殖投资和雏鸟的生长规律。研究期间,利用隐蔽帐观察窗进行行为观察,观察距离在5 m以内;在雏鸟身体上用无味彩笔标号以区别雏鸟个体:10日龄前,标记于雏鸟背部,10~12日龄,标记在雏鸟跗跖处;对部分数据进行双变量相关分析,利用Logistic曲线拟合雏鸟形态增长,并比较每个回归方程斜率间的差异。结果显示:1)黄腹山鹪莺育雏由雌雄共同承担,育雏期(11.9±0.4)d(n=7巢)。幼雏出壳后亲鸟早晚暖雏,第7天起亲鸟白天不再暖雏;2)随雏鸟的生长,喂食次数和食物种类逐渐增加,雏鸟日龄与喂食次数极显著相关(r=0.995,P0.01);3)育雏期雏鸟食物皆为动物性食物,以蜘蛛目物种所占比例最大(40.95%),其他包括幼虫及直翅目、鳞翅目、鞘翅目、蜻蜓目等节肢动物;4)Logistic曲线方程中,体重的生长率常数k值最大,与其他k值之间存在显著性差异(P0.05);5)黄腹山鹪莺体重、体长、尾长、翼长、嘴峰、嘴裂、第三根初级飞羽(简称为P3)、跗跖及爪各参数间的相关系数均为0.9以上(P0.01),参数之间在一定程度上可相互代替;6)黄腹山鹪莺雏鸟的发育遵循最重要的功能优先发育的原则,符合能量分配假说。黄腹山鹪莺喂食次数、雏鸟生长速率(k值)相对较高,可能与当地丰富的食物资源有关,也可能是对巢址环境多变的适应。     

三种鹭异步孵化与雏鸟生长的比较研究

根据1996～1999年的野外工作和实验饲养,研究了池鹭、白鹭、夜鹭3种鹭的繁殖、雏鸟生长和异步孵化对雏鸟生长的影响.3种鹭于4月上、中旬迁到常山、余杭鹭保护区,9月下旬陆续迁离.孵卵期池鹭为23.0 d(n=26),白鹭23.9 d(n=32),夜鹭25.3 d(n=34);孵化率池鹭为76.32%,自鹭86.96%,夜鹭95.45%,池鹭繁殖力为3.21只,白鹭3.38只,夜鹭3.50只.雏鸟体重增长与成体体形大小呈负相关.幼雏体重增长与孵化顺序相关.在生长早期(≤8 d)全部雏鸟正常发育,之后差异显著.第1和第2孵化雏鸟生长曲线相似,但明显高于第4雏鸟,表明较早孵化者获得食物能力较强,而迟孵出雏鸟有食物不足现象.该3种鹭孵育幼雏能力的最适度估计为3只左右.     

鸬鹚雏鸟的生长发育

对青海省青海湖国家级自然保护区内鸬鹚（Phalacrocorax carbo)雏鸟的生长发育进行了观察和研究。结果表明,在发育过程中,鸬鹚雏鸟跗足迹和嘴峰的发育早于翅和尾;通过体长与其它各生长指标的相对生长指数的计算。得出跗足迹和翅长的生长比体长快,嘴峰和尾长的生长比体长慢,另外,根据各生长指标特性的变化,将整个生长期划分为0-9日龄,10-23日龄,24-33日龄和34-离巢出飞4个生长阶段。     

BREEDING SEASONS OF THE HOUSE SPARROW AND TREE SPARROW PASSER SPP. AT OXFORD

The breeding season of P. domesticus in 1961 and from 1963 to 1964. at Oxford began in April and ended in early August; that of P. montunus began slightly later and ended slightly earlier and this species also laid fewer clutches. In P. domesticus laying birds fell into two groups, namely "early-" and "late-starters", which, from a comparison with data obtained from birds of known age, appeared to be mostly females two or more years old, and females one year old, respectively. In P. montanus , however, it appeared that birds of all ages were beginning breeding at about the same time in the season. The laying of first clutches of the early-starting birds of P. domesticus and of the earlier starting members of the one group of P. montanus was correlated with the prevailing air temperature; it is estimated that P. domesticus began its laying at slightly lower air temperatures than P. montunus . It is suggested that laying is adapted to begin at a particular air temperature because at lower temperatures the adult would have insufficient energy available to produce and incubate a clutch.     

NESTLING SURVIVAL AND NESTLING WEIGHTS IN THE HOUSE SPARROW AND TREE SPARROW PASSER SPP. AT OXFORD

Nestling survival and nestling weights in P. domesticus and P. montanus were studied in 1961 and 1963–64 at Oxford. This paper concludes a study of factors influencing the reproductive rate. Taking all losses into account, P. domesticus reared an average of 1^.6 nestlings per brood (45%) and P. montanus 2.7 nestlings per brood (59%). About a third of all broods of both species failed completely to survive the nestling period. In P. domesticus these failures were most numerous in the middle part of the breeding season and are attributed to nutritional deficiencies derived from unsuitable food provided as a consequence of a seasonal food shortage, but in P. montanus complete brood failures occurred mostly in the second half of the nestling period and are attributed to predation. 43 broods of P. domesticus and one brood of P. montanus were weighed daily. Those of P. domesticus were classified as (1) successful broods—in these some nestlings died in the larger brood-sizes, apparently through starvation; (2) long-lived unsuccessful broods—in these the nestlings died at intervals and failure was attributed to nutritional deficiencies; and (3) short-lived unsuccessful broods. A slight decrease in the weights of nestlings in successful broods at the end of the nestling period is attributed to the utilization of insulating fat facilitated by the completion of the feather covering. Nestlings of both species left the nest at 88–89% of the adult weight. Taking all “successful” broods together, the percentage survival rates on nestling day 13¹/₂ (day of hatching = day ¹/₂) in P. domesticus were 81–82% in b/2–3, 70% in b/4 and 56% in b/5 (a situation paralleled in this respect by P. hispaniolensis), but in P. montanus they were c. 82% in all brood-sizes. Hence, in P. domesticus b/4 probably gave rise to the largest number of nestlings reared per brood, while in P. montanus most nestlings were produced by the largest brood-size. Weighings of many broods on day 13¹/₂ showed two trends in the weight of the nestlings: (1) in both species the weight of the nestling decreased as the number of survivors from each initial brood-size decreased; (2) between successive initial brood-sizes the weight of the nestling of P. domesticus decreased with increasing brood-size but in P. montanus there was no change. The losses in the larger broods of P. domesticus occurred mostly in the first half of the nestling period—apparently in association with the asynchronous hatching of the eggs and as a consequence of the limitation on the feeding frequency of the adults. Nestling survival was lowest in the larger broods in the middle of the breeding season and contrasted with the mid-season increase in mean clutch-size. It is suggested that in the study area there was a (possibly unnatural) shortage of food suitable for nestlings in the middle of the season. It is suggested that in P. domesticus the unexpectedly low feeding frequencies of the adults with large broods, apparently causing their low survival rates, may be an adaptation evolved to obtain the maximum amount of food in the presence of other adults which would be attracted to a food source by higher rates of activity. The breeding success calculated from data derived from the whole of this study was 35% for P. domesticus and 49% for P. montanus (2.9 and 3.9 nestlings per breeding pair per year respectively). It is suggested that the population of P. domesticus was much closer to a critical limiting factor, e.g. food supply, than that of P. montanus. This may account for the striking differences between the two species in their nestling survival rates and their nestling weights in relation to brood-size; in particular, the success of the larger broods of P. montanus may have been a temporary phenomenon.     

农田麻雀繁殖期间的种群动态

麻雀(Passer montanus)是世界性分布的食谷鸟类,与人类生活有着十分密切的关系。它在城市及农田生态系统中的地位和作用,日益引起重视,是广泛研究的鸟类。关于麻雀的种群特性方面的研究工作,曾涉及生殖力(Sell,1964;Pinowski,1968、1979)、死亡率(Pinowski,1968;Sell,1970)、年龄分布(Pinowski,1968;南疆鸟害调查组,1977)、数量变动(钱国桢,1964;郑光美、黄孝镇,1965;南疆鸟害调查组,1977;Anderson,     

CLUTCH-SIZE, INCUBATION AND HATCHING SUCCESS IN THE HOUSE SPARROW AND TREE SPARROW PASSER SPP. AT OXFORD

Clutch-size, incubation and hatching success were studied in P. domesticus and P. montanus in 1961 and 1963–64 at Oxford. The most frequent clutch-size was four eggs in P. domesticus and five eggs in P. montanus . With one exception, colonies of P. domesticus showed no significant annual or local variations in its mean clutch-size; in P. montanus , however, there were significant annual variations in the mean clutch-size. Both species showed a seasonal increase followed by a decrease in their mean clutch-sizes.
Partial incubation occurred during the laying period of the clutch; sufficient incubation for continuous development of the embryo was apparently achieved when the last egg had been laid in clutches of two and three eggs in P. domesticus and in clutches of four eggs in P. montanus , but when the penultimate egg had been laid in larger clutches of both species. On average, hatching in P. domesticus occurred more or less synchronously in all eggs in clutches of two and three eggs, and in all eggs except the last one laid in larger clutches; the last egg in the larger clutches hatched up to a day after the others. It is suggested that this pattern of hatching was brought about by the pattern of incubation during the laying period.
P. domesticus had a lower hatching success than P. montanus , probably because fewer of its eggs were fertile.     

GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION AMONG ANCESTRAL AND INTRODUCED POPULATIONS OF THE EURASIAN TREE SPARROW (PASSER MONTANUS)

We compared genetic variation in three introduced North American populations of Passer montanus with an ancestral German population, a native Swedish population, and an introduced Australian population. The North American P. montanus were less variable genetically than the ancestral German birds, presumably a result of the founding event. The genetic structure of all six populations of P. montanus can be explained in terms of interaction among mutation, genetic drift, effective population size, and unknown selective factors. Cluster analyses and an ordination of distance measures derived from electrophoretic data generally showed relationships in phenetic space among populations consistent with the magnitude of their geographic separation. An exception occurred with the Swedish population, which was closer in the ordination to a North American population than to the geographically neighboring German population. This seemingly anomolous juxtaposition was attributed to the relative abundance of alleles present in the Swedish birds. Populations of P. montanus seem to have diverged in a manner similar to that seen in conspecific disjunct populations, i.e., at present showing no trenchant indication of genetic speciation.     

主要伴生树种叶粉对紫椴幼苗生长的影响

 紫椴(Tilia amurensis)是我国东北东部山地的重要造林树种之一,常常与红松(Pinus koraiensis)、云杉(Picea koraiensis)及水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)等针阔叶树混生,因此,研究这些针阔叶树种对紫椴生长的影响,对于进一步了解这些树种的化感作用和选择适合营造混交林的搭配树种均具有重要意义。本文是通过大量的盆栽实验,以紫椴、水曲柳、红松和云杉等叶粉混拌火山灰进行培育紫椴幼苗,研究这些树种对紫椴生长的影响。实验表明,红松、云杉等针叶树对紫椴幼苗的生长具有明显的抑制作用,并找出紫椴幼苗高生长与针叶含量的相关性。     

主要伴生树种对云杉幼苗生长影响的研究

以椴树,水曲柳、云杉和红松等树叶浸出液或土壤中混拌其叶粉等不同处理方法来培育云杉幼苗,研究这些树种对云杉生长的影响。实验表明,椴树和水曲柳等阔叶树对云杉幼苗具有明显的促进生长作用,而以云杉等针叶树的叶浸出液和叶粉培育的云杉,其生长较差。研究认为,橡树和水曲柳可作为培养人工云杉针阔混交林的重要搭配树种。