不同种源药用菊花、野菊和菊花脑的ISSR分子标记及遗传关系分析

采用ISSR分子标记技术对来源于不同地区的19份药用菊花（Dendranthema morifolium Ramat．）种源、4份野菊（D．indwum L．）种源、1份菊花脑（D．nankingese Hand．-Mazz．）种源和1份杂交菊花‘黄金菊’（D．indium×D．morifolium‘Gongju’）种源进行了遗传关系分析。从38条引物中筛选出6条引物,共扩增出66条带,平均多态性条带百分率达95．5％。聚类分析结果表明,取λ=16,25份种源可分成2大组,即野菊、菊花脑和杂交菊花归为一组,19份药用菊花种源归为一组;19份药用菊花种源又可根据原产地进一步分成2组,大部分原产北方的药用菊花种源的遗传关系较近,而大部分南方栽培的药用菊花种源也有相对较近的遗传关系。     

木兰科3个杂交组合及其亲本的核型研究

研究了木兰科（Magaoliaceae）3个杂交组合的亲本和杂交后代的核型。结果表明,云南含笑（Michelia yunnanensis）、灰岩含笑（Michelia calcicola）及其杂交组合A的核型分别为2n=2x=38=36m＋2sm、2n=2x=38=34m＋4sm和2n=2x=38=26m＋12sm;紫花含笑（Michelia crassipes）及其与云南含笑杂交组合C的核型分别为2n=2x=38=32m＋6sm和2n=2x=38=24m＋12sm＋2st;山玉兰（Mognolia delavayi）、广玉兰（Mognolia grondiflora）及其杂交组合U的核型分别为2n=2x=38=28m＋10sm、2n=6x=114=88m＋lOsm＋16st和2n=4x=76=57m＋15sm＋4st。杂交组合的核型与理论核型存在明显的差异,可能是在杂交组合的形成过程中,来自亲本的染色体发生了结构变异。     

不同种源野菊及菊花脑花的挥发油成分分析

用GC-MS法对来源于不同产地的野菊(Dendranthema indicum L.)及菊花脑(D. nankingene Hand.-Mazz.)花的挥发油成分进行分析及鉴定。结果显示,河北产野菊、江苏产野生和栽培野菊、湖北产野菊及江苏产菊花脑花的挥发油相对含量分别为0.731%、0.226%、0.199%、0.219%及0.171%;它们的主要成分分别为樟脑(12.62%)和龙脑(8.06%)、2-甲氧基-1,7,7-三甲基-二环[2.2.1]庚烷(27.82%)和樟脑(27.56%)、2,6,6-三甲基-二环[3.1.1]-3-庚烯-4-醇乙酸酯(40.58%)和乙酸桃金娘酯(20.07%)、2,7,7-三甲基-二环[3.1.1]-2-庚烯-6-酮(25.10%)和2-亚乙基-6-甲基-3,5-庚二烯醛(17.66%)、龙脑(26.90%)和乙酸龙脑酯(18.60%)。主成分分析及聚类分析结果表明,河北产野菊花的挥发油成分与其他产地野菊花的挥发油成分差异显著,且菊花脑的挥发油成分与不同产地的野菊间也存在一定的差异。     

人工三倍体新桑品种嘉陵20号的AFLP分析

利用AFLP分子标记技术, 从DNA水平对人工三倍体新桑品种嘉陵20 号(2n=3x=42) 及其亲本以及与嘉陵20号同亲本的2 个三倍体(2n=3x=42) 桑树材料与10 个二倍体(2n=2x=28) 桑树材料进行了遗传背景分析。获得了它们的指纹图谱、遗传距离及遗传相似系数, 并绘制出了它们的UPGMA聚类图。研究结果发现: 嘉陵20 号的母本7920 (2x;♀) 与父本西庆四号(4x; ♂) 间的相似系数为0 6612。这为今后更具强大杂交优势和多倍体优势的新型人工三倍体新桑品种选育时杂交亲本的选择与组配提供了较有用的参考依据。     

菊花近缘种属植物幼苗耐阴特性分析及其评价指标的确定

以龙脑菊、菊花脑、野菊等15个菊花近缘种属植物幼苗为材料,对其进行不同梯度遮荫处理(全光照,遮光率60%,遮光率78%,遮光率95%),从形态和生理等方面的22个指标进行测定,以各项指标的耐阴系数作为衡量耐阴性的指标,利用主成分分析、回归分析和聚类分析法对其耐阴性进行综合评价。结果表明:遮光率78%时的植物茎粗(X2)、叶片厚度(X10)、叶绿素含量(X16),遮光率60%时的植物叶绿素含量(X15),以及遮光率95%时的植物叶面积(X13)、相对含水量(X14)和胞间二氧化碳浓度(X21)8个指标可作为菊花近缘种属植物耐阴性评价指标,建立菊花近缘种属植物耐阴性评价的数学模型:Y=82.876-0.153X2+0.094X10+0.741X13+0.084X14+0.054X15-0.087X16-0.472X2,(R2=0.998),预测精度大于0.97。13份材料的耐阴性极强,矶菊的耐阴性较差,即多数菊花近缘种属植物具有较好的耐阴能力。     

安徽野生菊属植物叶下表面特征的研究

利用光学显微镜对5种安徽野生菊属(Chrysanthemum)植物(野菊、甘菊、菊花脑、毛华菊和紫花野菊)的叶下表面特征进行研究,并探索与植物分布、生态的相关性.结果显示,这些类群非腺毛、腺毛的形态、大小和密度均有差异;气孔的大小和密度、表皮细胞的大小和角质纹理等方面也存在差异.叶片表面的特征与植物生长环境有相关性.依据这些特征讨论了菊花脑的分类并尝试性地编制了这些类群的检索表.     

药饮同源野菊花

每年金秋,野外田间地头、沟畔崖底、近水洼地,常看到簇簇黄色小花,顶在茎头,这就是野菊花。野菊花来源于菊科植物野菊(Chrysanthemum indicum)、岩香菊(Ch.lavandulaefolium)、甘野菊(Ch.boreale)的干燥头状花序,又称疟疾草、苦薏、山菊花、菊花脑等,可疏风清热、消肿解毒,用于治疗流感、流脑、呼吸道感染、高血压、肝炎及痢疾等症;外敷可治疔疮、热疖、     

木兰科13个分类群和12个杂交组合的染色体数目

对木兰科Magnoliaceae 13个分类群的染色体进行了计数, 其中落叶木莲Manglietia decidua、香港木兰Magnolia championii、馨香玉兰Magnolia odoratissima、香木兰Magnolia guangnanensis等12个种的染色体数目为首次报道。同时对木兰科属内属间的12个人工杂交组合的后代进行了染色体鉴定,其中,二乔玉兰红元宝Magnolia×soulangeana“Hongyuanbao” (♀,2n=4x=76)与云南含笑Michelia yunnanensis (♂,2n=2x=38)、红元宝与金叶含笑Michelia foveolata(♂,2n=2x=38)杂交后代的染色体为2n=3x=57,为其亲本染色体半数之和,证明这两个远缘杂交后代为真实杂种。     

桤木属7种植物的核型分析

利用改良去壁低渗法对分布于欧美地区的桦木科(Betulaceae)桤木属(Alnus Mill.)7种植物进行染色体数目与核型分析。结果显示:所有材料染色体形态比较一致,多为由中部(m)及近中部(sm)着丝点染色体组成。意大利桤木(A.cordata)为六倍体,体细胞染色体数为2n=6x=42,核型公式为2n=6x=42=36m+6sm;绿桤木(A.viridis)为八倍体,体细胞染色体数为2n=8x=56,核型公式为2n=8x=56=46m+10sm(SAT);薄叶桤木(A.tenuifolia)、灰桤木(A.incana)、欧洲桤木(A.glutinosa)、裂叶桤木(A.sinuata)和红桤木(A.rubra)均为四倍体,体细胞染色体数均为2n=4x=28,其核型公式分别为2n=4x=28=16m(1SAT)+12sm、2n=4x=28=22m+6sm、2n=4x=28=24m+4sm、2n=4x=28=24m+4sm、2n=4x=28=26m+2sm。其中红桤木(A.rubra)的核型属于1B型,其余均为2B型。     

六倍体多星韭的发现及多星韭种内倍性组成及演化的分析

采用染色体常规制片技术,对云南西北部和中部地区11个多星韭居群进行了细胞学分析。结果显示:(1)云南西北部多星韭二倍体、四倍体混合分布的太子阁和华首门四倍体居群中发现了三倍体(2n=3x=21),核型公式分别为:2n=3x=21=[6m(2sat)+8sm]+(3m+4sm)和2n=3x=21=[4m(2sat)+10sm]+(2m+4sm+lst)。三倍体含2条随体染色体,它的21条染色体含2个同源染色体组和一个与它们同源性稍差的染色体组。(2)在云南中部的多星韭四倍体居群中首次发现了六倍体,核型公式为2n=6x=42=15m(3sat)+27sm,核型类型2A。(3)结合核型特征及地理分布对多星韭三倍体和六倍体的成因进行分析,提示多星韭三倍体来源于二倍体与四倍体的杂交,六倍体是通过四倍体产生的未减数配子(n=4x=28)与正常减数配子(n=2x=14)的结合形成的。本研究结果支持多星韭的分化中心是云南西北部高海拔地区的观点,并结合前人的研究和本工作的结果,对多星韭种内的倍性组成和演化进行了分析和讨论。     

Tetraploids,triploids, and 2n pollen from diploid interspecific crosses with cassava

Summary Interspecific crosses of five cultivated cassava varieties (2n=36) were made with two related Manihot species, M. epruinosa (2n=36) and M. glaziovii (2n=36). From these diploid interspecific crosses, four spontaneous tetraploids (2n=4x=72) and two triploids (2n=3x=54) were isolated for the first time in cassava. Occurrence of relatively high frequencies (0.1%–35.6%) of 2n pollen and of apomixis seems to be associated with sexual polyploidization. The tetraploids and triploids were very vigorous and one of the tetraploids performed as well as the best variety in uniform yield trials conducted in Nigeria. These spontaneous polypoloids provide greater genetic variation and offer an opportunity to breed radically new cassava varieties. Approaches for isolating and utilizing the polyploid cassava clones for varietal and population improvement are discussed.     

METABOLISM AND FLOWERING

Two earlier papers have established (1) that the late-flowering chrysanthemum, a typical "short-day" species, flowered in autumn because of a disability in nocturnal translocation which limited the amount of carbohydrate available at the growing-point during the short nights of summer (Grainger, 1938), and (2) that many plants which flower in spring and early summer actually begin the formation of their flower initials in the autumn and winter of the previous year (Grainger, 1939). Such plants might conceivably be "short-day" kinds, since the actual transformation from vegetative to floral organization of the growing-point was accomplished when the days were short. It therefore appears necessary to investigate their relative diurnal carbohydrate metabolism, in order to discover whether it has any causal relationship with the time of actual flower initiation, as was demonstrated for the late-flowering chrysanthemum. The present paper describes the results of such an investigation, and also of certain contributory studies as to the converse effect of flowering upon metabolism, the relative amount of energy used in flowering, and the possible inadequacy of nutrition in very floriferous plants.     

橡胶树新品种云研77-2和云研77-4的细胞学鉴定及育种过程

对巴西橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)新品种云研77-2和云研77-4及其亲本PR107和GT1的染色体进行了细胞学观察,并介绍了它们的育种历程.结果表明:PR107和GT1的染色体数为2n=2x=36,云研77-2和云研77-4的染色体数目为2n=3x=54,均为三倍体;利用特殊父母本建立杂交授粉园获取种子,设定合理的筛选标准在逆境中进行实生筛选是巴西橡胶树新品种选育的有效途径.     

黑斑侧褶蛙消化道重量及长度的性别和季节差异

消化道是联系脊椎动物能量摄入和能量支出之间关系的纽带,其重量和长度对外界环境具有高度的敏感性和弹性(flexibility)。以黑斑侧褶蛙(Pelophylax nigromaculata)为研究对象,测定了山东聊城地区2012年夏季(16只,8♀/8♂)、秋季(19只,9♀/10♂)及翌年春季(17只,8♀/9♂)其体重、体长、胴体湿重和干重系数、总消化道及各段(食道、胃、小肠和大肠)的湿重、干重和长度系数的性别和季节差异(双因素方差分析),对有性别差异的指标,用单因素方差分析分别比较了雌、雄蛙的季节差异。结果显示,1)雌蛙的体重、体长均高于雄蛙,都在秋季最高,春季或夏季最低;雄蛙的胴体湿重系数高于雌蛙,夏季高于秋季;胴体干重系数既无性别差异,也无季节差异。2)除食道湿重系数无性别差异外,雌蛙总消化道及各段的湿重系数均高于雄蛙;除胃湿重系数无季节差异外,春季或秋季的总消化道及各段的湿重系数都高于夏季;雌蛙的总消化道干重和胃干重系数高于雄蛙,食道、小肠和大肠的干重系数无性别差异,所有的干重系数均无季节性差异。3)除雌蛙的大肠长系数高于雄蛙外,总消化道及各段的长度系数均无性别差异,春季和秋季的总消化道长、食道长及胃长系数均高于夏季,小肠长和大肠长系数均无季节性差异。结果表明,随着季节更替,黑斑侧褶蛙消化道各段的重量和长度表现出一定的弹性特征,这与各器官的功能及其生活环境的多样性是相适应的。     

Some naturally occurring chromosome anomalies in Tulipa clusiana DC

Tulipa clusiana is characterized by a highly variable phenotype. The species comprises var. chrysantha Sealy (2n=2x=24), var. stellata Regel (2n=3x=36; 2n=4x=48) and var. typica Regel (2n=2x=24; 2n=4x=48; 2n=5x=60). Several populations of these varieties were all found to exhibit remarkable uniformity in basic karyotype. A few plants had some structurally altered chromosomes otherwise unknown within the species and its allies. These chromosomes are suspected to be products of translocations. They are very long with almost median centromere. Occasional aneusomaty and polysomaty have also been observed in some plants. The evolutionary significance of these aberrations is discussed.     

中国蔷薇属6个种的染色体研究

本文对原产中国的蔷薇属6种植物(Rosa spp.)进行了染色体观察,其中1种(巨花蔷薇(Rosa gigantea(Crep)Rehd.et Wils.))为国家重点保护植物,2种(疏花蔷薇(R.laxa Retz.)、宽刺蔷薇(R.platyacantha Shrenk))为国内首次报道。观察结果如下:染色体数目为2n=2x=14或2n=3x=21,均为小型染色体(2.24—2.78μm),其中大部分长度接近,染色体长度之比小于2;属对称核型。文中讨论了一些种(变种)的染色体数目及核型。     

Induction of adventitious shoot regeneration in chrysanthemum as affected by the season

The subject of investigation was Chrysanthemum x grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitam., ‘Satinbleu’. Leaf explants and internodes were excised from the middle part of the donor sterile plant. Two methods of explant inoculation were applied: explants were placed polarly and horizontally. Modified MS medium (Murashige and Skoog 1962), supplemented with 11.4 μM indoleacetic acid and 2.7 μM 6-benzylaminopurine, were prepared to induce adventitious bud formation. Four dates of explant inoculation on the medium were tested: January 15, April 15, July 15, and October 15. Thus, regeneration occurred in winter, spring, summer, and autumn. In the present study, a more intensive regeneration in ‘Satinbleu’ chrysanthemum was observed in summer and autumn than in spring and winter, irrespective of the kind of explant and the inoculation method.     

Cytotaxonomical studies on AsianAnnonaceae

Chromosome numbers of 42 species and 3 varieties from 24 genera of theAnnonaceae have been determined (Table 1); reports for 15 of the genera are new. Among Asian genera 2n = 14 occurs only in the specializedMezzettia, while 2n = 16 is wide-spread and also has been found inAnaxagorea with some primitive characters. 2n = 18 is reported for 11 genera, and tetraploidy (2n = 36) has been observed inPolyalthia. Therefore, an original basic number of x = 8 or x = 9 is suggested at least for the Asian genera of theAnnonaceae.—Cytotaxonomical notes on the critical speciesPolyalthia rumphii andP. affinis are given, and the new combinationNeouvaria parallelivenia (Boerl.)Okada & Ueda is proposed.     

Migratory and targeted flight in seasonal forms of the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae

ABSTRACT. Adult winged forms of Aphis fabae Scop., the spring migrants (fundatrigeniae; alate virginoparae), the summer migrants (alate virginoparae) and the autumn migrants (gynoparae), were flown in an automated vertical wind tunnel, with a small green target presented every 60 s. On average, targeted flight developed in the spring and summer migrants after 19 and 15 min, respectively. However, in autumn migrants targeted flight occurred after 184 min of flight. No evidence of target approach was found up to 30 min prior to this time, although some movement towards the target was observed in the 30 min before the first response of autumn migrants, suggesting that a gradual change from migratory to targeted flight occurred. No correlation was found between aphid weight and the time to first response for spring or summer migrants, but a positive correlation was found for autumn migrants. Flight patterns of autumn migrants, in the absence of a target, are described and compared with flight patterns previously reported for summer migrants.     

我国某些蔷薇属花卉的核型研究

本文报道了我国产的5种和14个品种的蔷薇属花卉的染色体数目和核型,结果如下:小花型为二倍体,2n=2x=14,少数为混倍体;中花型为三倍体,2n=3x=21;大花型为四倍体,2n=4x=28。大部分种的核型均由其中部和近中部着丝点染色体组成,少数种具近端着丝点染色体。它们可以区分为3种核型类型,即1A、2A和1B。