黄喉拟水龟的繁殖生物学研究

1998年4-11月对黄喉拟水龟的繁殖生物学进行了研究,在广东,黄喉拟水龟的产卵高峰期在5-6月,窝卵量1-7枚,平均2.5枚;卵重平均13.95g;长径平均4.34cm;短径平均2.23cm。卵重与卵长径呈正相关关系,在25-32℃、沙床含水量5-10%孵化条件下,孵化时间平衡73.8d,孵化率84.2%。初生稚龟均重9.75g。背甲长平均3.77cm;背甲宽平均2.91cm。稚龟体重与背甲长、宽呈极显著的正相关关系,稚龟经8-11月3个月生长,平均日增重0.149g。稚龟体重、背甲长、宽与日龄呈极显著的正相关关系。稚龟体重与背甲长宽也呈极显著的正相关关系。     

黄缘盒龟的繁殖生物学

黄缘盒龟 6～ 7龄达到性成熟 ,繁殖行为主要表现为发情求偶、交配和产卵。发情交配时间为 4～5月和 9～ 1 0月 ,产卵时间为 6～ 7月 ,每只雌龟每年产卵 1窝 ,每窝 1～ 6枚。卵重一般为 ( 1 4 46± 2 2 7,n =2 5 )g ,卵的长径与短径之比为 1 88∶1 ;卵黄和蛋白的质量比为 1 2 2∶1 ;卵黄和卵壳的质量比为 3 1 2∶1。多数受精卵于产出 2 4～ 48h后形成受精环带     

黑卷尾的繁殖生态行为观察

2007～2009年每年5～7月对四川省绵阳地区黑卷尾Dicrurus macrocercus的繁殖生态进行了观察.结果 表明,在绵阳,黑卷尾5月初迁入,5月中旬开始筑巢,巢深(6.73±1.41)cm、巢位高(6.38±1.27)m,巢内径为(9.88±1.54) cm,外径为(12.87±2.75) cm;5月底6月初产卵, 窝卵数多为3～5枚,平均卵重4.61 g,平均卵长径24.4 mm,平均卵短径17.4 mm;孵卵期(16±1) d,育雏期15～17 d,在幼鸟8～12日龄亲鸟育雏频次最高,平均为(8.23±2.13) 次/d.     

黄纹石龙子生活习性的观察

通过野外调查和室内饲养的方法研究了黄纹石龙子的生活习性。黄纹石龙子栖息在植被较好的丘陵山地。活动季节是4月下旬至10月上旬。主要以各种昆虫为食,对食物大小和种类具有一定的选择性。卵生,6月份产卵,每次6枚,平均长径±SD=15.47±0.87mm,平均短径±SD=9.32±0.32mm。雌体有护卵行为。     

黄喉拟水龟胚胎发育的观察

在恒温（29±0.5）℃,相对湿度为80%—93%,沙盘含水量5%—10%的孵化条件下,观察研究了黄喉拟水龟胚胎的发育过程。黄喉拟水龟胚胎孵化周期为67d,根据胚胎日龄、大小及形态特征变化将整个胚胎发育过程划分为22期,其中1—7期以卵黄囊血管区、体节数目、心脏形态变化为主要分期依据;8—22期主要以四肢、背甲、腹甲变化为分期依据。同时在胚胎生长发育过程中对头宽、眼径、背甲长和背甲宽等器官生长数据进行了测量统计,发现头宽、眼径、背甲长、背甲宽与日龄呈显著正相关关系。在胚胎发育过程中观察卵壳外观变化,通过对照各期的胚胎发育状况与卵壳外观变化发现,第1期胚胎时,卵壳中部开始出现白色受精斑;第5—7期时,受精斑绕卵短径一周成环状;第20—21期时受精斑在卵长径的增长停止。     

牛蒡抗虫活性及抗虫成分的初步研究

在水温(23±0.5)℃、pH 7.0～8.0、溶解氧＞5 mg· L-1的条件下,研究孵化过程中不同盐度对拟目乌贼胚胎发育和孵化率的影响.结果表明,拟目乌贼卵透明略带奶油色,近椭圆形,短径为0.596～1.758 cm,长径为1.452～3.136 cm,刚产出的卵重约2g;孵化完成时,卵膜内的重量达到4.5g.在盐度为28‰时,经过28～30 d孵化,卵的短径和长径平均分别增加了0.601、0.615 cm,孵化率为57.0％;盐度为23‰时,卵的长径和短径也相应增加,增幅分别为0.567、1.263 cm,孵化率为13.5％;盐度为33‰时,经过28～30 d孵化,卵短径平均增长0.150 cm,而长径却缩短了0.141 cm,孵化率为9.5％;在盐度为13‰、18‰、38‰和43‰条件下,胚胎停止发育,孵化率为0.结果表明,拟目乌贼属于狭盐性种类,盐度变化对拟目乌贼胚胎发育和孵化有直接影响.     

雅鲁藏布江黑斑原鮡繁殖生物学研究

对2004-2006年采集于雅鲁藏布江拉萨河的190尾黑斑原鮡进行了繁殖生物学研究。雄性最小性成熟(精巢Ⅳ期)个体体长141.7mm,体重45.2g,性体指数1.09%,雌性最小性成熟(卵巢Ⅳ期)个体体长146.8mm,体重66.7g性体指数11.52%,相应年龄均为5龄。初次性成熟年龄(L50):♂,170.1mm相应年龄为7龄;♀,150.2mm,相应年龄5龄。通过组织切片法和GSI的周年变化分析,繁殖时间集中在5-6月,每年繁殖一次,繁殖之后的6-8月卵巢从Ⅵ期回复到Ⅲ期,9月卵巢发育到Ⅳ期越冬。卵径频率分布显示,卵巢发育类型为分批同步型,卵巢中至少存在2批卵径,每年成熟一批卵并同时产出,产卵类型为完全同步产卵。卵黏性,成熟卵卵径在2.04-3.37mm之间,平均(2.83±0.16)mm。对19尾产卵前夕(体长为151.0-210.0mm)的标本进行统计,其绝对繁殖力范围在525-2058粒之间,平均为(1244±346)粒,相对繁殖力为(14.7±5.8)粒/g。绝对繁殖力与体长呈直线正相关,表达式为F=13.624L-1187。       

翠青蛇产卵及孵化报道

正翠青蛇(Cyclophiops major)隶属游蛇科(Colubridae)翠青蛇属。国内分布于秦岭以南各省,国外分布于越南、老挝(Deuve 1961,赵尔宓等1998,赵尔宓2006,杨大同等2008)。赵尔宓等(1998)记载解剖个体具8～10枚卵,橙黄色,卵径(14～17)mm×(37～38)mm。2019年7月初,自浙江省丽水龙泉山附近采集到一条怀孕翠青蛇(采集号:HSR19282),体重82 g,头体长524 mm,尾长160 mm。带回黄山学院实验室饲养。2019年7月20日,此翠青蛇产卵8枚(图1a)。雌蛇产后体重59 g。卵白色、粘连,卵总重22.1 g,平均卵重2.76 g,卵长径(23.0±1.4)mm,短径(13.0±0.3)mm。卵置于孵化盒内孵化,孵化基质由水和蛭石(1︰1)组成,环境温度(26±2)℃,相对湿度85%±5%。2019年9月1日14:00时左右观察到一条蛇已出壳,至9月2日中午,另7条陆续破壳,其中,6条成功出壳(图1b,c),1条出壳未成功死亡。孵化期45 d。初生幼蛇头体长(164.6±8.5)mm,尾长(38.3±4.0)mm,平均体重(1.67±0.16)g;身体绿色,体背前段在脊两侧各有一列稀疏的黑色斑点,斑点不甚对称,往后逐渐变小,到身体中段前后消失(图1e)。个别个体斑点较少且模糊,仅颈后1对黑色斑点清晰可见(图1d)。幼蛇出壳10 d左右第一次蜕皮。     

甘肃莲花山黑冠山雀繁殖生态的初步研究

2017和2018年每年的4至8月在甘肃莲花山国家级自然保护区,对人工巢箱中黑冠山雀（Periparus rubidiventris）的繁殖生态进行了研究。共悬挂100个巢箱,两年共计招引到15巢黑冠山雀。此外,还记录到4个自然巢,分别位于干枯的糙皮桦（Betula utilise）树洞（1巢）、土坡的缝隙（1巢）和路边水泥护坡的出水管中（2巢）。黑冠山雀雌雄亲鸟共同筑巢,巢内壁为兽毛夹杂少量绒羽,外壁为草茎须根和苔藓。5月中下旬为黑冠山雀的产卵高峰期,清晨产卵,日产1枚,产下最后1枚卵后开始孵卵。平均窝卵数为6枚（4 ~ 7 枚,n = 15）,平均卵重（1.12 ± 0.02）g,卵长径（15.30 ± 0.10）mm,卵短径（12.09 ± 0.11）mm（n = 86）。孵卵由雌鸟承担,孵卵期为15 d（14 ~ 16 d,n = 5）。产卵期,雌鸟离巢时有用巢材盖卵的行为,开始孵卵后则不再盖卵。双亲共同育雏,育雏期为16 d和17 d（n = 2）。所记录的18巢黑冠山雀的繁殖成功率为83.3%,人工巢箱（15巢）中繁殖成功率为86.7%,巢捕食者主要为鼠类。     

钱塘江口弹涂鱼繁殖特征及早期发育

对采自钱塘江口沿岸滩涂(E 30°15',N 121°27')的弹涂鱼(Periophthalmus modestus)进行了繁殖特征和早期发育研究。弹涂鱼的个体绝对繁殖力(F)为1 432～2 978粒,平均1 998粒;体长相对繁殖力(FL)为36～62粒/mm,平均45粒/mm;体重相对繁殖力(FW)为528～1 530粒/g,平均864粒/g(n=83)。雌鱼性体指标(GSI)为8.47%～25.39%,平均14.49%(n=83);雄鱼GSI为0.10%～0.57%,平均0.25%(n=76)。弹涂鱼的成熟卵为沉性黏着性卵,有黏着丝,卵径(0.42±0.01)mm(n=500);受精卵椭球形,长径(0.75±0.02)mm,短径(0.56±0.03)mm,长短径比例0.74±0.03(n=300);受精卵为端黄卵,胚盘形成于动物极,作盘状卵裂。胚胎发育可划分为29个发育时相,在(27±0.5)℃、盐度10和pH 7.8±0.3条件下,经历124.13 h孵出仔鱼,所需的积温达3 351.34 h.℃。初孵仔鱼全长(2.17±0.09)mm(n=9),器官发育完善,胸鳍和鳔等器官已形成,眼睛有大量黑色素沉积,心率达(154.33±5.87)次/min(n=20)。实验条件下,初孵仔鱼投喂褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)培育至23 d。3～4 d龄卵黄囊已完全吸收,进入后期仔鱼;7 d龄,脊椎骨开始弯曲,消化管呈折型;11 d龄,尾鳍开始分化,尾椎骨开始上翘,上颌出现牙齿;15 d龄,下颌出现牙齿;23 d龄,尾鳍鳍条发育完整,除第一背鳍外,其他各鳍已形成。幼鱼在培育过程中出现了两个死亡高峰期,第一个高峰出现在仔鱼孵化后5～7 d龄的开口期,第二个高峰则出现在20～23 d龄的变态期。     

人工巢箱条件下白眉姬鹟的繁殖参数

2005～2006年,在吉林省左家自然保护区的次生林中,对人工巢箱条件下白眉姬鹟(Ficedulazanthopygia)的繁殖参数开展了初步研究.结果表明,人工巢箱中自眉姬鹟的窝卵数为5～7枚,平均6.0枚;卵重平均为1.6 g.卵大小平均为17.0 mm×13.1 mm.孵化期平均为13.1 d,每巢平均出雏5.4只,育雏期平均为12.8 d,每巢平均出飞雏鸟5.3只.白眉姬鹟的营巢成功率为70.0%,繁殖成功率为81.3%.     

Breeding success and chronology of Wood Storks Mycteria americana in northern and central Florida, U.S.A.

The breeding success and chronology of Wood Storks Mycteria americana were studied at eight colonies in northern and central Florida during 1981–1985. Mean ± s.d. clutch size for all colony-years was 3.07 ± 0.56 (n = 2694 nests), with three-egg clutches (72%) most frequent. Mean clutch size among all colonies and years ranged from 2.73 ± 0.55 to 3.41 ± 0.61. Many colonies exhibited significant negative trends in clutch size with, hatching date because of a proportional decrease in four-egg clutches later in the season. Mean colony clutch size was not correlated with nest numbers, nesting density or mean hatching date within most years. Mean ± s.d. number of fledglings for all colonies and years was 1.29 ± 1.16 fledglings per nest (n = 2812 nests). Mean annual fledging rates in colonies ranged from 0 (colony failed) to 2.66 fledglings per nest. Most breeding failure occurred prior to egg hatching, and the second highest mortality occurred between hatching and 2 weeks of age. Four-egg clutches fledged more storks than three-egg clutches, which in turn were more successful than two-egg clutches. However, all clutch sizes showed similar fledgling per egg rates. The seasonal decline in productivity was associated proportionally with smaller clutch sizes later in the breeding season. An increase in mean hatching date was correlated with an increase in latitude. There was greater within-year breeding synchrony among colonies than interyear breeding synchrony within each colony. Breeding synchrony was not correlated with mean hatching date, latitude, longitude, nest numbers or nesting density.     

Incubation capacity limits maximum clutch size in black-tailed gulls Larus crassirostris

Factors determining clutch size of birds have long been the central issue in studies in life histories. It is assumed that the configuration of brood patches could limit the maximum clutch size. To test this hypothesis we manipulated clutch sizes and measured egg temperature as well as reproductive consequences in black-tailed gulls Larus crassirostris , which usually lay two egg clutches and have three brood patches. Mean egg temperature in 4-egg clutches (32.6±1.0°C) was significantly lower than in 2-egg (34.6±0.4°C) and 3-egg clutches (34.1±0.4°C), because egg temperature of the coolest egg within a 4-egg clutch was often substantially lower than the other three eggs. The proportion of eggs hatching from 4-egg clutches (11.6%) was lower than those of 2-egg (49.1%) and 3-egg clutches (52.0%). Four-egg clutches had longer incubation periods (29.6±1.3 day) than 2-egg (28.1±1.7 day) and 3-egg clutches (28.0 ±1.3 day). The results indicate that incubation capacity, which may be determined by the configuration of brood patches, limits the maximum clutch size in black tailed gulls, but not the actual clutch size typically laid.     

棕背黑头鸫繁殖习性初步观察

2008年和2009年的4～8月,在四川省雅江县帕姆岭对棕背黑头鸫Turdus kessleri的繁殖生态进行了初步观察.该鸟繁殖期在4月下旬至7月上旬,营树上巢,营巢树种为高山栎Quercus aquifolioides和鳞皮冷杉Abies squamata.窝卵数为2~3枚(n=7),平均卵重(7.96±0.03)g(n=8),卵长径(32.7±0.17)mm,短径(21.9±0.13)mm(n=13),雌雄共同孵卵,以雌性为主,孵化期为15~17 d(n=2),孵化率为83.3%(n=18).雌雄共同育雏,以雄性为主,雏鸟出飞后主要在巢周围的林下或灌从活动,这时亲鸟仍会对幼鸟喂食.在同一繁殖季对巢有重复利用的现象.     

池沼公鱼移殖放流试验研究

作者于1984—1986年进行了池沼公鱼移殖放流试验研究,移入水库的池沼公鱼已能自然产卵繁殖,形成了经济群体。本文论及了移殖放流的理论依据、移殖放流技术、移殖放流效果、移殖池沼公鱼的生态效益的分析和池沼公鱼的资源管理。     

Position of egg within a clutch is linked to size at hatching in a demersal tropical fish

Size variation among propagules is ubiquitous and small initial differences in size can be critical to survival, particularly in taxa where initial survival is variable and strongly size-dependent. Despite this, the sources of size variation among fish at hatching are rarely investigated. This study examined spatial position within egg clutches as a source of size variation at hatching of the benthic spawning fish Amphiprion melanopus. We quantified within-clutch size variation at hatching and found that newly hatched larvae from the periphery (5 mm from edge) of 2-dimensional clutches were smaller in standard length, cranial depth, eye diameter and body area (7%, 8%, 4% and 11%, respectively) than larvae from the interior positions within clutches. To investigate the source of this variation, sizes of embryos at different locations with clutches were measured within 2 h of fertilisation (8 d before hatching). Newly laid embryos from the clutch periphery were smaller in length and volume than embryos from the clutch interior (> 2% and 4-6%, respectively). These eggs from the periphery also had a 33% lower rate of oxygen consumption than did embryos from the clutch interior, throughout development. The relationships between position within a clutch and egg size, oxygen consumption and larval size imply that size variation in larval fish at hatching is partly generated during early embryogenesis, either from maternal endowment or maternal nest design, and was amplified throughout development.     

Size at hatching and incubation period of Sympterygia bonapartii (Müller & Henle, 1841) (Chondrichthyes, Rajidae) bred in captivity at the Temaiken Aquarium

Two mature Sympterygia bonapartii held in captivity laid a total of 136 egg cases, 33 of them were incubated at constant temperature (16·5° C), salinity (36) and photoperiod (12L:12D). The hatching rate was 100%. Juvenile fish hatched after 135 ± 10 days (mean ± s . d .) and the mean total length, disc width and mass at hatching were 140 mm, 86 mm and 15·1 g respectively.     

Patterns of variation in size of Boat-tailed Grackle Quiscalus major eggs

Boat-tailed Grackle Quiscalus major eggs averaged 8^.09 g wet weight. Mean egg weight represented 8 05 % of female body weight. Based on egg weight, Grackle eggs have a shorter incubation period than the general passerine pattern.
Egg weight varied significantly with sequence of laying and between clutches in both two-egg and three-egg clutches. Last laid eggs weighed less than first laid eggs. The mean weight of the first two eggs laid in three-egg clutches did not differ from the mean egg weight of two-egg clutches. The average clutch of two and three eggs weighed 16.33 g and 24.16 g, respectively.
Mean egg weight varied between study colonies and with season. Grackles at East Lake laid eggs that weighed less than grackles at either Alligator Lake or North Lake. Eggs laid during March averaged less than eggs laid later in the season. The locality variation reflects the different timing of nesting between sites rather than food abundance. As nutrient provisioning increases with an increase in egg weight, the seasonal change in egg weight probably reflects improved feeding conditions for the female. This suggests that selection favours beginning laying before reserves of the female are sufficient to lay the largest egg possible.
The size of the young at hatching was correlated with egg size. Newly hate had young averaged 79.6% of fresh egg weight. Egg weight did not determine the probability of hatching or starvation of the young. Females do not appear to adjust egg size facultatively depending on the sex of the young. Eggs producing males and females did not vary significantly in weight, whether comparisons were made within or between clutches.     

Characteristics of egg and larval production in captive bluespotted gobies

Spawning of the Hawaiian coral-reef goby Asterropteryx semipunctata was diurnal, occurring at various times throughout the day. Mean length of eggs deposited in nests was 0·76 mm (range 0·67–0·84); mean egg width was 0·47 mm (range 0·41–0·52). Clutch size varied from 296 to 1552 eggs (mean=886±309), and was independent of standard length, total body weight, and body condition. Mean relative clutch size was 1·59 eggs mg^-1 total body weight (range 0·84–2·43). Clutches hatched 4–5 nights after being deposited in a nest. Mean notochord length of newly-hatched larvae was 1·88 mm (range 1·60–2·04). The minimum period of time that elapsed between egg deposition and subsequent growth of a new batch of oocytes to spawning size was 5–6 days, providing a reasonable estimate of minimum spawning interval. Compared with other gobiids, tropical species tend to have shorter incubation periods, smaller eggs and smaller larvae at hatching.