基层医疗卫生机构的基本医疗服务范围研究 ——基于常见病、多发病的视角

目的 基于常见病、多发病的视角界定基层医疗卫生机构的基本医疗服务范围。方法 以广东省A市为例,根据该市基本医疗保险参保人的微观数据,统计分析了该市的常见病、多发病,并对该市128个医疗机构进行问卷调查。结果 分别确定了社区卫生服务中心104个病种、乡镇卫生院101个病种、社区卫生服务站38个病种和村卫生室34个病种作为四类基层医疗卫生机构的基本医疗服务范围。结论 应依据四类基层医疗卫生机构的基本医疗服务范围从诊疗项目、药品目录、基层首诊制等方面进行政策调整与完善。     

农村高血压患者协调性和连续性服务的利用现状研究

目的 分析高血压患者在农村医疗服务网络接受协调性和连续性服务的提供状况,为改进患者的整合服务利用提供决策参考。方法 根据国内外文献,以自行编制服务协调性和连续性提供的问卷为工具,调查数据采用描述性统计分析。结果 49.6%的患者伴有1种及以上疾病,约73.0%在乡镇卫生院有就医经历,到过2家及以上机构就医的占51.3%;在乡村两级治疗效果不佳的患者,能够获取村医和乡镇医生推荐转诊机构的比重最大,分别为28.4%和68.7%;上级医生能够根据下级机构相关诊疗信息连续诊疗的不到43.0%,下级医生能够根据前期诊疗信息继续诊疗的比例刚超4成;“上转容易、下转难”现象同样存在。 结论 农村慢性病患者的患病特点增加了在农村纵向医疗机构就诊的几率,但该网络提供连续性和协调性服务的程度却不高,应加强农村三级医疗机构间的全面整合。     

Developing a Social Autopsy Tool for Dengue Mortality: A Pilot Study

BackgroundDengue fever is a public health problem in the tropical and sub-tropical world. Dengue cases have grown dramatically in recent years as well as dengue mortality. Colombia has experienced periodic dengue outbreaks with numerous dengue related-deaths, where the Santander department has been particularly affected. Although social determinants of health (SDH) shape health outcomes, including mortality, it is not yet understood how these affect dengue mortality. The aim of this pilot study was to develop and pre-test a social autopsy (SA) tool for dengue mortality.ConclusionsThe SA tool is based on the scientific literature, a validated conceptual framework, researchers’ and health professionals’ expertise, and a pilot study. It is the first time that a SA tool has been created for the dengue mortality context. Our work furthers the study on SDH and how these are applied to neglected tropical diseases, like dengue. This tool could be integrated in surveillance systems to provide complementary information on the modifiable and avoidable death-related factors and therefore, be able to formulate interventions for dengue mortality reduction.     

政府补偿与监管机制改革对公立医疗卫生机构科教与学科建设的影响分析

目的 分析政府补偿与监管机制改革对公立医疗卫生机构教学、科研以及学科建设的影响。方法 通过对上海市闵行区的机构调查,收集并分析2008—2012年3所公立综合性医院和12家社区卫生服务中心的医学教育、科研项目、论文发表及重点学科建设状况的相关数据。结果 闵行区公立综合性医院和社区卫生服务中心的医学教育和科研能力有所提升,重点学科建设也有所加强;但仍然存在教学能力薄弱,科研水平层次偏低,缺乏高质量的重点学科等问题。结论 政府补偿与监管机制改革在一定程度上强化了公立医疗机构的医学教育、科研能力和学科建设,但未来需进一步加大对科教和学科建设的鼓励和支持力度。     

西安市雁塔区区域卫生分级诊疗信息平台建设探索

为响应国家卫计委全面推进分级诊疗工作的号召,解决百姓看病难、看病贵以及医疗资源不均衡的问题,西安市雁塔区作为陕西省城市医院分级诊疗首个试点,探索组建了以西安交通大学第一附属医院为核心的区域医疗联合体,并且将区域内各个医疗卫生机构的医疗资源整合在一起,搭建起地方区域分级诊疗信息共享平台。通过区域卫生分级诊疗信息平台的建立,实现了区域内医疗卫生机构基本业务信息系统数据的交换和共享,解决了医疗机构、卫生管理机构“信息孤岛”问题,建立起基层首诊、双向转诊、急慢分治、上下联动的分级诊疗模式,全面带动了陕西省医疗机构分级诊疗工作的开展。     

Beyond health care reform: immigrants and the future of medicine

Abstract

I first discuss the fundamental responsibilities of physicians and relate them to an increasingly fragmented medical system made even more complex by government regulations. I focus on trust as a vital component in the doctor–patient relationship, and note the difficult conditions surrounding the treatment of poor and marginal populations. Subsequently, I sketch the elements of a new vision to extend medical services to neglected populations. In that pursuit, the part played by physicians is only as important as the willingness of neighbourhoods and communities to support health as a public good.     

Historical Perspective and Risk of Multiple Neglected Tropical Diseases in Coastal Tanzania: Compositional and Contextual Determinants of Disease Risk

BackgroundIn the past decade, research on neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) has intensified in response to the need to enhance community participation in health delivery, establish monitoring and surveillance systems, and integrate existing disease-specific treatment programs to control overlapping NTD burdens and detrimental effects. In this paper, we evaluated the geographical distribution of NTDs in coastal Tanzania.ConclusionsNTD risks were inequitably distributed over geographic space, which has several important policy implications. First, it suggests that localities of high burden of NTDs are likely to diminish within statistical averages at higher (regional or national) levels. Second, it indicates that curative or preventive interventions will become more efficient provided they can be focused on the localities, particularly as populations in these localities are likely to be burdened by several NTDs simultaneously, further increasing the imperative of multi-disease interventions.     

Rickettsial infections: A blind spot in our view of neglected tropical diseases

Rickettsial diseases are a group of vector-borne bacterial infections that cause acute febrile illness with potentially severe or fatal complications. These vector-borne diseases are prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide and disproportionately affect poorer communities but are scientifically underrecognized. Despite this, they are not included in the World Health Organization’s list of neglected tropical diseases nor were they mentioned in Peter Hotez’s recent reflections on “What constitutes a neglected tropical disease?” in PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases [1]. Here we present the case that rickettsial infections, as an overlooked cause of morbidity, mortality, and economic losses in marginalized populations, should be recognized as neglected tropical diseases. We describe how this oversight is the result of a number of factors and how it negatively impacts patient outcomes. We then propose measures to address the neglect of rickettsial infections in both scientific research and public health interventions.     

医疗卫生资源对医院创新的空间溢出效应研究

目的 研究中国省际卫生资源对医院创新的影响与空间溢出效应。方法 基于2000—2014年31个省份的面板数据,以各省份医院专利数量表示医院创新并作为被解释变量,以各省份医疗机构床位数、人均GDP、医疗卫生支出等变量作为解释变量,运用面板空间杜宾的计量方法分别对全部省份,东部、中部、西部省份进行回归。结果 医疗卫生资源不仅对本省份医院创新有显著的促进作用,而且还会显著影响相邻省份的医院创新,即存在溢出效应;本省份医疗资源对本省份和邻省份医院创新的促进效果大体相当;东部、中部省份医疗资源对本省份医院创新作用显著,中部省份存在溢出效应。结论 进一步增加医疗卫生资源投入,搭建省际之间资源与创新交流平台,促进东、西部省份溢出效应的提升,以创新推动供给侧改革。     

基于博弈论与激励相容理论的我国分级诊疗体系分析

目的 了解政府、大型综合医院、上级医疗机构与基层医疗机构在分级诊疗体系下的利益诉求,以推进分级诊疗体系的建立。方法 采用博弈论分析这些利益主体间的矛盾,利用激励相容理论提出建议。结果 政府投入不足,上级医疗机构不愿下沉医疗资源,基层医疗机构能力不足等问题阻碍了分级诊疗体系的推行。结论 发挥政府引领作用,加大政府投入;加强医疗机构的分工协作,合理配置医疗资源;提高基层医疗机构服务能力。     

Neglected tropical diseases in Central America and Panama: Review of their prevalence,populations at risk and impact on regional development

A review of the literature since 2009 reveals a staggering health and economic burden resulting from neglected tropical diseases in Panama and the six countries of Central America (referred to collectively here as ‘Central America’). Particularly at risk are the 10.2 million people in the region who live on less than $2 per day, mostly in Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and El Salvador. Indigenous populations are especially vulnerable to neglected tropical diseases. Currently, more than 8 million Central American children require mass drug treatments annually (or more frequently) for their intestinal helminth infections, while vector-borne diseases are widespread. Among the vector-borne parasitic infections, almost 40% of the population is at risk for malaria (mostly Plasmodium vivax infection), more than 800,000 people live with Chagas disease, and up to 39,000 people have cutaneous leishmaniasis. In contrast, an important recent success story is the elimination of onchocerciasis from Central America. Dengue is the leading arbovirus infection with 4–5 million people affected annually and hantavirus is an important rodent-borne viral neglected tropical disease. The leading bacterial neglected tropical diseases include leptospirosis and trachoma, for which there are no disease burden estimates. Overall there is an extreme dearth of epidemiological data on neglected tropical diseases based on active surveillance as well as estimates of their economic impact. Limited information to date, however, suggests that neglected tropical diseases are a major hindrance to the region’s economic development, in both the most impoverished Central American countries listed above, as well as for Panama and Costa Rica where a substantial (but largely hidden) minority of people live in extreme poverty.     

Tropical medicine for the 21st century.

The specialty of tropical medicine originated from the needs of the colonial era and is removed from many of the health care requirements of tropical countries today. Tropical medicine concentrates on parasitic diseases of warm climates, although other infections and diseases related to poverty rather than climate dominate medicine in developing countries challenged by population pressure, civil strife, and migration. In the new century, tropical medicine would best be absorbed into the specialty of infectious diseases, which should incorporate parasitic diseases, travel medicine, and sexually transmitted diseases. Pressing questions for health care and research in developing countries concern the provision of appropriate services for problems such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases, and injuries. The question of how to provide appropriate clinical care in resource poor settings for the major causes of morbidity and premature mortality has been neglected by donors, academic institutions, and traditional tropical medicine.     

Elimination and Eradication of Neglected Tropical Diseases with Mass Drug Administrations: A Survey of Experts

Background

Lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminths, and trachoma are the five most prevalent neglected tropical diseases in the world, and each is frequently treated with mass drug administrations. We performed a survey of neglected tropical diseases experts to elicit their opinions on the role of mass drug administrations for the elimination of these infections.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We sent an online survey to corresponding authors who had published an article about a neglected tropical disease from 2007 to 2011. Of 825 unique authors who were invited to complete the survey, 365 (44.2%) responded, including 234 (28.4%) who answered questions regarding one of the five most prevalent neglected tropical diseases. Respondents had varying opinions about the goals of programmatic activities for their chosen neglected tropical disease, with elimination or eradication identified as the most important goal by 87% of lymphatic filariasis respondents, 66% of onchocerciasis respondents, 55% of trachoma respondents, 24% of schistosomiasis respondents, and 21% of soil-transmitted helminth respondents. Mass drug administrations, other non-medication health measures, and education were generally thought to be more important for elimination than vector control, development of a new tool, or the presence of a secular trend. Drug resistance was thought to be a major limitation of mass drug administrations for all five neglected tropical diseases. Over half of respondents for lymphatic filariasis and trachoma thought that repeated mass drug administrations could eliminate infection within ten years of the initiation of mass treatments.

Conclusions/Significance

Respondents for lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, and trachoma were more enthusiastic about the prospects of elimination and eradication than were respondents for schistosomiasis or soil-transmitted helminths. Mass drug administrations were generally believed to be among the most important factors for the success of elimination efforts for each of the five neglected tropical diseases, highlighting the opportunity for integrating drug distributions.     

Neglected Fungal Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Call to Action

Despite the considerable morbidity and mortality associated with fungal diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, it is notable that these diseases have been omitted from an expanded list of neglected tropical diseases. Inextricably tied together with HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis in sub-Saharan Africa, important fungal diseases such as cryptococcal meningitis and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) manifest as relatively common and deadly AIDS-defining opportunistic infections, often masked by and comorbid with tuberculosis. Others, such as mycetoma, which manifest as a debilitating and deforming illness primarily affecting rural adults, directly affect the socioeconomic productivity of rural communities. Lack of adequate diagnostic tests makes identifying the true disease burden due to fungal diseases difficult. To highlight the devastating impact of fungal diseases on the health and socioeconomic circumstances of sub-Saharan Africa’s poorest people and to increase the profile of efforts to control and prevent these diseases, we propose that the following fungal diseases be added to the list of neglected tropical diseases: cryptococcal meningitis, PCP, mycetoma, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and blastomycosis. By outlining the prevalence, distribution, and disease burden of these fungal diseases in sub-Saharan Africa in this review, we hope to provide information to prioritize strategies for detection, control, and prevention of the neglected fungal diseases.     

Adaptation and performance of a mobile application for early detection of cutaneous leishmaniasis

BackgroundDetection and management of neglected tropical diseases such as cutaneous leishmaniasis present unmet challenges stemming from their prevalence in remote, rural, resource constrained areas having limited access to health services. These challenges are frequently compounded by armed conflict or illicit extractive industries. The use of mobile health technologies has shown promise in such settings, yet data on outcomes in the field remain scarce.MethodsWe adapted a validated prediction rule for the presumptive diagnosis of CL to create a mobile application for use by community health volunteers. We used human-centered design practices and agile development for app iteration. We tested the application in three rural areas where cutaneous leishmaniasis is endemic and an urban setting where patients seek medical attention in the municipality of Tumaco, Colombia. The application was assessed for usability, sensitivity and inter-rater reliability (kappa) when used by community health volunteers (CHV), health workers and a general practitioner, study physician.ResultsThe application was readily used and understood. Among 122 screened cases with cutaneous ulcers, sensitivity to detect parasitologically proven CL was >95%. The proportion of participants with parasitologically confirmed CL was high (88%), precluding evaluation of specificity, and driving a high level of crude agreement between the app and parasitological diagnosis. The chance-adjusted agreement (kappa) varied across the components of the risk score. Time to diagnosis was reduced significantly, from 8 to 4 weeks on average when CHV conducted active case detection using the application, compared to passive case detection by health facility-based personnel.ConclusionsTranslating a validated prediction rule to a mHealth technology has shown the potential to improve the capacity of community health workers and healthcare personnel to provide opportune care, and access to health services for underserved populations. These findings support the use of mHealth tools for NTD research and healthcare.     

基于绩效的公立医疗机构政府补偿机制的探索

目的 剖析闵行区公立医疗机构政府补偿机制的要素与特点,为深化公立医疗机构改革提供决策参考。方法 收集和梳理政策文件,分析改革前后,政府补偿范围、补偿方式和补偿水平的变化,总结补偿机制特点。结果 改革后医疗服务和公共卫生服务经费按绩效考核结果进行补偿,基本建设和设备购置经费、政府指令性任务、学科发展、人员培养和科研教育经费的补偿标准和办法得到了明确。结论 闵行区公立医疗机构政府补偿机制以公益性为目标,以绩效考核为依据,运用了信息化工具,考虑了机构类型的差异,有利于引导医疗机构持续改进绩效,实现公益性目标。     

二级及以上医疗机构公共卫生职能承担现况调查

目的 了解我国二级及以上医疗机构公共卫生职能的承担情况。方法 对4个省进行实地调研,对180家二级及以上医院进行问卷调查。结果 上报医疗机构对15项公共卫生职能的承担数为0.78,发文组与设置组承担数更高。各项公共卫生工作在医疗机构的开展情况不尽相同。院内公共卫生职能管理分散。结论 建议在二级及以上医院内部单独设置公共卫生科（处）,统筹全院公卫工作,并对各级各类医疗机构的公卫职责进行重新划分。     

支持复杂疾病的临床路径知识库平台的构建及应用

目的 为了提高医疗服务质量、降低医疗成本,建立临床路径知识库平台,为临床提供决策服务。方法 围绕临床路径知识库的构建,主要解决三个问题：临床规则库的建立、临床路径自适应及修复模型和HIS数据整合框架。结果 构建支持复杂疾病的临床路径知识库,并实现共享平台。结论 通过建立支持复杂疾病的临床知识库平台,为患者提供准确的医疗服务,为医院提供临床路径决策支持,具有良好的应用效果。     

医疗机构合理用药评价模型的构建研究

目的 针对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行评价研究。方法 根据医疗机构合理用药的具体要求,构建医疗机构合理用药评价指标体系,采用基于模糊群决策的方法和多指标评价分析法构建医疗机构合理用药评价模型。结果 构建了基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型,并通过实例分析证明了评价模型的可行性。结论 建立的基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型能够对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行科学评价,为提高医疗机构合理用药水平奠定基础。